This document summarizes a study that analyzed the microbial composition and lipolytic potential of fungi present in domestic wastewater from a restaurant in Nigeria. The study found high microbial loads, including bacteria, coliforms, and fungi. 120 fungal isolates were obtained, with Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium oxysporium being most common. 39 fungal isolates showed lipolytic activity, with Aspergillus species being the most lipolytic. The study demonstrates that fungi in oil-rich wastewater have potential to degrade lipid contaminants through lipase enzyme production, aiding wastewater treatment.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria and Fungi Associated With Biodegra...IJEAB
Microorganisms involved in the biodegradation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Abakaliki dumps were isolated and characterized using standard microbiology technique. Five municipal solid waste dumpsites located within Abakaliki metropolis, Ebonyi State, Nigeria were used for this study. The potential of individual microbial isolate to grow on the MSW was also studied using nutrient broth supplemented with mineral salt media and thereafter five of the best microbial degraders were subjected to a 98 days biodegradation studies using weight loss, change in pH, density change and CO2 evolution as indices of success. The study showed that different dumpsites had different temperature readings, bacterial and fungal load, caused by the volume of waste dumped and the habits of the inhabitants. The bacteria population isolated from the dumpsites included Pseudomonas spp, Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp and Micrococcus spp. Penicillum spp, Mucor spp, Aspergillus spp, Fusarum spp, Saccharomyces spp and Candida spp were the fungal species isolated from the dumpsites. The bacteria with the highest growth rate were Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp, while Aspergillus spp, Mucor spp, and Saccharomyces spp recorded the highest growth rate for the fungi isolates. The fungi group proved to be better microbial degraders than the bacteria population as a percent weight loss of 1.11 ± 0.03, 1.04 ± 0.05 and 1.23 ± 0.02 were achieved by Saccharomyces spp, Mucor spp and Aspergillus spp respectively. This was in comparison to the bacteria group, which recorded 0.89 ± 0.04 and 0.87 ± 0.03 percent weight loss by Pseudomonas spp and Bacillus spp. Increases in CO2 evolution was equally recorded by both the fungal and bacterial groups as well as increase in acidity. There was a positive correlation among CO2 evolution, weight loss and density for all the test organisms. However, there was no relationship between pH and CO2 evolution, weight loss and density.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria and Fungi Associated With Biodegra...IJEAB
Microorganisms involved in the biodegradation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Abakaliki dumps were isolated and characterized using standard microbiology technique. Five municipal solid waste dumpsites located within Abakaliki metropolis, Ebonyi State, Nigeria were used for this study. The potential of individual microbial isolate to grow on the MSW was also studied using nutrient broth supplemented with mineral salt media and thereafter five of the best microbial degraders were subjected to a 98 days biodegradation studies using weight loss, change in pH, density change and CO2 evolution as indices of success. The study showed that different dumpsites had different temperature readings, bacterial and fungal load, caused by the volume of waste dumped and the habits of the inhabitants. The bacteria population isolated from the dumpsites included Pseudomonas spp, Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp and Micrococcus spp. Penicillum spp, Mucor spp, Aspergillus spp, Fusarum spp, Saccharomyces spp and Candida spp were the fungal species isolated from the dumpsites. The bacteria with the highest growth rate were Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp, while Aspergillus spp, Mucor spp, and Saccharomyces spp recorded the highest growth rate for the fungi isolates. The fungi group proved to be better microbial degraders than the bacteria population as a percent weight loss of 1.11 ± 0.03, 1.04 ± 0.05 and 1.23 ± 0.02 were achieved by Saccharomyces spp, Mucor spp and Aspergillus spp respectively. This was in comparison to the bacteria group, which recorded 0.89 ± 0.04 and 0.87 ± 0.03 percent weight loss by Pseudomonas spp and Bacillus spp. Increases in CO2 evolution was equally recorded by both the fungal and bacterial groups as well as increase in acidity. There was a positive correlation among CO2 evolution, weight loss and density for all the test organisms. However, there was no relationship between pH and CO2 evolution, weight loss and density.
Removal of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) by bacteria isolated from hospital effluent wa...AI Publications
Most antibiotics are metabolized incompletely by patients after administration and enter the municipal sewage with the patients’ excretion. Therefore, studies on the biodegradability of some clinically important drugs can be taken as a very first step of an environmental risk assessment. The present study reports the biodegradation of CIP by Lactobacillus gesseri, Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtilius and Micrococcus luteus which were isolated as CIP resistance, non pathogenic bacteria. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was identified using the 16s rRNA sequencing. A 0.5ml of overnight starved bacterial suspensions was introduced into medium containing CIP at 5 ppm. Triplicate samples were incubated at 280C with shaking at 100ppm. A 0.5 ml of subsamples was removed at 2 days interval for a period of 14 days. Samples were subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were carried out for each sample at the end of the 14 days to find structures of by-products. Complete degradation of CIP by L. gasserri was detected at the end of 14 days of incubation with average degradation rate of 0.182 ±0.15µg /day. Descending degradation rates were followed by Enterobacter sp. (0.75 ±0.03 d-1) and Bacillus sp. (0.41±0.02d-1) at 8 and 6 days respectively. However, clear cut degradation of CIP was not detected for B.subtilis and Micrococcus luteus respectively. Further, FTIR spectrum revealed that incubation of L. gesseri, Enterobacter sp. and Bacillus sp., changed the piperazine ring and quinolone part in the CIP structure while degradation occurred.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
In recent years, nanoparticles that have size of 1-100 nm is widely used for textile, pharmacy,
cosmetic and treatment of industrial wastewater. Producing and using of nanoparticles widely, causes
important accumulation in nature and toxicity on ecosystem. Knowledge of potential toxicity of nanoparticles is
limited. In this study, six different nanoparticles nano-zinc oxide, nano-silicon dioxide, nano-cerium oxide,
nano-aluminum oxide, nano-hafnium oxide, and nano-tantalum oxide which used commonly, were studied to
investigate toxic impacts on organisms. We studied nine different acute toxicity test (bacteria – Escherichia coli
(gram negative bacteria) ; bacteria – Bacillus cereus (gram positive bacteria) ; bacteria – Vibrio fischeri
(bioluminescences bacteria) ; methane Archae Bacteria ; yeast – Candida albicans ; mold – Aspergillus niger ;
algae – Chlorella sp. ; Crustacea – Daphnia magna ; lepistes - Poecillia reticula) for the effect of
nanoparticles to different trophic levels. In general, the most toxic nanoparticle is nano-zinc oxide and the least
toxic nanoparticle is nano-hafnium oxide. Among the used organisms in acute toxicity test; the most sensitive
organism is algae - Chlorella sp ;the most resistant organism is fish- Poecillia reticula.
ABSTRACT This research paper presents the microbial and hydrobiological indicators and the physicochemical quality of water samples from a lentic ecosystem in Ibeno LGA, Nigeria, after sixteen (16) years of an aviation fuel spill. Using culture-dependent methodologies, the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial and fungal counts (HBC & HFC) ranged from 3.4 x 104 to 1.2 x 105cfu/l and 4.7 x 103 to 1.8 x 104 cfu/l, respectively with the ratios of total heterotrophic bacterial counts to HBC and total fungal counts to HFC ranging from 8 to 12% and 15 to 22%, respectively. Predominant bacterial indicators included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus varians and Enterobacter aerogenes while predominant fungal indicators included Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, Candida sp, Saccharomyces sp, Phoma sp. and Botrytis sp. Predominant zooplanktons in the sampled area were rotatoria while the least were nematodes and followed the trend: Rotatoria > Copepoda > Cladocera > Nematoda. Water samples from the area showed evidence of oil sheen when disturbed; with pH values (6.2 to 7.8) tending generally towards neutral. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) from this aviation fuel-contaminated lentic system ranged from 81.5 mg/l to 505.2 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen (DO) were generally low with high BOD and COD of 46.3 mg/l and 321.1mg/l, respectively. Other physicochemical parameters were typical of lentic ecosystems in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria. The impact of this and many other spills are enormous. This confirms that it takes a long time for recovery once the environment is polluted.
Key-words: Aquatic pollution, Aviation fuel, Hydrobiological parameters, Hydrocarbonoclastic Microorganisms, Lentic ecosystem, Physicochemical characteristics
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Removal of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) by bacteria isolated from hospital effluent wa...AI Publications
Most antibiotics are metabolized incompletely by patients after administration and enter the municipal sewage with the patients’ excretion. Therefore, studies on the biodegradability of some clinically important drugs can be taken as a very first step of an environmental risk assessment. The present study reports the biodegradation of CIP by Lactobacillus gesseri, Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtilius and Micrococcus luteus which were isolated as CIP resistance, non pathogenic bacteria. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was identified using the 16s rRNA sequencing. A 0.5ml of overnight starved bacterial suspensions was introduced into medium containing CIP at 5 ppm. Triplicate samples were incubated at 280C with shaking at 100ppm. A 0.5 ml of subsamples was removed at 2 days interval for a period of 14 days. Samples were subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were carried out for each sample at the end of the 14 days to find structures of by-products. Complete degradation of CIP by L. gasserri was detected at the end of 14 days of incubation with average degradation rate of 0.182 ±0.15µg /day. Descending degradation rates were followed by Enterobacter sp. (0.75 ±0.03 d-1) and Bacillus sp. (0.41±0.02d-1) at 8 and 6 days respectively. However, clear cut degradation of CIP was not detected for B.subtilis and Micrococcus luteus respectively. Further, FTIR spectrum revealed that incubation of L. gesseri, Enterobacter sp. and Bacillus sp., changed the piperazine ring and quinolone part in the CIP structure while degradation occurred.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
In recent years, nanoparticles that have size of 1-100 nm is widely used for textile, pharmacy,
cosmetic and treatment of industrial wastewater. Producing and using of nanoparticles widely, causes
important accumulation in nature and toxicity on ecosystem. Knowledge of potential toxicity of nanoparticles is
limited. In this study, six different nanoparticles nano-zinc oxide, nano-silicon dioxide, nano-cerium oxide,
nano-aluminum oxide, nano-hafnium oxide, and nano-tantalum oxide which used commonly, were studied to
investigate toxic impacts on organisms. We studied nine different acute toxicity test (bacteria – Escherichia coli
(gram negative bacteria) ; bacteria – Bacillus cereus (gram positive bacteria) ; bacteria – Vibrio fischeri
(bioluminescences bacteria) ; methane Archae Bacteria ; yeast – Candida albicans ; mold – Aspergillus niger ;
algae – Chlorella sp. ; Crustacea – Daphnia magna ; lepistes - Poecillia reticula) for the effect of
nanoparticles to different trophic levels. In general, the most toxic nanoparticle is nano-zinc oxide and the least
toxic nanoparticle is nano-hafnium oxide. Among the used organisms in acute toxicity test; the most sensitive
organism is algae - Chlorella sp ;the most resistant organism is fish- Poecillia reticula.
ABSTRACT This research paper presents the microbial and hydrobiological indicators and the physicochemical quality of water samples from a lentic ecosystem in Ibeno LGA, Nigeria, after sixteen (16) years of an aviation fuel spill. Using culture-dependent methodologies, the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial and fungal counts (HBC & HFC) ranged from 3.4 x 104 to 1.2 x 105cfu/l and 4.7 x 103 to 1.8 x 104 cfu/l, respectively with the ratios of total heterotrophic bacterial counts to HBC and total fungal counts to HFC ranging from 8 to 12% and 15 to 22%, respectively. Predominant bacterial indicators included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus varians and Enterobacter aerogenes while predominant fungal indicators included Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, Candida sp, Saccharomyces sp, Phoma sp. and Botrytis sp. Predominant zooplanktons in the sampled area were rotatoria while the least were nematodes and followed the trend: Rotatoria > Copepoda > Cladocera > Nematoda. Water samples from the area showed evidence of oil sheen when disturbed; with pH values (6.2 to 7.8) tending generally towards neutral. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) from this aviation fuel-contaminated lentic system ranged from 81.5 mg/l to 505.2 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen (DO) were generally low with high BOD and COD of 46.3 mg/l and 321.1mg/l, respectively. Other physicochemical parameters were typical of lentic ecosystems in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria. The impact of this and many other spills are enormous. This confirms that it takes a long time for recovery once the environment is polluted.
Key-words: Aquatic pollution, Aviation fuel, Hydrobiological parameters, Hydrocarbonoclastic Microorganisms, Lentic ecosystem, Physicochemical characteristics
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
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Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Open Access Research Paper
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68µs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity 1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46×106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10% concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater. Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still causeinfection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems.
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Innspub Net
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were
determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68μs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68 mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity
1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46x106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the
tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10%
concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater.
Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still cause infection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is
advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-july-2015-ijmm/
Studies on the Bacteriological quality of vegetable crops irrigated with dome...Premier Publishers
The bacteriological quality of vegetable crops irrigated with domestic wastewater in Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria was analysed. The vegetable samples were collected during October 2013 and September 2014 in Aliero town in a period of three months across the two seasons (i.e., the dry and rainy seasons). After the analysis, the following bacterial spp were isolated from the vegetable crops irrigated with domestic wastewater water; Salmonella spp (14.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.2%), Klebsiella spp (16.0%), Shigella spp (19.2%), Escherichia coli (41.6%), Citrobacter spp (25.2%), Proteus spp (15.6%) and Campylobacter spp (6.8%). The bacterial spp isolated from vegetables irrigated with tube well water was Staphylococcus aureus (26.8%), Escherichia coli (14.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.8%), Diplococcus spp (12.0%) and Corynebacteria spp (1.2%). Escherichia coli and Citrobacter spp were recorded to have the highest number of occurrence in vegetables irrigated with domestic wastewater, with the percentage of 41.6% and 22.2% respectively. While Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli have the highest occurrence of 26.8% and 14.0% respectively in vegetables irrigated with tube well water. This study highlights the health risk associated with the consumption of these vegetables particularly those consumed raw.
Microbiological and Physicochemical Assessment of Poultry Soil Samples in Aku...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Human activities such as animal production in many parts of the world, still impact negatively on the environment and biodiversity. This study was carried out to assess the microbiological and physicochemical parameters of poultry soil samples. Soil samples were collected from different poultry in Akure metropolis and soil samples from Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA) environment as control. Microbiological and physicochemical analyses were carried out using standard methods. The mean total viable bacterial count of poultry soil ranged from 9.02±0.511×105cfu/g in sample site A to 11.2±0.021×105cfu/g in sample site B and there were significant difference (p<0.05) between the bacterial count of poultry soil and control, mean highest fungal load is 6.05±0.301× 103sfu/g. Bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila ,Bacilllus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecium. Escherichia coli had the highest occurrence of 23.08% while Aeromonas hydrophila had the lowest occurrence of 5.13%. Fungi isolated were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigates and Saccharomyces species. Aspergillus niger 46.67% had the highest occurrence while Saccharomyces species had the lowest occurrence of 13.33%. Physiochemical analysis showed that poultry soil had mean pH, temperature and Organic Carbon of 7.92±0.34, 34±0.04oC and 14.88±0.56% respectively, Organic Matter is 5.50±0.61%, Nitrogen 1.27±0.03 mg/g, Phosphorus58.92±0.01 mg/g, Potassium55.48±0.23 mg/g, Sodium 41.77±0.91mg/g, Calcium 28.70±0.24mg/g, Magnesium 20.65±0.32 mg/g and Cation exchange capacity146.60±0.11%. The results obtained calls for proper discharge of poultry waste into the environment to prevent transmission of diseases by water borne pathogens.
Effect of Aloe Vera wastes on physico-chemical properties and microbiological...IJEABJ
The aim of the present study was to explore the potential for using aloe vera wastes as amendment for soil to improve its fertility. Soil was exposed to four concentrations of aloin (rich in HAP) for 0, 7, 14 and 28 days. Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed: soil Ph, organic matter (OM), nitrogen, phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The activity of seven enzymes implicated in the C, N and S cycles were measured. Microbial Biomass was determined by the method of substrate induced respiration. BiologEcoplates (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) were used to estimate soil microbial functional diversity. Our findings suggested a decrease on phosphorus and nitrogen content and an increase on CEC after aloin addition. Also, a decrease on microbial biomass and enzymes activities was observed, except for FDA. Ecoplates results demonstrate a decrease on microbial activities depending on the incubation time. Moreover, our results indicated that bacterial communities of the tested soils have more affinity to consume substrates as Amino acids and polymers. Our results should be carefully considered in view of the agriculture waists reuse for a sustainable agriculture
Metabolomics Analysis on Antifungal Activities Produced by Penicillium oxalic...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
—In-vitro antagonist tests such as disc diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were conducted against C. gloeosporioides. 1 H-NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to identify possible compounds produced. Glucose crude extract exhibited the highest percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) with 75% and the lowest MIC value with 78 µg mL-1. For metabolomics, different metabolites produced were clustered according to the carbon sources used and gave a representative impression of the metabolites produced by P. oxalicum T3.3. The study has shown the potential of using a combination of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis and their correlation with MIC in differentiating the effect of carbon sources used based on the identification of possible metabolites contributing to their differences. Findings from this work may potentially provide the basis for further studies on both antimicrobial activities against plant pathogen and elucidation of the metabolite compounds produced by P. oxalicum T3.3.
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
ABSTRACT
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Bacteriological Characteristics of Spring Water in Ambo Town, West Shoa Zone,...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Present study was carried out to assess the quality of spring waters in terms of microbiological and chemical characters from Ambo. The results of the study revealed that chemical parameters such as pH (6.36-7.94),TDS(407-1041mg/L), DO(1.5-5.85mg/L),TS (1170-495mg/L), total alkalinity (313-1277mg/L), total hardness (38-1274 mg/L),COD (70.5-9mg/L)in the "Hora" water were higher than the maximum permissible levels of WHO standards for drinking waters. Total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts tested were found to be as0.977×10 4 cfu/ml for SFWS, 2.35 ×10 4 cuf/ml for CDSTRM,1.14×10 4 cfu/ml for HB,0.553×10 4 cfu/ml for HD and2.72×10 4 for Huluka streams samples. The "Hora" water contained different coli forms when tested by most probable number (MPN) method found to be in the order of 0.66 × 10 2 cfu/ml for SFWS, 39 x 10 2 cfu/ml for CDSTRM, 0×10 2 for HB, 0×10 2 forHDand28×10 2 cfu/ml for Huluka stream. The water samples from the different "Hora" water sources showed significant variations with respect to bacteriological and chemical characteristics during study period. Statistical analysis showed significant difference (p <0.05) in the distribution of total coli form, and aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria at various sampling locations. The study concluded poor water quality in terms of bacteriological and chemical characteristics of "Hora"water sources as all the parameters were well above WHO prescribed standards.
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Incidence of lipolytic mycoflora in domestic wastewater
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.8, 2013
150
Incidence of Lipolytic Mycoflora in Domestic Wastewater
1
Odeyemi, A.T*, 1
Adebayo, A.A., 2
Omoboye, O.O. and 1
Ajayi, S.S.
1
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti,
Ekiti State, Nigeria.
2
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife,
Osun State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author: Tel: +2348032386094 E-mail: adebowaleodeyemi@gmail.com
Abstract
The decomposition of domestic effluent by mycoflora was investigated. The microbial load enumerated for the
period of 13 days, using standard microbiological techniques revealed the average total bacterial count between
the range of 1.97 x 106
CFU/ml and 1.25 x 107
CFU/ml, the total coliform count have a mean range between 1.29
x 106
CFU/ml and 0.56 x 107
CFU/ml while the total fungal count showed a mean range of 3.17 x 106
CFU/ml to
2.14 x 107
CFU/ml. One hundred and twenty fungal isolates were obtained from the wastewater with the highest
occurred organism as Fusarium moniliforme (19.2% occurrence), followed by Fusarium oxysporium (14.2%)
and the least occurred organism Aspergillus versiculor (0.8%). The acidic pH and turbidity values obtained
ranged from 3.41 - 5.98 and 1.63 - 1.79 respectively. Only 39 (32.5%) of the fungi isolates showed ability to
degrade lipids with varying potentials; of which four (10.3%) were grouped among high and slight lipolysis.
Among the lipolytic fungal isolates, Aspergillus spp. showed the highest occurrence of 79.5%, followed by 5.1%
occurrence of Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp. and Rhizopus spp. while Absidia spp. and Thermophillus spp.
showed the laeast occurrence (2.6%). It is significant that fungi associated with oil-rich wastewater also attribute
the potentials of degrading the lipid component of sewages, an advantage in the treatment process.
Keywords: Mycoflora, oil-rich wastewater, lipolytic, fungi
1. INTRODUCTION
Indiscriminate disposal of untreated wastewater generated from domestic households to the
environment is taken as normal thing in Nigeria (Odeyemi et al., 2011; Adeyemi, 2003). This attitude
consequently causes gradual depletion of biological life and health risks to the body of water (Odeyemi et al.,
2011). Lipids (fats, oil and greases) are one of the major components in a municipal and restaurant wastewater
which can cause severe environmental pollution. Oil-rich wastewaters were used to be treated physically, which
has proven ineffective especially when the fat is in its dispersed form.
However biological treatment has been found to be the most efficient method for removing fat, oil and
grease by degrading them into miscible molecules (Odeyemi et al., 2010). The use of microorganisms for
treatment and bioremediation purposes have hence been proven to afford a very efficient tool for purifying
contaminated effluents and natural water (Glazer and Nikaido, 1995). The use of lipase enzymes produced by all
microorganisms is an alternative measures to solve this problem, as they tend to catalyze the synthesis or
hydrolysis of fat (Shabtai, 1991). Odeyemi et al. (2013) recently reveal the potency of genera of Klebsiella,
Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus spp. in producing active lipolytic enzymes that tends to hydrolyze lipid
content of wastewater.
Likewise fungi are found in virtually every habitat on the earth where organic materials exist, most especially
decay compounds in wastewater. They secrete wide varieties of enzymes such as cellulase, pectinase, lipase
which assist them in degrading organic matters in wastewater. Various species of fungi involved in the
decomposition of wastewater include species of Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Trichoderma and
Thermoactinomyces, which grow best at low pH level and optimal temperature between –6o
C to 50o
C for
optimal biological activities (Maier et al., 2003). Hence this paper aimed at reporting the lipolytic potency of
some mycoflora associated with wastewater obtained from a restaurant in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Sources and collection of wastewater samples
Wastewater samples were collected aseptically from different sampling points including wash-hand
basin, dish washing and dish rinsing bowls of Falegan restaurant situated along the Ekiti State Secretariat road,
Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The wastewater collected contains food remnants and cleaning soap solution. The samples
were collected using sterile sampling bottle, kept in ice (25
o
C±1
o
C) and transported to the Microbiology
laboratory of the Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti until when needed.
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.8, 2013
151
2.2 Enumeration and identification of fungal loads
All samples collected from each of those outlets were mixed together to make up a volume of about
4liters, shunned and separated into 13 conical flask with 250ml of the sample each. Each of these sample-
contained conical flasks was labeled according to days of analysis day (0 - 12) which were kept under aerobic
condition throughout the days of experiments. Serial dilution of each of these samples was carried out as
described by Olutiola et al. (1991) for the enumeration of total bacterial, coliform and fungal count using
Nutrient agar (NA), MacConkey agar and Potato Dextrose agar (PDA) respectively. The plates were incubated
aerobically at 37
o
C. After 48-72h of incubation, the colonies were counted using colony counter, after which
these colonies were purified by sub-culturing.
Each of the fungi growths on the plates were identified and named based on comparison and similarities
in their documented morphological appearance in accordance with Leslie and Summerel (2006).
2.3 Evaluation for lipolytic activity
The lipase-producing microorganisms among the isolated microbial cells were further confirmed by
inoculating plates containing a sterile Tributyrin agar (TBA) according to Odeyemi et al., (2013), and incubated
for 48-72 h. The lipolytic microbes were observed having cleared zones around their growth. The cleared zones
were measure in millimeter.
2.4 Physicochemical analysis
About 5ml of concentrated HCl was added to 250ml of wastewater sample and evaporated to 25ml. The
concentrate was transferred to a 50cm3
standard flask and diluted to the mark with distilled de-ionized water
(APHA, 1995). The pH was measured with a KENT EIL 7020 pH-meter (Kent Industrial Measurement Limited,
Surrey, England) while turbidity was determined with a colorimeter (MODEL 6025, JENWAY, UK) at
wavelength of 470nm (Okonkwo et al., 2008).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The microbiological and physicochemical analyses carried out on the wastewater sample obtained from Falegan
restaurant, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, is a reflection of the rate of contamination and the tendency of isolating lipase
producing fungal isolates which could also be applied in the treatment of the oil-rich wastewater generated from
homes and restaurants. The pH values obtained ranged between 3.41 and 5.98, which indicated an acidic
medium throughout the period of experiment. The most acidic pH (3.41) was however obtained on day 2. The
turbidity had slight decreasing values ranging between 1.63 and 1.79 (Table 1). Microorganisms have been
reported by Sheryl et al., (1994) to fill their energy needs by catalyzing the oxidation of organic compounds
containing reduced carbon and nitrogen which requires the concurrent reduction of electron acceptors-redox
reaction; these affects the pH of the wastewater. This justifies the gradual reduction in pH values observed from
day 0 to day 3 with little hike towards day 6 which thereafter decreased through the days of the experiment. The
effect of degradation process in the wastewater was hence significant of the pH values as well as the turbidity,
which showed decreasing value throughout the days of experiment.
The average total bacterial and coliform counts ranged from 1.97 x 106
CFU/ml to 1.25 x 107
CFU/ml and 1.29 x
106
CFU/ml to 0.56 x 107
CFU/ml respectively. While the average total fungal count showed a mean range of
3.17 x 106
CFU/ml and 2.14 x 107
CFU/ml (Table 1). The high value of microbial load observed is rather not
surprising as wastewater has been noted for high microbial composition ranging from 100,000 - 1,000,000
microorganisms per millimeter (Prescott et al., 2004). The high value obtained for microbial load of the
wastewater samples could be attributed to food debris contained in the wastewater which accumulates, serving as
nutrient for organisms involve in microbial biodegradation of the wastewater (George et al., 2003). However, the
bacterial composition of this wastewater is an advantage to achieving a favorable condition for hydrolyzing the
organic contents in the water according to George et al. (2003) who reported that aerobic and facultative bacteria
majorly oxidize the organic matter in wastewater to stable and unobjectionable end products like methane,
carbon dioxide and ammonia. This eventually encourage anaerobiosis as a prevailing condition in the
degradation of wastewater. The high microbial load, especially the coliform, can therefore be attributed to the
presence of suspended/particulate solids (Mburu et al., 2008). The result of microbial count got indicates a
gradual increase for six days. This is in agreement with the report of MohdKhairul (2008) that, microbes able to
degrade the contaminant increase in numbers when the contaminant is present; when the contaminant is
degraded, the biodegradative population declines.
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.8, 2013
152
Table 1: pH, Turbidity and Microbial counts of restaurant wastewater samples
Days
pH Turbidity TBC TCC TFC
10-6
10-7
10-6
10-7
10-6
10-7
0 3.97 1.79 0.97 0.48 0.81 0.30 1.41 1.62
1 3.94 1.78 1.36 0.89 1.04 0.38 1.96 1.54
2 3.41 1.74 1.73 1.03 1.16 0.42 2.69 2.11
3 3.55 1.74 1.93 1.24 1.21 0.48 3.48 2.87
4 4.23 1.71 2.64 1.76 1.77 0.79 5.12 3.41
5 4.24 1.70 2.48 1.58 1.79 0.84 3.96 2.24
6 5.98 1.69 2.79 1.83 1.94 0.99 2.87 1.22
7 5.76 1.66 2.71 1.66 1.86 0.93 3.00 1.61
8 5.56 1.75 2.43 1.53 1.39 0.59 2.71 1.71
9 5.44 1.72 2.01 1.20 1.07 0.49 2.84 1.98
10 5.05 1.65 1.87 1.13 1.01 0.41 3.12 2.18
11 4.45 1.65 1.59 1.02 0.90 0.36 3.98 2.56
12 4.46 1.63 1.12 0.91 0.86 0.33 4.02 2.73
Keys: TBC- Total bacterial count
TCC- Total coliform count
TFC- Total fungal count
A total of 120 fungal isolates were obtained from the wastewater for the period of 13 days showing the highest
percentage (12.5%) of the isolated organisms at day 3 and the least (4.2%) isolated on day 12. Fusarium
moniliforme appeared as the highest occurred isolate (19.2%), followed by Fusarium oxysporium (14.2%). The
least occurred organism was Aspergillus versiculor with just 0.8% occurrence. It could be deduced that the
utmost availability of organic content in the wastewater occurred within day 0 and day 3, serving as nutrient
which results to increase in microbial load but as the nutrient tends to decrease, the number of fungi also retards;
since to obtain energy and construct new cellular components, organisms must have a supply of raw materials or
nutrients (Prescott et al., 2004).
Only 39 (32.5%) of all the isolates showed the ability to produce this lipid-hydrolyzing
enzyme, although in a varying potentials. The degrees of potency of the enzyme produced by each of these
isolates are enumerated by measuring (in millilitre) the zones of clearance around each isolate. Four (10.3%) of
these lipase-producing fungi were highly lipolytic, nine (23.1%) were strongly lipolytic, 12 (30.8%) were
moderately lipolytic while 14 (35.9%) proved to be slightly lipolytic (Table 3). Aspergillus spp. showed the
highest occurrence of 79.5%, followed by 5.1% occurrence of Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp. and Rhizopus spp.
while Absidia spp. and Thermophillus spp. showed the least occurrence of just 2.6% (Table 4). The isolation of
lipase producing microorganisms capable of degrading fat and oil in wastewater and their degradable efficiency
in both single culture and mixed culture formula have been studied (Bhumibhamon et al., 2003). Isolation of
lipolytic fungi from these wastewater samples also conforms to Sharma et al., (2001) who stated that lipase
production by fungi are typically extracellular and therefore are relatively easy to recover after the fermentation.
According to Hala et al. (2010); among the lipolytic microorganisms that are significant in wastewater are
aerobic and anaerobic bacteria of the genera; Pseudomonas, Clostridium and also fungi of the genera;
Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium thus supporting the detected/isolated fungi as regards this research. This
is also supported by Sharma et al. (2001) in his statement that; many genera as Penicillium, Fusarium and
Rhizopus have been noted as producers of lipases with desirable properties. However, this experiment has
revealed the ability of Absidia corymbifera to degrade the lipid composition of oil-rich wastewater.
4. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.8, 2013
153
Table 2: Percentage distribution of fungal isolates from restaurant wastewater
Days
Fusariumoxysporium
Fusariummoniliforme
Aspergillusflavus
Aspergillusniger
Aspergilluscandidus
Aspergillusochraceus
Aspergillusfumigates
Aspergillusversiculor
Aspergillusglaucus
Rhizopusarrhizus
Penicilliumcitrinium
Absidiacorymbifera
Thermophilluschaetrinium
Total
0 1 1 1 1 - - 1 - - 1 - 1 1 8
1 2 2 1 1 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 - 10
2 2 2 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - 1 1 10
3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 1 1 1 15
4 2 2 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 12
5 - 3 1 1 - 2 - - - 2 - 2 - 11
6 2 1 1 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 - 1 9
7 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 8
8 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 1 1 7
9 1 2 - 1 - - - - - - 1 2 1 8
10 1 2 1 1 - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - 8
11 1 3 1 1 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - 9
12 1 1 - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - - 5
Total 17 23 11 13 6 4 6 1 2 11 5 13 8 120
% of
occurrence
14.2 19.2 9.2 10.8 5.0 3.3 5.0 0.8 1.6 9.2 10.8 4.2 6.7 100
Furthermore, it was observed from this research that; the rate of occurrence of the lipolytic fungi at the earlier
days were relatively higher than the later days, this could be assumed as a resultant effect of decrease in the
availability of oil (lipid) content in the wastewater thus supporting the previous observations. This is in
agreement with MohdKhairul (2008) that, microbes capable of degrading a particular substance increase in
numbers when the substance is present, meanwhile when the substance is exhausted; the biodegradative
populations declines.
This work has however emphasized on the need for proper and adequate treatment of wastewater,
which may involve multi-stage processes aimed at reducing or removing all organic matters/solids, nutrients,
diseases-causing organisms, ensuring conservation of water by re-usage of wastewater after treatment and others.
It also supports previous researches that has aid the detection of microorganisms which could be employed in the
biological treatment (bioremediation) of oil-rich wastewater generating from our homes, kitchens, restaurants,
farms and factories; without any hazardous product (i.e. ensuring 0% threat to lives and the entire biosphere).
Therefore the populace should be conscious of possible risk associated with discharging untreated wastewater
into the water body. Hence when wastewater receives inadequate treatment, the overall quality of the world
water-supply suffers.
6. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.8, 2013
155
AKNOWLEDGEMENT: I hereby acknowledge Mrs. S.O. Fasuan the Chief Technologist of the Department of
Microbiology, Ekiti State University for the technical assistance given during the course of the research.
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