Reinforcement ~ "the process of encouraging or establishing a belief or pattern of behaviour."

2. Reinforcement is the process in which a behavior is
strengthened by the immediate consequence that reliably
follows its occurrence. When a behavior is strengthened,
it is more likely to occur again in the future.
Types of Reinforcement
a) Positive Reinforcement
b) Negative Reinforcement

3. Positive reinforcement is defined as the occurrence of a
behavior is followed by the addition of a stimulus (a
reinforcer) or an increase in the intensity of a stimulus, which
results in the strengthening of the behavior. In positive
reinforcement, the stimulus that is presented or that appears
after the behavior is called a positive reinforcer.
Negative reinforcement is defined as the occurrence of a
behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus (an aversive
stimulus) or a decrease in the intensity of a stimulus, which
results in the strengthening of the behavior. In negative
reinforcement, the stimulus that is removed or avoided after
the behavior is called an aversive stimulus.

5. a) Abhay has a habit of throwing his toys around
his room after playing with them and doesn’t
clean it. If we use the reinforcer of Chocolate
when Abhay clean up his toys, the behavior of
cleaning up his toys will get reinforced.
Before: The toy mess
Behavior: Cleaning the toys
After: Getting the Chocolate

6. b) Suresh is a shy boy, he doesn’t talk or greet
the strangers, if we add reinforcer of Toy, after
every 5 times when Suresh would greet a
stranger, he would get a toy.
Before: Shying away from strangers
Behavior: Greeting the stranger
After: Getting the toy

7. a) Sarah finds it annoying to get a taxi at 9 am
due to morning rush, so to avoid it, she would
get a taxi at 8:30 am.
Before: Annoying morning rush.
Behavior: Getting the taxi early.
After: Morning rush is gone.

8. b) John had made Lasagna in the microwave
oven and had taken out the lasagna out of the
oven without using the gloves, due to which his
hands were burned, so in the future he would
wear gloves so as to not get his hands burned.
Before: Hands were burned
Behavior: Putting on the gloves
After: Hands are not burned