This lecture covers environmental flow and its inter-relationship with the integrated water resource management. Environmental flow allows for meeting the water needs of the aquatic ecosystems.
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and groundwater resource management. It defines IWRM as an approach that promotes coordinated development and management of land and water resources, as well as surface and groundwater. Regarding groundwater specifically, the document states that management aims to balance groundwater recharge and withdrawals to ensure long-term sustainability of resources and water quality. It notes that excessive pumping from the Aynalem well field in Mekelle, Ethiopia led to a decline in water levels and abandonment of infrastructure due to unsustainable abstraction rates that did not account for aquifer recharge limits. Proper groundwater management is needed to avoid such consequences of mismanagement.
Minimum flows in rivers are important to allow rivers to complete their hydrological cycles and maintain ecological processes. Dams, diversions, deforestation, mining, and pollution have fragmented rivers and reduced their flows. Setting minimum flows is challenging due to a lack of hydrological data, political priorities, and institutional barriers. Flows must be set through objective or scenario-based approaches considering ecological, economic and social factors. Hydrological, hydraulic, habitat simulation, and holistic methods are used to measure environmental flows, each with strengths and weaknesses.
This presentation provides an overview of drinking water, biodiversity, and development. It discusses how access to drinking water is a global issue, especially for the poor, and how biodiversity underpins the water cycle which sustains life. The document outlines several good practice approaches that can be used to manage drinking water and biodiversity in an integrated way, such as legal and regulatory tools, ecosystem approaches, and integrated water resource management. Case studies are also presented.
CBD Good Practice Guide Water-powerpoint-enjaninnab
This presentation provides an overview of drinking water, biodiversity and development. It discusses how access to drinking water is a global issue, especially for the poor, and how biodiversity underpins the water cycle to supply drinking water. The document outlines topics that will be covered, including ways of thinking about these issues, legal and management approaches, and resources. It is intended to help non-commercial use and modification of the materials presented.
TWAP- Contributing to Indicator-Based Management of Transboundary Aquatic Sys...Iwl Pcu
This document discusses the Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (TWAP) which aims to conduct indicator-based assessments of transboundary aquatic systems to assist the GEF and other donors in prioritizing funding. It outlines TWAP's assessments of transboundary aquifers, lakes, rivers, large marine ecosystems, and open oceans. Core biophysical, socioeconomic, governance and data management indicators are identified for each system. Statistical analysis techniques are demonstrated to discriminate groups of transboundary bodies and identify priorities based on global comparisons.
This document discusses the importance and process of conducting water audits in India. It begins by noting India's unequal distribution of water resources to support its large population. It then defines water audits as determining the amount of water lost from distribution systems through leakage, theft, or other reasons. The benefits of water audits are then outlined as reducing water losses, improving financial and system performance, and enhancing water management. Next, the five steps of conducting a water audit are described: studying water supply and usage, auditing the distribution process, auditing current water systems, analyzing wastewater discharges, and creating a water audit report. The document concludes by emphasizing the increasing scarcity of potable water in India and how comprehensive
Presentation on water supply system and sources in rural area14031907
The document discusses rural water supply and the importance of safe drinking water. It notes that over 30% of the rural population in developing countries lacks access to safe water. Traditionally, rural communities obtain water from unprotected sources like ponds, wells and rivers, which often leads to waterborne diseases. The document outlines some strategies for effective rural water supply, including selecting appropriate water sources and treatment methods tailored to local conditions. The goal is to provide access to basic water services while minimizing costs through community-based management approaches.
1. Environmental flows aim to maintain healthy river ecosystems by leaving certain flows in or releasing flows downstream of dams.
2. Various methods exist to assess environmental flows, including hydrological methods based on historical flow data, hydraulic methods relating flow to habitat, and holistic methods considering the full river ecosystem.
3. Case studies in India have applied methods like the Building Block Methodology to identify keystone species and recommend environmental flows for different zones of the upper Ganges river basin.
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and groundwater resource management. It defines IWRM as an approach that promotes coordinated development and management of land and water resources, as well as surface and groundwater. Regarding groundwater specifically, the document states that management aims to balance groundwater recharge and withdrawals to ensure long-term sustainability of resources and water quality. It notes that excessive pumping from the Aynalem well field in Mekelle, Ethiopia led to a decline in water levels and abandonment of infrastructure due to unsustainable abstraction rates that did not account for aquifer recharge limits. Proper groundwater management is needed to avoid such consequences of mismanagement.
Minimum flows in rivers are important to allow rivers to complete their hydrological cycles and maintain ecological processes. Dams, diversions, deforestation, mining, and pollution have fragmented rivers and reduced their flows. Setting minimum flows is challenging due to a lack of hydrological data, political priorities, and institutional barriers. Flows must be set through objective or scenario-based approaches considering ecological, economic and social factors. Hydrological, hydraulic, habitat simulation, and holistic methods are used to measure environmental flows, each with strengths and weaknesses.
This presentation provides an overview of drinking water, biodiversity, and development. It discusses how access to drinking water is a global issue, especially for the poor, and how biodiversity underpins the water cycle which sustains life. The document outlines several good practice approaches that can be used to manage drinking water and biodiversity in an integrated way, such as legal and regulatory tools, ecosystem approaches, and integrated water resource management. Case studies are also presented.
CBD Good Practice Guide Water-powerpoint-enjaninnab
This presentation provides an overview of drinking water, biodiversity and development. It discusses how access to drinking water is a global issue, especially for the poor, and how biodiversity underpins the water cycle to supply drinking water. The document outlines topics that will be covered, including ways of thinking about these issues, legal and management approaches, and resources. It is intended to help non-commercial use and modification of the materials presented.
TWAP- Contributing to Indicator-Based Management of Transboundary Aquatic Sys...Iwl Pcu
This document discusses the Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (TWAP) which aims to conduct indicator-based assessments of transboundary aquatic systems to assist the GEF and other donors in prioritizing funding. It outlines TWAP's assessments of transboundary aquifers, lakes, rivers, large marine ecosystems, and open oceans. Core biophysical, socioeconomic, governance and data management indicators are identified for each system. Statistical analysis techniques are demonstrated to discriminate groups of transboundary bodies and identify priorities based on global comparisons.
This document discusses the importance and process of conducting water audits in India. It begins by noting India's unequal distribution of water resources to support its large population. It then defines water audits as determining the amount of water lost from distribution systems through leakage, theft, or other reasons. The benefits of water audits are then outlined as reducing water losses, improving financial and system performance, and enhancing water management. Next, the five steps of conducting a water audit are described: studying water supply and usage, auditing the distribution process, auditing current water systems, analyzing wastewater discharges, and creating a water audit report. The document concludes by emphasizing the increasing scarcity of potable water in India and how comprehensive
Presentation on water supply system and sources in rural area14031907
The document discusses rural water supply and the importance of safe drinking water. It notes that over 30% of the rural population in developing countries lacks access to safe water. Traditionally, rural communities obtain water from unprotected sources like ponds, wells and rivers, which often leads to waterborne diseases. The document outlines some strategies for effective rural water supply, including selecting appropriate water sources and treatment methods tailored to local conditions. The goal is to provide access to basic water services while minimizing costs through community-based management approaches.
1. Environmental flows aim to maintain healthy river ecosystems by leaving certain flows in or releasing flows downstream of dams.
2. Various methods exist to assess environmental flows, including hydrological methods based on historical flow data, hydraulic methods relating flow to habitat, and holistic methods considering the full river ecosystem.
3. Case studies in India have applied methods like the Building Block Methodology to identify keystone species and recommend environmental flows for different zones of the upper Ganges river basin.
Water Management Decision support systems, optimization models and tools. ...Muhammad Hannan
This document discusses water management decision support systems and optimization models. It begins with an introduction to water and water management. It then discusses the objectives, components, and criteria for designing decision support systems for water management. Some advantages of decision support systems and their applications in agriculture and water management are provided. Optimization models for water management are discussed along with their advantages and disadvantages. Different water management methods such as rainwater harvesting, greywater reuse, and drip irrigation are described. The importance of good water management globally is emphasized.
- River pollution, urban flooding, and health risks are interconnected issues facing rapidly growing cities. As urban populations and impervious surfaces increase, water quality deteriorates due to inadequate wastewater treatment and increased runoff, while extreme rainfall events exacerbated by climate change raise flooding risks.
- Hydrologic and water quality models were developed to simulate current conditions and project impacts of population growth, climate change, and policy measures in selected cities. Results show that without action, flooding and waterborne diseases will increase substantially by 2030.
- Implementing integrated measures like expanded wastewater treatment, flood control infrastructure, and green infrastructure can significantly reduce flooding and health risks compared to do-nothing scenarios. However, non-structural
The National Water Census aims to provide stakeholders with tools to assess current and future water availability. The Delaware River Basin Focus Area Study is testing these tools at a local scale. It is developing water use databases, models to estimate streamflow and evaluate land use/climate change impacts, and relationships between streamflow and aquatic ecology to inform management decisions. The results will be delivered through online applications to help users construct local water budgets and test scenarios.
Need for efficient water infrastructure and its impact on water resources man...Mazen Alqadi
This document discusses the need for efficient water infrastructure and its impact on water resource management. It notes that population and economic growth are increasing water demand and leading to water stress situations. Efficient water infrastructure and technology advances can help alleviate this. The document advocates adopting a holistic water resource management approach using three pillars: policies, institutions, and infrastructure. Developing sustainable water and wastewater infrastructure through committed involvement of all stakeholders, including governments, regulators, administrators, operators, and NGOs, is key to managing available resources and demand. An equitable water tariff is also needed to encourage conservation and ensure sustainability.
The document provides an overview of water resource development in India. It discusses India's water resources and achievements in irrigation development. It notes that while irrigation potential created has increased, potential utilized remains lower. It also examines future water demand projections and issues around groundwater exploitation. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to development, improved management practices, efficient water use, and people's participation for sustainable utilization of water resources in India.
The document outlines the course content for CVS 445: Water Resources Engineering I, including an introduction to integrated water resources management and development, water interaction and balance, catchment-based planning and management, and the legal and institutional framework for IWRM in Kenya. It also provides definitions and discussions of key concepts such as water use, water users, priorities for water use, barriers to implementing IWRM, the Dublin principles of water management, and the implications of IWRM for various sectors.
The document provides an overview of water resource development in India. It discusses India's water resources and achievements in irrigation development. It notes that while irrigation development has increased availability, future water demand is expected to exceed supply by 2025 unless better management practices are adopted. It emphasizes the need for more efficient water utilization, increased storage, integrated management, and people's participation to achieve sustainable development of water resources in India.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module2_#4, Water ecosystem interaction, Susan CuddyICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
Health card preparation guide of aquatic bodyPulak Patra
The document discusses how to prepare an ecological health card for aquatic bodies. It outlines 5 key steps: 1) Create new indicators and techniques for spatial analysis. 2) Select indicators that convey ecological information like water quality, fisheries, biodiversity. 3) Define thresholds for each indicator based on guidelines and historical data. 4) Calculate indicator scores and combine them into overall grades from A to F. 5) Communicate the health card findings to create public awareness. Health cards provide an overall status of an aquatic body and help monitor conditions, though preparing them fully is challenging.
Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna riverAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna riverAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the quality of drainage water in Al-Shamiya al-sharqi drain in Diwaniya city, Iraq for use in irrigation. 10 water samples were collected from locations along the drain and analyzed for various chemical parameters. An Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) was used to assess the water quality, taking into account parameters like EC, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and SAR that most affect water quality for irrigation. The IWQI was then integrated with a GIS system to map the water quality. The results found that 52% of the drainage water fell in the "Low restriction" category, 47% was "Moderate restriction" and 1% was
This document discusses the sustainable management of water resources. It notes that river basins integrate economic, social, and environmental systems across political boundaries, so water management decisions should reflect this integrative nature. When systems are not managed sustainably, major problems can result as shown by the example of the Aral Sea, where unsustainable irrigation practices led to environmental damage and loss of livelihoods. Achieving sustainable water resources management requires taking a basin-wide, multidisciplinary approach that considers both current and future needs.
This document discusses the sustainable management of water resources. It notes that river basins integrate economic, social, and environmental systems across political boundaries, so water management decisions should reflect this integrative nature. When systems are not managed sustainably, such as in the Aral Sea region where unsustainable irrigation practices depleted the sea, severe environmental, health, and economic problems can result. Achieving sustainable water resources management requires taking a basin-scale, multidisciplinary approach that considers impacts across different levels and balances current and future needs.
This document discusses groundwater economics and governance. It provides details on workshops held in Lebanon and Morocco to discuss challenges around groundwater management, including overexploitation, declining water tables, and the need for integrated management. Key topics covered include valuing groundwater resources, the economic contributions of sectors that rely on groundwater, and the importance of demand management and multi-stakeholder governance approaches to ensure long-term groundwater sustainability.
This document discusses groundwater economics and management. It covers:
- Key sectors that use groundwater like agriculture, industry, and households.
- Drivers of the economic value of groundwater like scarcity, quality of alternative water sources, and reliability.
- Issues caused by overexploitation of groundwater like depletion, contamination, and ecosystem impacts.
- The need for integrated water management that considers social, economic, technical and environmental factors.
- Approaches for groundwater management including "top-down" governance, local participation, and demand management.
This document discusses groundwater economics and governance. It provides details on workshops held in Morocco and Lebanon to discuss challenges with groundwater management. Key topics covered include the economic value of groundwater, drivers of groundwater valuation, sectors that rely on groundwater, issues of overexploitation and depletion, and the need for integrated management approaches and good governance. Generic lessons are highlighted, such as the importance of both top-down and bottom-up management strategies and establishing rights for groundwater abstraction.
suitable water system.pptx water treatmentShruthiBS13
This document discusses sustainable water systems and sanitation. It notes that sustainable water systems should provide adequate water quantity and quality without compromising future capacity. It also discusses various water sources like surface water, groundwater, rainwater harvesting and reclaimed water. It emphasizes the importance of considering economic, social and environmental factors in evaluating sustainability. The document also discusses key aspects of sustainable sanitation systems including health, environmental protection, appropriate technology, and storm water drainage.
Water Management Decision support systems, optimization models and tools. ...Muhammad Hannan
This document discusses water management decision support systems and optimization models. It begins with an introduction to water and water management. It then discusses the objectives, components, and criteria for designing decision support systems for water management. Some advantages of decision support systems and their applications in agriculture and water management are provided. Optimization models for water management are discussed along with their advantages and disadvantages. Different water management methods such as rainwater harvesting, greywater reuse, and drip irrigation are described. The importance of good water management globally is emphasized.
- River pollution, urban flooding, and health risks are interconnected issues facing rapidly growing cities. As urban populations and impervious surfaces increase, water quality deteriorates due to inadequate wastewater treatment and increased runoff, while extreme rainfall events exacerbated by climate change raise flooding risks.
- Hydrologic and water quality models were developed to simulate current conditions and project impacts of population growth, climate change, and policy measures in selected cities. Results show that without action, flooding and waterborne diseases will increase substantially by 2030.
- Implementing integrated measures like expanded wastewater treatment, flood control infrastructure, and green infrastructure can significantly reduce flooding and health risks compared to do-nothing scenarios. However, non-structural
The National Water Census aims to provide stakeholders with tools to assess current and future water availability. The Delaware River Basin Focus Area Study is testing these tools at a local scale. It is developing water use databases, models to estimate streamflow and evaluate land use/climate change impacts, and relationships between streamflow and aquatic ecology to inform management decisions. The results will be delivered through online applications to help users construct local water budgets and test scenarios.
Need for efficient water infrastructure and its impact on water resources man...Mazen Alqadi
This document discusses the need for efficient water infrastructure and its impact on water resource management. It notes that population and economic growth are increasing water demand and leading to water stress situations. Efficient water infrastructure and technology advances can help alleviate this. The document advocates adopting a holistic water resource management approach using three pillars: policies, institutions, and infrastructure. Developing sustainable water and wastewater infrastructure through committed involvement of all stakeholders, including governments, regulators, administrators, operators, and NGOs, is key to managing available resources and demand. An equitable water tariff is also needed to encourage conservation and ensure sustainability.
The document provides an overview of water resource development in India. It discusses India's water resources and achievements in irrigation development. It notes that while irrigation potential created has increased, potential utilized remains lower. It also examines future water demand projections and issues around groundwater exploitation. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to development, improved management practices, efficient water use, and people's participation for sustainable utilization of water resources in India.
The document outlines the course content for CVS 445: Water Resources Engineering I, including an introduction to integrated water resources management and development, water interaction and balance, catchment-based planning and management, and the legal and institutional framework for IWRM in Kenya. It also provides definitions and discussions of key concepts such as water use, water users, priorities for water use, barriers to implementing IWRM, the Dublin principles of water management, and the implications of IWRM for various sectors.
The document provides an overview of water resource development in India. It discusses India's water resources and achievements in irrigation development. It notes that while irrigation development has increased availability, future water demand is expected to exceed supply by 2025 unless better management practices are adopted. It emphasizes the need for more efficient water utilization, increased storage, integrated management, and people's participation to achieve sustainable development of water resources in India.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module2_#4, Water ecosystem interaction, Susan CuddyICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
Health card preparation guide of aquatic bodyPulak Patra
The document discusses how to prepare an ecological health card for aquatic bodies. It outlines 5 key steps: 1) Create new indicators and techniques for spatial analysis. 2) Select indicators that convey ecological information like water quality, fisheries, biodiversity. 3) Define thresholds for each indicator based on guidelines and historical data. 4) Calculate indicator scores and combine them into overall grades from A to F. 5) Communicate the health card findings to create public awareness. Health cards provide an overall status of an aquatic body and help monitor conditions, though preparing them fully is challenging.
Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna riverAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna riverAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the quality of drainage water in Al-Shamiya al-sharqi drain in Diwaniya city, Iraq for use in irrigation. 10 water samples were collected from locations along the drain and analyzed for various chemical parameters. An Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) was used to assess the water quality, taking into account parameters like EC, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and SAR that most affect water quality for irrigation. The IWQI was then integrated with a GIS system to map the water quality. The results found that 52% of the drainage water fell in the "Low restriction" category, 47% was "Moderate restriction" and 1% was
This document discusses the sustainable management of water resources. It notes that river basins integrate economic, social, and environmental systems across political boundaries, so water management decisions should reflect this integrative nature. When systems are not managed sustainably, major problems can result as shown by the example of the Aral Sea, where unsustainable irrigation practices led to environmental damage and loss of livelihoods. Achieving sustainable water resources management requires taking a basin-wide, multidisciplinary approach that considers both current and future needs.
This document discusses the sustainable management of water resources. It notes that river basins integrate economic, social, and environmental systems across political boundaries, so water management decisions should reflect this integrative nature. When systems are not managed sustainably, such as in the Aral Sea region where unsustainable irrigation practices depleted the sea, severe environmental, health, and economic problems can result. Achieving sustainable water resources management requires taking a basin-scale, multidisciplinary approach that considers impacts across different levels and balances current and future needs.
This document discusses groundwater economics and governance. It provides details on workshops held in Lebanon and Morocco to discuss challenges around groundwater management, including overexploitation, declining water tables, and the need for integrated management. Key topics covered include valuing groundwater resources, the economic contributions of sectors that rely on groundwater, and the importance of demand management and multi-stakeholder governance approaches to ensure long-term groundwater sustainability.
This document discusses groundwater economics and management. It covers:
- Key sectors that use groundwater like agriculture, industry, and households.
- Drivers of the economic value of groundwater like scarcity, quality of alternative water sources, and reliability.
- Issues caused by overexploitation of groundwater like depletion, contamination, and ecosystem impacts.
- The need for integrated water management that considers social, economic, technical and environmental factors.
- Approaches for groundwater management including "top-down" governance, local participation, and demand management.
This document discusses groundwater economics and governance. It provides details on workshops held in Morocco and Lebanon to discuss challenges with groundwater management. Key topics covered include the economic value of groundwater, drivers of groundwater valuation, sectors that rely on groundwater, issues of overexploitation and depletion, and the need for integrated management approaches and good governance. Generic lessons are highlighted, such as the importance of both top-down and bottom-up management strategies and establishing rights for groundwater abstraction.
suitable water system.pptx water treatmentShruthiBS13
This document discusses sustainable water systems and sanitation. It notes that sustainable water systems should provide adequate water quantity and quality without compromising future capacity. It also discusses various water sources like surface water, groundwater, rainwater harvesting and reclaimed water. It emphasizes the importance of considering economic, social and environmental factors in evaluating sustainability. The document also discusses key aspects of sustainable sanitation systems including health, environmental protection, appropriate technology, and storm water drainage.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Earth Day How has technology changed our life?
Thinkers/Inquiry • How has our ability to think and inquire helped to advance technology?
Vocabulary • Nature Deficit Disorder~ A condition that some people maintain is a spreading affliction especially affecting youth but also their adult counterparts, characterized by an excessive lack of familiarity with the outdoors and the natural world. • Precautionary Principle~ The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the introduction of a new technology is largely avoided, until a full understanding of its impact on health, environment and other areas is available.
What is technology? • Brainstorm a list of technology that you use everyday that your parents or grandparents did not have. • Compare your list with a partner.
2. Water Stress
Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain
period or when poor quality restricts its use. Water stress causes deterioration of freshwater resources
in terms of quantity (aquifer over-exploitation, dry rivers, etc.) and quality (eutrophication, organic
matter pollution, saline intrusion, etc.)
Water scarcity refers to the volumetric abundance, or lack thereof, of water supply. This is typically
calculated as a ratio of human water consumption to available water supply in the given area.
Water scarcity is a physical, objective reality that can be measured consistently across regions and
over time.
Falkenmark Indicator: An indicator used to measure water scarcity. It
measures water scarcity as the amount of renewable freshwater that is available per person
per year and proposes a threshold of 1,700 m3 per person per year to identify the regions
that suffer from water stress.
Source: http://epaedia.eea.europa.eu/alphabetical.php?letter=W&gid=108#viewterm
https://pacinst.org/water-definitions/; https://unece.org/DAM/env/europe/monitoring/Indicators/C-1-en-final.pdf
As per 2011 Census, per capita water availability in India is
1575 m3
2
3. Water Resource System
• A water resource system encompasses surface water, ground
water, riverbed, riverbanks and technical infrastructure,
including the occurring plant and animal communities and all
associated physical, chemical and biological characteristics
and processes
• Watershed centric approach is critical for ensuring water
security in the urban areas
• Water resource system includes three groups of functions: (i) Sink,
(ii) Source and (iii) Life Support system
Source: https://www.chegg.com; https://www.britannica.com/technology/irrigation; https://thewire.in/environment
Sink Source Life Support system
3
4. Integrated Water Resource Management
• IWRM is a process which promotes the
coordinated development and
management of land, water and related
resources in order to maximize the
resultant economic and social welfare in
an equitable manner without
compromising the sustainability of vital
ecosystems
• IWRM addresses the three E’s: Economic
efficiency, Environmental sustainability
and social Equity, including poverty
reduction
• IWRM acts as the link between the
water needs of the ecosystem and the
humans
4
Source: Guidelines for IWRM, 2016; www.gwp.org
Basin
Organisation
Technology
Basin Level
Management
Activities
Stakeholder
Involvement
Human and
Organisational
Capacity
Science
Based
Decision
Making
Policy, Legal
and Regulatory
Framework
Human
Water
Needs
IWRM
Availability of
fresh water
of appropriate
quality
Aquatic
Ecosystem
and
Biodiversity
needs
Appropriate
Flow
to Coastal
Areas
Climate
Geology
Vegetation
Topography
Basin
Organisation
Technology
Basin Level
Management
Activities
Stakeholder
Involvement
Human and
Organisational
Capacity
Science
Based
Decision
Making
Policy, Legal
and Regulatory
Framework
Human
Water
Needs
IWRM
Availability of
fresh water
of appropriate
quality
Aquatic
Ecosystem
and
Biodiversity
needs
Appropriate
Flow
to Coastal
Areas
Climate
Geology
Vegetation
Topography
5. Environmental Flow
Environmental
Flows
Ensure Water for
Ecosystem needs
Maintain water
quality at
acceptable levels
5
• Environmental Flow is defined as the quantity,
timing, and quality of freshwater flows and
levels necessary to sustain aquatic ecosystems
which, in turn, support human cultures,
economies, sustainable livelihoods, and well-
being
• In India, the scope of environmental flows is
limited to the terms called ‘minimum flow’ and
‘flushing flow’
• Under the basic principles of Draft National
Water Framework Bill, 2016, it is mentioned
that environmental flows adequate to preserve
and protect a river basin as a hydrological and
ecological system shall be maintained and a
portion of river flows should be kept aside to
meet ecological needs ensuring that the low and
high flow releases are proportional to the
natural flow regime, including base flow
contribution.
• Meeting the aquatic ecosystem needs means
those of the groundwater and the surface water
dependent ecosystems. If the River dies then it is
detrimental to all the water dependent
communities, not just rural but also the urban.
Source: Brisbane Declaration,2018; Central Water Commission. (2007)
6. Status of Water Resources in India
• For large-scale analyses of water resources, the
country is often separated into 19 major river
basins/ drainage regions
• Basins including Cauvery, Ganga-Brahmaputra,
Godavari, Indus, Krishna, Mahanadi, Narmada,
Pennar and Tapi have been categorized as
“strongly affected” by flow fragmentation and
regulation through dam construction
Source: NCIWRDP, (Nilsson et al. 2005)
Estimation of Water Deficit in the case of India (year 2050)
6
7. Status of Water Resources in India
• Over abstraction of ground water has obstructed
the base flow to the surface water bodies thus
substantially reducing in turn the environmental
flow requirements
• Stage of ground water extraction is defined as the
ratio of existing ground water extraction for all
uses to annual extractable ground water
resources represented in percentage
• Annual extractable ground water is considered as
90-95% of the annual recharge
• Stage of ground water extraction in the range of 0-
70% is considered as safe, 70%-90% as semi-
critical, 90%-100% as critical, and >100% as over
exploited
• Groundwater scenario ranges from semi critical to
over exploited in many development blocks
concentrated mainly in the western and southern
regions
7
Source: C.G.W.B (as on 2017)
8. Environmental Flow Assessment
Methodologies
• Environmental flow assessments are
performed mainly for the river systems that
are already regulated or are the focus of
proposed water resource developments
• The scale at which the environmental flow
assessment is undertaken may also vary
widely, from a whole catchment for a
large river basin that includes regulated
and unregulated tributaries, or a single
river stretch
• Different methodologies are appropriate
over such a broad range in spatial scale and
resolution, as well as in accordance with
constraints including the time frame for
assessment, the availability of data,
technical capacity and finances
8
Source: Arthington et al., 2000; King et al., 1999; Tharme, 2003; Arthington et al., 1998; https://www.globosurfer.com/river-velocity/;
https://mammothmemory.net/geography/geography-vocabulary/river-landscapes-2/cross-profile.html; https://www.earth.com/news/warm-river-habitats-are-
important-for-cold-water-fish/; https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/telangana-varsities-fight-shy-of-multidisciplinary-studies-697396;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olentangy_River Hydrologic
• Hydrologic
Data
Hydraulic
• Hydraulic
Data
Holistic
• Multidisciplin
ary expertise
and input
Habitat
Simulation
• Quantity and
suitability of
instream
physical
habitats
available
9. Interlinkage between Environmental Flows and
IWRM
• As far as the environmental flow assessment is
concerned, a shift is needed from the concept of
‘minimum flows’ and ‘flushing flows’ to a set of flow
variables more accurately representing the natural
variations in the flow regime temporally
• By maintaining the quality of the drinking water
sources such as the rivers and its tributaries at a better
level in turn reduces the capital costs incurred for
setting up of water treatment infrastructure substantially
• Environmental flow assessment findings, if
implemented will also be helpful in improving the
ground water recharge, as part of the water
inundating the floodplains, eventually becomes the
ground water
• Trade-offs between various water uses such as
drinking water, irrigation, ecosystem needs and
industrial are required for better determination of
environmental flows
9
10. References
• Nilsson, C., et al., (2005). Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world’s largest river systems. Science, 308,
405–408. [Crossref]
• Arthington, A. H., & Zalucki, J. M. (1998). Comparative evaluation of environmental flow assessment techniques:
Review of methods. LWRRDC Occasional Paper Series 27/98, 141.
• Tharme, R. E. (2003). A global perspective on environmental flow assessment: Emerging trends in the development
and application of environmental flow methodologies for rivers. River Research and Applications, 19(5–6), 397–
441. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.736
• King, J., Tharme, R. E., & Brown, C. (1999). Definition and implementation of instream flows. Thematic Report to
the World Commission on Dams. Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting, Cape Town, South Africa,
94 p.
• Arthington, Angela H., et al. "Environmental flow requirements of the Brisbane River downstream from Wivenhoe
Dam." Southeast Queensland Water Corporation and Centre for Catchment and In-Stream Research:
Brisbane (2000)
• Brisbane Declaration on Environmental Flows (2018)
• Central Water Commission. (2016). Guidelines for Integrated Water Resource Management
• Central Water Commission. (2007) Report of Working Group on Environmental Flows
10