Regulation of arterial blood pressure (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
BLOOD PRESSURE
The pressure exerted by the blood on vessel wall is known as blood pressure.
SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
The maximum pressure exerted in the arteries during systole of heart.
Normal systolic pressure: 120 mm Hg.
DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
The minimum pressure exerted in the arteries during diastole of heart.
Normal diastolic pressure: 80 mm Hg.
PULSE PRESSURE
The difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
Normal pulse pressure: 40 mm Hg (120 – 80 = 40).
MEAN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
The average pressure existing in the arteries.
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure = Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
Pulse Pressure = (Systolic – Diastolic)
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure =Diastolic Pressure+1/3(Systolic – Diastolic)
Regulation of arterial blood pressure (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
BLOOD PRESSURE
The pressure exerted by the blood on vessel wall is known as blood pressure.
SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
The maximum pressure exerted in the arteries during systole of heart.
Normal systolic pressure: 120 mm Hg.
DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
The minimum pressure exerted in the arteries during diastole of heart.
Normal diastolic pressure: 80 mm Hg.
PULSE PRESSURE
The difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
Normal pulse pressure: 40 mm Hg (120 – 80 = 40).
MEAN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
The average pressure existing in the arteries.
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure = Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
Pulse Pressure = (Systolic – Diastolic)
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure =Diastolic Pressure+1/3(Systolic – Diastolic)
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
“Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.”
Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
STROKE VOLUME:
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
Heart Rate
The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.
A brief overview of the physiology of the neuromuscular junction.It includes a video towards the end sourced from the internet with the copyright watermarks intact.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
“Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.”
Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
STROKE VOLUME:
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
Heart Rate
The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.
A brief overview of the physiology of the neuromuscular junction.It includes a video towards the end sourced from the internet with the copyright watermarks intact.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Areas of Study
• Coronary Circulation
• Cerebral Circulation
• Splanchnic Circulation
• Skeletal muscles Circulation
• Cutaneous Circulation
3.
4. Why Coronary circulation is important ????
• Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of deaths
across the globe
• In USA 15.5 million people over the age of 20 suffer from
CAD
• One death every 42 seconds in USA
6. Physiological anatomy
• Coronary arteries lie on the surface of heart
• Left Coronary artery (Left ventricle)
• Right Coronary artery (Right ventricle & part of left ventricle)
• Venous drains into Rt Atrium through Coronary Sinus (75%)
• Anterior Cardiac Vein
11. Control of coronary blood flow
• Local muscle metabolism is the primary controller of coronary blood
flow
• Oxygen demand A major regulator of coronary blood flow
• 70% oxygen extraction
• Role of Adenosine, ADP, AMP, K, H, CO2, Prostaglandins, NO
12. Nervous regulation
• Through autonomic nerves
• Direct & Indirect effects are opposite
• Direct effects of Vagal Stimulation (less extensive):
• Vasodilataion
• Direct effects of Sympathetic stimulation:
• Through alpha (constrictor) & Beta (Dilator) receptors
32. CEREBRAL Circulation
• 2 systems of Arteries
• Carotid System
• Vertebral System
• Combine to form Circle of Willis
• But still the collateral blood
supply is poor
36. CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW
Normal Rate of Cerebral Blood Flow
• Normal blood flow through the brain of the adult person averages
50 to 65 milliliters per 100 grams of brain tissue per minute.
• For the entire brain, this amounts to 750 to 900 ml/min, or 15 per
cent of the resting cardiac output.
37. Increase Cerebral Blood Flow in Response to Excess Carbon Dioxide or
Excess Hydrogen Ion Concentration.
An increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the arterial blood
perfusing the brain greatly
70 % increase in arterial PCO2 approximately doubles the cerebral
blood flow.
REGULATION OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW
38. 1. Autoregulation of Cerebral Blood Flow When the Arterial
Pressure Changes.
Cerebral blood flow is “autoregulated” extremely well between
arterial pressure limits of 60 and 140 mm Hg.
REGULATION OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW
41. Factors disturb the autoregulation
• Hypoxia due to occlusive cerebrovascular disease
• Trauma from head injury or surgery
• Brain compression from tumors
• Hematomas or cerebral edema
42. 2. Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Controlling Cerebral
Blood Flow.
The cerebral circulatory system has strong sympathetic innervation
that passes upward from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia in
the neck and then into the brain along with the cerebral arteries.
REGULATION OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW
43. METABOLISM OF BRAIN
• 20% of total body O2 consumption
• Mostly Glucose…without Insulin
• Less during sleep
45. 1. Fainting
2. Hypoglycemia
3. Stroke blood supply to a part of the brain is blocked resulting in
the death of an area within the brain.
4. Transient ischaemic attack When blood supply to a part of the
brain is temporarily interrupted without producing permanent
damage.
Clinical Implication
49. DISTIBUTION OF BLOOD
• About 30% of cardiac out-put to Gut & Liver
• 2/3rd of Liver blood is from Portal Vein
• 1/3rd is from Hepatic Artery (Br of Coeliac Artery)
• Liver drains into Inf Vena Cava through Hepatic Veins
50.
51. NERVOUS CONTROL
• MAINLY VASOCONSTRICTOR
• NO KNOWN VASODILATOR NERVE SUPPLY (MOSTLY
LOCAL FACTORS)
55. REGULATION OF MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW
Neural Control:
• Sympathetic nervous system vasoconstrictor
• An increase in sympathetic nervous system activity can decrease
flow by 70%
• Vasodilatation at rest is passive due to withdrawal of sympathetic
nervous system activity
56. REGULATION OF MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW
Metabolic Factors:
• With increased activity increase in the production of
vasodilator metabolites
• Vasodilator metabolites are dominant during exercise although
sympathetic nervous system activity to the working muscle is
also enhanced
57.
58.
59. THE CUTANEOUS CIRCULATION
• BLOOD FLOW 1 - 100ml/100gm/min
• ANASTOMOTIC AREAS FOR HEAT REGULATION
• FINGERS
• TOES
• PALMS
• EAR LOBES
60.
61. PROPERTIES OF SKIN CIRCULATION
• HEAT REGULATION
• RESERVOIR OF BLOOD
• TRIPLE RESPONSE
• RED REACTION
• WHEAL
• FLARE
62. THE TRIPLE RESPONSE
• RED REACTION
• CAPILLARY DILATATION
• WHEAL
• CAPILLARY LEAK
• HISTAMINE LIKE SUBSTANCE & SUBSTANCE-P
• FLARE
• ARTERIOLAR DILATATION
67. Closure of the Foramen Ovale
• Flow backward through the foramen ovale •low right atrial pressure
• the high left atrial pressure
• Small valve that lies over the foramen ovale on the left side of the atrial
septum closes
• In two thirds of all people the valve becomes adherent over the foramen ovale
within a few months to a few years and forms a permanent closure.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73. Circulation
• Blood Volume 300 milliliters
if the infant is left attached to the placenta for a few minutes after birth or if
the umbilical cord is stripped to force blood out of its vessels into the baby, an
additional 75 milliliters of blood enters the infant, to make a total of 375
milliliters.
• Cardiac Output 500 ml/min
• Arterial Pressure 70 mm Hg systolic – 50 mm Hg diastolic
90/60 mm Hg - increases during the next several months
115/70 mm Hg