The purpose of completing this laboratory experiment was to devise a method for reducing an aldehyde or ketone based on: a substrate, reagent(s), and reaction mechanisms.
THE NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING DRUGS HERE ARE PRESENTED WITH DEPOLARIZING AND NON DEPOLARIZING ALSO KNOWN AS COMETATIVE AND NON COMPETATIVE, WITH ITS DETAIL ACCOUNT ARE DISCUSSED HERE.
THE NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING DRUGS HERE ARE PRESENTED WITH DEPOLARIZING AND NON DEPOLARIZING ALSO KNOWN AS COMETATIVE AND NON COMPETATIVE, WITH ITS DETAIL ACCOUNT ARE DISCUSSED HERE.
INTRODUCTION OF STEROIDS,
SAR OF STEROIDS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLASSIFICATION OF STEROIDS
STEROLS
SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
BILE ACIDS
CONCLUSION
Adrenergic Agonist & Sympathomimetic Drugs.
It includes:
Sympathetic Nervous System
Structures of the major catecholamines
Drugs acting at adrenergic neurons
Structure-Activity Relationship of sympathomimetic Amines
Structure & main clinical use of important sympathomimetic drugs
Adrenergic Receptors: Types, Nomenclature
Sympathomimetic drugs (with Recent Advances)
Beta-adrenergic blockers as a potential treatment for COVID-19 patients
Summary
This slide discusses about basic indole nucleus, its chemistry, synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of Indolyl derivatives..Indole is basically fused heterocyclic compound
The presentation will give a brief summary of Barbiturates from the Medicinal chemistry point of view. the contents are not exact, so if there is any discrepancy in it please make corrections. thanks
Amjad Anwar
INTRODUCTION OF STEROIDS,
SAR OF STEROIDS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLASSIFICATION OF STEROIDS
STEROLS
SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
BILE ACIDS
CONCLUSION
Adrenergic Agonist & Sympathomimetic Drugs.
It includes:
Sympathetic Nervous System
Structures of the major catecholamines
Drugs acting at adrenergic neurons
Structure-Activity Relationship of sympathomimetic Amines
Structure & main clinical use of important sympathomimetic drugs
Adrenergic Receptors: Types, Nomenclature
Sympathomimetic drugs (with Recent Advances)
Beta-adrenergic blockers as a potential treatment for COVID-19 patients
Summary
This slide discusses about basic indole nucleus, its chemistry, synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of Indolyl derivatives..Indole is basically fused heterocyclic compound
The presentation will give a brief summary of Barbiturates from the Medicinal chemistry point of view. the contents are not exact, so if there is any discrepancy in it please make corrections. thanks
Amjad Anwar
example.docx
Example
Qualitative Analysis
Goals
Utilize physical, chemical and spectroscopic data to identify structure of unknown compounds. After purifying the unknown solution, determine boiling point, measure RI, perform solubility and potassium permanganate test and obtain spectral data. This will provide sufficient data to identify the structure and identity of the unknown compound.
Procedure
Density:
Unknown example #1 in avail was obtained from the TA. The density of the liquid was measured by obtaining a graduated cylinder. The graduated cylinder was weighted before and after addition of the unknown sample. We calculate the density by using density equation [D=mass/volume]
RI:
Next, the RI was measured. A few drops of the unknown were added to the refrectometer. We adjusted it so field of view has well defined light and dark split. Then, the “read” button was pushed to record the RI and temperature.
Solubility Test:
A small vial was obtained and 20 drops of unknown sample were mixed with 25 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. The contents of the test tube were mixed and the subsequent change in color to rustic red was noted.
Potassium Permanganate Test:
1 cm of unknown was mixed with 10 drops of KmNO4 and the change of color & phase separation was noted.
Boiling point:
The sand was heated and 0.4 mL of the unknown is placed on the top of the sand. The thermometer was placed on the top as well. The temperature was noted once the sample starts boiling.
Chemical Reactions
Observations
Solubility Test:
When sulfuric acid was mixed with unknown sample, the reaction color changed from clear to rustic red. The change in color indicated that our sample is soluble in sulfuric acid and thus, cannot be alkyl halide, which is no soluble in sulfuric acid.
Potassium Permanganate Test:
When 1 cm of unknown was mixed with 10 drops of KmNO4 there was a phase separation as well as color change. The top layer was dark purple and the bottom was pink. Also, there was a slight precipitate.
Results
Density:
The weight of vial = 11.4356 g
Vial+ sample = 12.053 g
12.053-11.4356 =0.6174 g
Density=mass/volume
0.6174 g/ 1 mL = 0.6537 g/mL
RI:
Index of refraction read: 1.4942 at 23.65 C
IR correction:
nobs + 0.00045 (t-20)
1.4942+0.00045(23.65-20)=1.4925
For proper identification of our unknown sample #1, we used the following experimental results:
Type of Test
Observed values
Boiling point
85 C
Density
0.6537 g/mL
RI (read)
1.4942 at 23.65 C
RI (corrected)
1.4925 at 20 C
Solubility test:
When Sample #1 mixed with sulfuric acid it produced to color change to rustic red.
Potassium Permanganate Test:
When the sample mixed with KmNO4, there was a phase separation with dark purple color in the top, pink at the bottom and slight precipitate.
IR:
H NMR
Discussion
Qualitative analysis is the way to identify unknown compound by obtaining physical and chemical properties for this compound. Some of these physical properties are boiling point, RI, ...
CHE235L4Spring2017.pdf
FW
(g/mol)
mp (
o
C) bp (
o
C) mmol mass (g)
density
(g/mL)
volume
(mL)
N/A
N/A
bismuth(III) nitrate pentahydrate N/A N/A N/A N/A
sodium chloride, saturated (brine) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
ethyl acetate N/A N/A
cis -1,2-cyclohexanediol N/A N/A N/A
trans -1,2-cyclohexanediol, (±) N/A N/A N/A
Prelab 4: Green Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Cyclohexene Oxide
Name:
Reaction equation:
Note: For those reagents that are in solution, the FW, mmol, and mass columns refer to the solute in the
solution.
Limiting reagent:
Reagent Table
water
Theoretical yield:
Chemical
cyclohexene oxide
EXPERIMENT #4
GREEN LEWIS ACID-CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF CYCLOHEXENE OXIDE
Introduction:
Epoxides are three-membered ethers. They are special because unlike most ethers, they can react
with nucleophiles to form a new bond between carbon and the nucleophile and break a bond
between that carbon and oxygen. This ring-opening reaction makes epoxides versatile functional
groups for organic synthesis. (In fact epoxide is the functional group that makes epoxy resins
possible.)
Scheme 1. Ring opening of an epoxide in the presence of a nucleophile.
Ring-opening of the epoxide can occur under basic or acidic conditions. Under basic conditions,
the reaction is similar to an SN2 reaction so that the nucleophile attacks the less substituted carbon
of an unsymmetrical epoxide by backside attack. Sodium ethoxide reacts with this epoxide in the
following reaction.
Scheme 2. Ring opening of an unsymmetrical epoxide under basic conditions.
Under acidic conditions, the reaction is more complicated. It is similar to an SN2 reaction because
the nucleophile reacts by backside attack. However, because there is partial positive charge on the
Reference Material:
MAHHS Chapter 1: Safety in the Laboratory
MAHHS Chapter 2: Protecting the Environment
MAHHS Chapter 3: Laboratory Notebooks and Prelaboratory Information
MAHHS Chapter 4: Laboratory Glassware
MAHHS Chapter 5: Measurements and Transferring Reagents
MAHHS Chapter 10: Filtration
MAHHS Chapter 11: Extraction
MAHHS Chapter 12: Drying Organic Liquids and Recovering Reaction Products
MAHHS Chapter 17: Thin-Layer Chromatography, especially section 17.8
MAHHS Chapter 20: Infrared Spectroscopy
Klein Chapter 14: Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides
three atoms of the epoxide ring, the nucleophile attacks where the partial positive charge is more
stabilized, the more substituted carbon of an unsymmetrical epoxide. Ethanol in the presence of
sulfuric acid reacts with this epoxide in the following reaction.
Scheme 3. Ring opening of an unsymmetrical epoxide under acidic conditions.
While sulfuric acid is an inexpensive acid catalyst, it is difficult to handle. It is very corrosive and
can cause severe burns. In addition, it is viscous, which makes it difficult to handle on the scale of
the reactions perfor ...
Dummy Cap Table & Returns Analysis - Round BLindsay Meyer
Example Pro Forma Cap Table for a Series B company (three tranches of A, plus warrants). Option pool refresh to post-money target of 10% fully diluted. Small reserve for licensor of technology.
Panel 1: What are the Unmet Needs of the Providers?
Panel 2: How Will Payment and Insurance Changes Affect Healthcare Delivery?
Panel 3: Early Business Partners for Young HealthTech Companies
Panel 4: How is Mobile Health Changing Aging at Home?
The Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing Industry, NAICS code 339920 is aptly comprised of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing sporting and athletic goods, excluding apparel and footwear. This marketing analysis will be concerned with Titleist-branded golf balls. Titleist is one of the five holdings within the golf portfolio of Fortune Brands, Inc. Fortune Brands is a holdings company with operating companies engaged in the manufacture, production and sale of Home and Hardware products, Spirits and Wine, and Golf products. Fortune Brands manufactures its golf products through its subsidiary Acushnet Company, which makes golf balls, clubs, shoes, gloves, bags, apparel, and accessories (refer to Figure 1a).
Collision Forces: Scientific Integrity Meets the Capital MarketsLindsay Meyer
The landscape for innovation in the life sciences requires substantial participation from the investment community to finance new ventures and support existing projects. As such, appropriate risk-adjusted returns are expected by investors. Gaining insight into the progress of important clinical trials has catalyzed an information asymmetry between direct participants in the scientific process and the investment community. Direct participants can gain materially by breaching confidentiality agreements or engaging in insider trading, unethical practices that compromise scientific integrity. This report explores the nature of conflicts that can arise from the unique relationships specific to entities developing human therapeutics and proposes three mechanisms for minimizing negative externalities of the research process: raising awareness of the problem, mandating professional organizations to adopt and enforce strict policies for sharing material information, and establishing project work teams to limit the number of individuals exposed to non-public information.
The Status of the Regulatory and Economic Landscape for Innovation in Big Pha...Lindsay Meyer
The purpose of engaging this topic is to: examine the current regulatory environment for new drugs, gain an understanding of breakthrough innovation in pharmaceuticals, evaluate the efforts of key players, and make projections about the future of this industry. As therapeutics has evolved away from their theistic origins, natural products, synthetic chemistry, and biopharmaceuticals have emerged. Yet many difficulties remain for this specialized industry. The approval process for a new drug can take upwards of eight years and cost $800 million. The progression from test tube to commercial distribution includes preclinical trials followed by three phases of clinical (human) trials, marked by ongoing dialogue between the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). Five of largest American pharmaceutical companies have intensified their efforts in Research and Development (“R&D”) in recent years. But in a space marked with competition from generic manufacturers and maturing biotech companies, understanding the dynamics of this highly scrutinized market requires an awareness of the political and economic climate these key players face. Where this industry is headed is much less clear than where it is coming from. Careful analysis is one lens through which to examine all of these intricate elements and is the focus of this research paper.
Three-dimensional Ultrasound: Techniques and Applications in ObstetricsLindsay Meyer
Ultrasound has been used in medicine for over half a century, and is recognized as a non-invasive, non-radiative, and inexpensive imaging modality. Three-dimensional (“3D”) medical imaging is now being widely employed in the clinical setting. This report reviews the development of ultrasound, its method of function, and its practical applications of 3D ultrasound in fetal embryology and obstetrics.
The Science of What's In the Bottle: Factors Which Influence pH of White WineLindsay Meyer
In this study, type, temperature, and time elapsed from initial opening were examined to determine their influence on pH of white wine. A 23 experimental design was used and four bottles each of Chardonnay and Pinot Grigio were used as replicates. Of the three individual factors and four possible interactions, there were three significant results (p<.05) for which the null hypothesis was rejected. Practical applications of these results suggests that individuals can benefit by making an effort to hold wine glasses by the stem, preventing heat transfer and subsequent increases in acidity.
The Science of What’s in the Bottle: Factors Which Influence pH of White WineLindsay Meyer
In this study, type, temperature, and time elapsed from initial opening were examined to determine their influence on pH of white wine. A 23 experimental design was used and four bottles each of Chardonnay and Pinot Grigio were used as replicates. Of the three individual factors and four possible interactions, there were three significant results (p<.05) for which the null hypothesis was rejected. Practical applications of these results suggests that individuals can benefit by making an effort to hold wine glasses by the stem, preventing heat transfer and subsequent increases in acidity.
Death prompts a review of gene therapy vectorLindsay Meyer
Case study and analysis of Targeted Genetics' adeno-associated virus, tgAAC94. Includes overview of clinical trial design, FDA action, NIH investigation, and outcomes surrounding the death of a patient enrolled in the investigational trial.
Isotretinoin is a novel treatment for severe, recalcitrant nodular acne sold under the brand names Accutane®, Amnesteem®, Claravis®, and Sotret®. It is the most widely used teratogenic drug in the United States. From a population based perspective, women and men use the drug in near equal proportions but the risks are exponentially greater for women of childbearing years. Serious developmental abnormalities have displayed a high tendency to occur in clusters in fetuses exposed to isotretinoin. This review of medical literature focuses on the public health implications of isotretinoin use and develops a case for continued risk management. Reduction of fetal isotretinoin exposure is contingent upon effective programming and continued adherence to strict standards.
BoxWorks SuperSession: “The Future of Healthcare and the Cloud”Lindsay Meyer
While healthcare has been one of the last industries to go digital, some argue that it is now hitting an inflection point for technology innovation. Patients are accessing healthcare online and through smartphone apps while doctors and hospitals are using software to update medical records in real-time. The Federal government is even putting some muscle into this transformation by spending close to $29 billion in incentives to get providers to digitalize healthcare records. Moving data online opens up all kinds of opportunities for cloud and content collaboration in medicine. How will the digitalization of healthcare lead to more light weight solutions that are cloud based? Once data is digitalized, how can it be shared faster and more efficiently along the care continuum? Hear from Glen Tullman, former CEO of Allscripts (NASDAQ: MDRX), a leading provider of electronic health records to doctor practices and hospitals. One of the largest companies in the healthcare digital space, Glen joined the Allscripts in 1997 and created a whole new market in healthcare technology. He took the company public and grew revenues to $1.4 billion with over a 180,000 physician customers in 50,00 practices across the U.S. and 1,500 hospitals accounts. The scale of Allscripts client base enables them to connect providers and patients wherever care is delivered - in the cloud and using unique software solutions.
SK&A's Research Center in Irvine, Calif., conducts telephone interviews with office managers and physicians in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Every month, the researchers survey and verify information at more than 40,000 sites. Medical offices are asked about their intent to purchase an EHR and about their timeframe, decision factors (such as price and functionality), and awareness of government incentives for adopting EHR technology.
1. Lindsay Meyer
Chris Devigny
Laboratory Report, Final – 8 March 2006
University of Notre Dame
CHEM 21224
Spring 2006
Title of Experiment: “Reduction of an Aldehyde or Ketone”
Purpose: The purpose of completing this laboratory experiment was to devise a method for
reducing an aldehyde or ketone based on: a substrate, reagent(s), and reaction mechanisms.
Equation:
Procedure:
Reagents were obtained: 9-fluorenone = 1.034g; sodium borohydride = 0.543g. An
initial TLC was taken for the purposes of determining reaction progress. Ether was chosen as the
solvent and added in the amount of roughly 10mL. The reaction was performed in an
Erlenmeyer, which was kept cool on ice. The mixture was mechanically stirred on high for 45
mins, with the progress being monitored every 10-15 mins. While it is likely that the reaction
did not go to completion as the “dots” never converged to signal the formation of 9-fluorenol, the
progress was notable. Due to time constraints, the reaction was halted. Weak hydrochloric acid
(3.0M) was added to the mixture to decompose the excess sodium borohydride. Water, in an
equivalent amount was also added to extract the organic product. The aqueous layer was
removed and the ether layer was Roto-vapped to collect the crude product, 9-fluorenol, which
had a distinct yellow color. An initial melting point was experimentally determined to be: 70-
72°C. Recrystallization was not performed since it would have been irrelevant and futile in
producing a product with an enhanced –OH character.
Observations/Data/Interpretations:
Mass 9-fluorenone = 1.034g
Mass sodium borohydride = 0.534g
MP1 = 70-72°C
Color = bright yellow
IR = see attached; showed a broad, but weak peak at 3209, in the –OH region. Another peak
occured at 1715, in the carbonyl region. The rest of the IR showed the aromatic stretch.
--
Stoichiometric Calculations
Number of moles start = 1.0g C13H8O * 1 mol C13H8O / 180g C13H8O = 0.0056mol C13H8O
2. Theoretical Yield = 0.0056mol C13H8O * (4mol C13H10O / 1mol C13H8O) * (178g C13H10O / 1 mol
C13H10O) = 3.95g C13H10O
Moles NaBH4 start = 0.0056mol C13H8O * 1mol NaBH4 / 4mol C13H8O) = 0.014mol NaBH4
Grams NaBH4 start = 0.014mol NaBH4 * 37.84g NaBH4 / 1mol NaBH4 = 0.5298g NaBH4
--
The melting point of the product, what was to be 9-fluorenol, was lower than the
expected value for the reagent, 9-fluorenone. A critical appraisal of the experimental techniques
showed that the correct quantities of reagents were used (see stoichiometric calculations above).
The disparity was likely introduced in the sodium borohydride, a reagent that quickly
decomposes in air. Taking reagent from a weigh boat near the balance was a poor idea, because
it had probably been saturated and rendered useless, in terms of reactivity. This explains the
melting point of the “product” – a figure that was less than the expected melting point of the
starting material. Impurities were introduced which ultimately lowered the melting point. The
“peak” we see in the –OH region, could possibly be due to residual water in the product. The
sodium borohydride was mostly to blame in this experiment in terms of error. In the future,
recalling this unfruitful experience, will serve as a helpful reminder to take care in controlling
reagents, especially those that decompose. However, the process that was used to reduce the
ketone to an alcohol was in principle correct. The methodology was sound, a good solvent was
chosen, and the measurements were correct.
The final “product” – as it was obtained from Roto-vapping off the ether solvent, was
likely mostly reagent 9-fluorenone, based on the melting points and an IR of functional groups.
The carbonyl peak was very distinct and large, whereas the alcohol peak was not distinct, and
may have been due to water. The unknown factor in this experiment was the extent to which
sodium borohydride decomposed. It seems that nearly all of it was useless, based on the amount
of –OH character seen in the IR spectrum. Repeating this experiment under much tighter
controls would prevent any future problems regarding reagent reactivity. With the developed
procedure, future attempts would most likely produce 9-fluorenol, the alcohol, in much higher
yields. This could be determined again, with an IR, and taking a melting point. The theoretical
melting point for 9-fluorenol is 152-158°C and we would expect the melting point to be slightly
under that value (to account for unavoidable impurities introduced experimentally).
Recrystallization would also be utilized, to help purify the product further. In this trial,
recrystallization was not attempted as it would not have been useful. The –OH character was so
weak, that perhaps recrystallization would have introduced additional impurities that would have
degraded the alcoholic nature of the product. Although this is debatable, it is certainly a delicate
balance and again – very unnecessary since there wasn’t a lot of physical 9-fluorenol product to
purify. Essentially, the entire procedure was one extended purification of 9-fluorenone, and
recrystallization would not have rendered any more alcohol product, from the predominating
ketone.