The document discusses the state of the grass fed beef industry and the role of epigenetics. It provides statistics on the decline of the conventional beef industry and growth of the grass fed sector. Key points include that grass fed beef production has grown at 25-30% annually and reached a 7.2% market share. Epigenetics is described as how environmental factors like management and diet influence gene expression in livestock without changing genetic code. Soil health, plant diversity, and grazing management are said to play roles in epigenetic effects on cattle health, fertility, and longevity. The effects can compound over generations.
Holistic Management Practices in Action at the Ranney RanchSWGLA
Nancy Ranney of the Ranney Ranch in Corona, New Mexico describes practices she and her family are using to keep their land and livestock healthy and sustainable.
Building Resilience: Holistic Planning, Land Management and Grass-Fed Product...SWGLA
Mimi Sidwell, owner of JX Ranch in Tucumcari, NM, discuss methods she and her husband Tom have implemented to make their ranch and grass-fed operation a success.
The population in the tropical uplands particularly in the Southeast Asia is rapidly increasing, but the natural resources are dwindling and degrading. Presentation provides evidence of Conservation Agriculture with Trees increasing crop yields, soil organic matter and income and resilience to environmental stresses (drought, intense rainfall, typhoons), while reducing labor and capital costs.
Regenerative Agriculture as a Farming SolutionNelCoetzee
By: Jay Fuhrer. Rebuilding and maintaining life in the soil is directly linked to the longevity and reliability of our future agriculture; recognizing plants, animals, and soils evolved together over geological time
I worked from this deck for a discussion with the Douglas County Food Policy Council as part of its monthly meeting on November 16th, 2015 at the converted granary at the Gorrell/Haines farmstead outside Lawrence, Kansas. Though it's very basic, notes are not printed, so some images are a little lonely out of context.
Holistic Management Practices in Action at the Ranney RanchSWGLA
Nancy Ranney of the Ranney Ranch in Corona, New Mexico describes practices she and her family are using to keep their land and livestock healthy and sustainable.
Building Resilience: Holistic Planning, Land Management and Grass-Fed Product...SWGLA
Mimi Sidwell, owner of JX Ranch in Tucumcari, NM, discuss methods she and her husband Tom have implemented to make their ranch and grass-fed operation a success.
The population in the tropical uplands particularly in the Southeast Asia is rapidly increasing, but the natural resources are dwindling and degrading. Presentation provides evidence of Conservation Agriculture with Trees increasing crop yields, soil organic matter and income and resilience to environmental stresses (drought, intense rainfall, typhoons), while reducing labor and capital costs.
Regenerative Agriculture as a Farming SolutionNelCoetzee
By: Jay Fuhrer. Rebuilding and maintaining life in the soil is directly linked to the longevity and reliability of our future agriculture; recognizing plants, animals, and soils evolved together over geological time
I worked from this deck for a discussion with the Douglas County Food Policy Council as part of its monthly meeting on November 16th, 2015 at the converted granary at the Gorrell/Haines farmstead outside Lawrence, Kansas. Though it's very basic, notes are not printed, so some images are a little lonely out of context.
Cover Cropping for Regenerative AgricultureLuke Freeman
Presented at the Horticulture Industries Show in Tulsa, OK, Friday Jan. 5th
This presentation will cover the benefits and applications of cover crops in farming systems. Cover crop species adapted to the mid-south will be discussed with management notes and considerations including weed control, disease suppression, nitrogen fixation, and building soil organic matter. Equipment for planting, terminating and managing cover crop residue will be discussed for various scales of operations. In addition, techniques for measuring and assessing cover crop performance will be discussed along with the economic benefits of including cover crops in a production system.
Presenter:
Luke Freeman is a Horticulture Specialist for the National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT) and covers small fruit and vegetable production, cover crops and produce safety for the ATTRA Sustainable Agriculture project. Luke has his M.S. from the University of Arkansas where he studied cover crop applications in high tunnels and worked on the high tunnel berry project and the National Strawberry Sustainability Initiative under Dr. Curt Rom. Luke and his wife Natalie live on a small farm outside of Fayetteville where they raise laying hens, goats, vegetables and cut flowers.
Presented by Ben Lukuyu and Michael Blummel, ILRI, at the Workshop on Identifying Investment Opportunities for Livestock Feed Resources Development in the Eastern Africa Sub-Region, ILRI Addis, 13-15 December 2017
Community Forests International - Year in Review 2017Zach Melanson
Community Forests International is now working alongside 23,957 people on Pemba Island to fight back and adapt to climate change. Here’s a quick peek at some of the incredible things we achieved together last year, including some success from our work in the Maritime provinces in Canada. #2018hearwecome
Crop-livestock intensification in the face of climate change: exploring oppor...ICRISAT
By Patricia Masikati1, Sabine Homann-Kee Tui1,Katrien Descheemaeker2, Olivier Crespo3, Sue Walker4,5, Christopher J. Lennard3, Lieven Claessens6, Arthur C. Gama7, Sebastiao Famba8 and Andre F. van Rooyen1
Scaling up Ethiopia’s ‘Seeds for Needs’ approach of using agricultural biodiv...Bioversity International
Bioversity International scientist Carlo Fadda presents to the World Bank on the results we have had so far working with partners in Ethiopia to tap into the genetic diversity of the country and the knowledge of farmers, to help them adapt better to climate change.
Find out more about Seeds for Needs: www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/adaptation-to-climate-change/seeds-for-needs/
Cover Cropping for Regenerative AgricultureLuke Freeman
Presented at the Horticulture Industries Show in Tulsa, OK, Friday Jan. 5th
This presentation will cover the benefits and applications of cover crops in farming systems. Cover crop species adapted to the mid-south will be discussed with management notes and considerations including weed control, disease suppression, nitrogen fixation, and building soil organic matter. Equipment for planting, terminating and managing cover crop residue will be discussed for various scales of operations. In addition, techniques for measuring and assessing cover crop performance will be discussed along with the economic benefits of including cover crops in a production system.
Presenter:
Luke Freeman is a Horticulture Specialist for the National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT) and covers small fruit and vegetable production, cover crops and produce safety for the ATTRA Sustainable Agriculture project. Luke has his M.S. from the University of Arkansas where he studied cover crop applications in high tunnels and worked on the high tunnel berry project and the National Strawberry Sustainability Initiative under Dr. Curt Rom. Luke and his wife Natalie live on a small farm outside of Fayetteville where they raise laying hens, goats, vegetables and cut flowers.
Presented by Ben Lukuyu and Michael Blummel, ILRI, at the Workshop on Identifying Investment Opportunities for Livestock Feed Resources Development in the Eastern Africa Sub-Region, ILRI Addis, 13-15 December 2017
Community Forests International - Year in Review 2017Zach Melanson
Community Forests International is now working alongside 23,957 people on Pemba Island to fight back and adapt to climate change. Here’s a quick peek at some of the incredible things we achieved together last year, including some success from our work in the Maritime provinces in Canada. #2018hearwecome
Crop-livestock intensification in the face of climate change: exploring oppor...ICRISAT
By Patricia Masikati1, Sabine Homann-Kee Tui1,Katrien Descheemaeker2, Olivier Crespo3, Sue Walker4,5, Christopher J. Lennard3, Lieven Claessens6, Arthur C. Gama7, Sebastiao Famba8 and Andre F. van Rooyen1
Scaling up Ethiopia’s ‘Seeds for Needs’ approach of using agricultural biodiv...Bioversity International
Bioversity International scientist Carlo Fadda presents to the World Bank on the results we have had so far working with partners in Ethiopia to tap into the genetic diversity of the country and the knowledge of farmers, to help them adapt better to climate change.
Find out more about Seeds for Needs: www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/adaptation-to-climate-change/seeds-for-needs/
Presented by Shirley Tarawali, Assistant Director General, ILRI, at the 16th Annual General Meeting of the Inter-Agency Donor Group on Pro-poor-livestock research and development, Berlin, 18-20 November 2015
This report analyzes the economics of the U.S. grassfed beef sector. It presents the reasons people choose to
eat grassfed beef and explores the market dynamics that shape production and consumption and the supply chain in between. It assesses whether grassfed beef is destined to remain a niche product for affluent consumers, or whether it can become a mainstream food.
Presented by Harsh Rajpal, Code Partners Pte. Ltd., on 30 June 2021 at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
1. State of Grass Fed &State of Grass Fed &
Role of EpigeneticsRole of Epigenetics
Allen Williams, Ph.D.Allen Williams, Ph.D.
Grass Fed Insights, LLCGrass Fed Insights, LLC
2.
3. U.S. Beef Industry
23-30% decrease in prices for all classes ofdecrease in prices for all classes of
cattle since August 2015.cattle since August 2015.
U.S. Beef exports declined 18% in 2015.U.S. Beef exports declined 18% in 2015.
Beef imports increased 33% in 2015.Beef imports increased 33% in 2015.
Feedlot losses at $4.7 Billion in 2015.Feedlot losses at $4.7 Billion in 2015.
33
11. Value of Grass Fed Beef Market
1998
– 100+ serious grass fed beef producers
– $4-$5 million retail value – Domestic
– Industry in infancy
2015:
– More than $3.2 billion+ sold in U.S.
$550+ million domestic
$2.5+ billion+ imported
– More than 3700 producers involved.
– Growing @ 25-30% rate annually.
Has reached 7.2% Market share.
1111
12. Domestic Grass Fed Production
July 2014 – July 2015
– Total of approximatelyTotal of approximately 225,000 headhead
harvested.harvested.
Branded and Direct MarketBranded and Direct Market
– 184,000 harvested by branded programsharvested by branded programs ((82%82%
of totalof total))
– Top 15 grass fed branded programsgrass fed branded programs
harvestedharvested 122,000 headhead (54% of total; 66% of(54% of total; 66% of
branded)branded)
– 41,000 head direct marketed (18% of total)(18% of total)
– 97 million lbs Domestic GF Beef producedDomestic GF Beef produced
1212
13. Recent Developments
JBS purchased Grass Run FarmsJBS purchased Grass Run Farms
Grassfed hamburger offered in all Carl’s JR. andGrassfed hamburger offered in all Carl’s JR. and
Hardee’s restaurantsHardee’s restaurants
Outback Restaurants now offer 100% GrassfedOutback Restaurants now offer 100% Grassfed
hamburger.hamburger.
ABP Food Group-Sysco – Further expandedABP Food Group-Sysco – Further expanded
grass fed marketgrass fed market
USDA AMS revokes “Grass Fed Standard”USDA AMS revokes “Grass Fed Standard”
– USDA AMS PVPUSDA AMS PVP
– USDA FSISUSDA FSIS
1313
14. Current Developments
Cargill now integrally involved.Cargill now integrally involved.
Bill Helming and RaboBank ProjectionsBill Helming and RaboBank Projections
– Grassfed beef will bewill be 30%+ of total domesticof total domestic
beef market share withinbeef market share within 5-8 years
– Beef production will segment into:
Commodity, All Natural, Organic, Grass
Fed (Lean & High Quality), Non-GMO Grain
Fed
1414
15. Grass Fed Dairy Growing
Organic Valley
Dreaming Cow Dairy
Maple Hill Creamery
Kalona
Snowville Creamery
Organic Pastures
Traders Point Creamery
Siggi’s
Kalona SuperNatural
Trickling Springs Creamery
Natural by Nature
1515
16. Economic DataEconomic Data
University Studies and Farm/Ranch Case StudyUniversity Studies and Farm/Ranch Case Study
data show:data show:
– Takes average ofTakes average of 0.8 – 1.2 acres0.8 – 1.2 acres per head to finishper head to finish
steers.steers.
– More than enough available acres to finishMore than enough available acres to finish 3030
million+million+ head annually in U.S.head annually in U.S.
– Skilled grass finishers netSkilled grass finishers net $300 - $500+$300 - $500+ per acreper acre
annually.annually.
– Build soilBuild soil rather than deplete.rather than deplete.
1616
17. Recent Industry Survey - Beef
• AMI Consumer Survey – 2014
– Over 67% have purchased natural, organic, and
Grass Fed meats in past year.
– 25-42 age group most likely to purchase.
– Key Drivers:
• Human Health
• Animal Care and Welfare
• Better nutrition & Variety
• Better taste
• Environmental Concerns
18. “What’s Hot” Survey
• National Restaurant Association
–Survey of 1,000 chefs
–Smaller entrée items
–More grass fed items
–Natural, organic, sustainable,
locally or regionally grown
19. National Restaurant Association
Survey
• Top Menu Trends – 1,500 chefs
• Top Three Trends:
– Locally or Regionally Sourced Meats
– Healthy Children’s Dishes
– Food Trucks
• Other Important trends:
– Sustainability
– Back to basics Foods
– Farm-Branded Foods and ingredients
– Organic and artisan food products
20. Market Research Focus GroupsMarket Research Focus Groups
– 2006 Study– 2006 Study
• Retailers & Restaurants
• Wholesale & Distribution
• Medical, Health
• Consumer Cross Segment
•
22. Market Research Results - 2006
• High Acceptance Rate
• Potential to capture 20-22% of
beef market share
• $15-$17 Billion in Sales Potential
• Capture Non-Beef Eaters
23. What Are Current Protocols?
““All Natural”All Natural”
– No growth hormones administeredNo growth hormones administered
– No antibiotics – therapeutic or sub-therapeuticNo antibiotics – therapeutic or sub-therapeutic
– No IonophoresNo Ionophores
– No chemical pesticides or herbicides appliedNo chemical pesticides or herbicides applied
when cattle are present…when cattle are present…
Cattle raised on “open range”Cattle raised on “open range”
– No confinement, except for inclement weatherNo confinement, except for inclement weather
2323
24. Current Protocols
Grass fed onlyGrass fed only
– No grains, mature corn, or animal byproductsNo grains, mature corn, or animal byproducts
Supplements - ???Supplements - ???
– Molasses from cane sugar.Molasses from cane sugar.
– Other allowed supplements??Other allowed supplements??
Soyhulls, Haylage, Baleage, Non-Grain SilageSoyhulls, Haylage, Baleage, Non-Grain Silage
Grain byproducts?Grain byproducts?
– DDGs, Wet Corn Gluten, Wheat Mids, ….DDGs, Wet Corn Gluten, Wheat Mids, ….
2424
25. Current Protocols
Handling & CareHandling & Care
– Cattle handled in low stress manner??Cattle handled in low stress manner??
– Humane practices used for gathering, sorting,Humane practices used for gathering, sorting,
loading, transport, and slaughter.loading, transport, and slaughter.
– GAP Program, AWA, Food Alliance, etc….GAP Program, AWA, Food Alliance, etc….
CertificationsCertifications
– AGA, USDA Grassfed PVP, AWA, FoodAGA, USDA Grassfed PVP, AWA, Food
Alliance, Audubon Bird-Friendly, ……Alliance, Audubon Bird-Friendly, ……
2525
26. What Does This Mean for
You?
Branded program implicationsBranded program implications
Direct Market implicationsDirect Market implications
Grass Fed beef segregationGrass Fed beef segregation
– Imported vs. domesticImported vs. domestic
– Lean vs. High QGLean vs. High QG
2626
27. What Are Primary Aspects of
Beef Quality?
Five Main Areas of Focus:Five Main Areas of Focus:
– GeneticsGenetics
– FinishingFinishing
– Animal Handling - at all stages of lifeAnimal Handling - at all stages of life
– Slaughter & Processing (fabrication, furtherSlaughter & Processing (fabrication, further
processing, packaging, etc…)processing, packaging, etc…)
– Costs of ProductionCosts of Production
2727
28. Largest Challenges
Feedlot Style “Grass Fed” Beef – TMRFeedlot Style “Grass Fed” Beef – TMR
Imported Grass Fed and lack of COOL.Imported Grass Fed and lack of COOL.
Lack of strong Pastured Protein TradeLack of strong Pastured Protein Trade
Association.Association.
Certification that consumer trusts.Certification that consumer trusts.
No national brand awarenessNo national brand awareness
– Confused consumersConfused consumers
– Label deceptionLabel deception
2828
30. What is Epigentics?
The study of changes in organismsThe study of changes in organisms
caused by modification of genecaused by modification of gene
expression rather than alteration of theexpression rather than alteration of the
genetic code itself.genetic code itself.
– Most genes can have significant variation inMost genes can have significant variation in
the degree to which they express themselves.the degree to which they express themselves.
– Environmental factors, includingEnvironmental factors, including
management, diet, climate, etc. --- allmanagement, diet, climate, etc. --- all
influence gene expression.influence gene expression.
3030
31. Cow Herd AttributesCow Herd Attributes
Must have greatMust have great longevitylongevity
HighHigh fertilityfertility..
SoundSound feet & legsfeet & legs,, eyes, udder & teats, teetheyes, udder & teats, teeth..
Low to moderateLow to moderate milkmilk
HighlyHighly adaptedadapted to their environmentto their environment
Moderate frameModerate frame (BIF Frame Score 3.5-5.5)(BIF Frame Score 3.5-5.5)
– Bulls = 52 – 56 inchesBulls = 52 – 56 inches
– Cows = 48 – 52 inchesCows = 48 – 52 inches
AdequateAdequate depth, thickness, and gut capacitydepth, thickness, and gut capacity..
Can survive and thrive without all the “props”.
32. Why Cow Size Matters
All lactating/gestating cows need to consume
3.0% of their body weight daily in Dry Matter
(DM) for optimum performance.
So, a 1100 lb cow requires 33 lbs DM daily =
12,045 lbs annually.
A 1500 lb cow requires 45 lbs daily = 16,425 lbs
annually
A 1800 lb cow requires 54 lbs daily = 19,710 lbs
annually.
3232
33. Why Cow Size Matters
Therefore:Therefore:
– TheThe 1800 lb1800 lb cow requirescow requires 21 lbs21 lbs more DMmore DM
daily than thedaily than the 1100 lb1100 lb cow andcow and 7665 lbs7665 lbs moremore
yearlyyearly
– Equals minimum ofEquals minimum of $230$230 difference.difference.
– TheThe 1500 lb1500 lb cow requirescow requires 12 lbs12 lbs more DMmore DM
daily than thedaily than the 1100 lb1100 lb cow andcow and 4380 lbs4380 lbs moremore
yearly.yearly.
– Equals minimum ofEquals minimum of $131$131 difference.difference.
3333
34. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, ALS
Chamorro people of GuamChamorro people of Guam
– Suffering ALS aat rate 100 x’s greater thanSuffering ALS aat rate 100 x’s greater than
anywhere else in the world.anywhere else in the world.
– Considered Flying Foxes (giant fruit bats) aConsidered Flying Foxes (giant fruit bats) a
delicacy.delicacy.
– Bats eat huge quantities of Cycad seedsBats eat huge quantities of Cycad seeds
Cycad seeds contain high concentrations of BMAACycad seeds contain high concentrations of BMAA
(an amino acid)(an amino acid)
Produced by cyanobacteria in plant roots.Produced by cyanobacteria in plant roots.
– Also known as blue-green algaeAlso known as blue-green algae
3434
35. BMAA is a very potent neurotoxin.BMAA is a very potent neurotoxin.
In massive amounts it causes paralysis orIn massive amounts it causes paralysis or
death.death.
In smaller amounts, the effects are moeIn smaller amounts, the effects are moe
insidious and happen slowly.insidious and happen slowly.
Cyanobacteria produce BMAA.Cyanobacteria produce BMAA.
3535
36. BMAA causes a slow breakdown ofBMAA causes a slow breakdown of
proteins in the central nervous system.proteins in the central nervous system.
Cause “Tangled-up” proteins.Cause “Tangled-up” proteins.
BMAA displaces a key amino acid in nerveBMAA displaces a key amino acid in nerve
proteins called L-serine.proteins called L-serine.
Okinawan’s have highest percentage ofOkinawan’s have highest percentage of
centenarians in the world.centenarians in the world.
– The eat high amounts of L-serine in their diet.The eat high amounts of L-serine in their diet.
3636
37. Studies in monkeys showed that highStudies in monkeys showed that high
amounts of BMAA cause symptomsamounts of BMAA cause symptoms
similar to Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, ALS.similar to Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, ALS.
– Produced brain protein tangles and beta-Produced brain protein tangles and beta-
amyloid plaquesamyloid plaques
BMAA in essence turns a switch on thatBMAA in essence turns a switch on that
causes a cascading disruption in nervecauses a cascading disruption in nerve
proteins (tangling).proteins (tangling).
L-serine turns the switch off.L-serine turns the switch off.
3737
38. Blue-Green Algae
““We are the cause of our own demiseWe are the cause of our own demise””
Cyanobacteria popping up in manyCyanobacteria popping up in many
places.places.
Many cases where higher incidents ofMany cases where higher incidents of
neurological diseases are occurring nearneurological diseases are occurring near
lakes and bays with high levels of blue-lakes and bays with high levels of blue-
green algae bloomsgreen algae blooms
– New Hampshire, Ohio, Minnesota, Iowa,New Hampshire, Ohio, Minnesota, Iowa,
Biscayne Bay, Texas, Louisiana, ………..Biscayne Bay, Texas, Louisiana, ………..
– One large contributor - AGRICULTUREOne large contributor - AGRICULTURE 3838
39. What Causes Epigenetic
Effects in Livestock?
Soil HealthSoil Health
– Chemicals applied over time – fertilizers,Chemicals applied over time – fertilizers,
herbicides, fungicides, …..herbicides, fungicides, …..
– Microbial populationMicrobial population
Glyphosates significantly lower mycorrhizal fungiGlyphosates significantly lower mycorrhizal fungi
populationspopulations
Total population & balance VERY important!Total population & balance VERY important!
– Water infiltration ratesWater infiltration rates
– Soil aggregationSoil aggregation
3939
40. Plant species diversity & complexity
– Secondary & tertiary chemical (nutrient)Secondary & tertiary chemical (nutrient)
compoundscompounds
– Medicinal propertiesMedicinal properties
– Anthelmintic propertiesAnthelmintic properties
– Stronger microbial populationStronger microbial population
– Better mineral and water cycleBetter mineral and water cycle
– Build soil, water, and animal healthBuild soil, water, and animal health
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41. Grazing & Livestock Management
– Play huge role in expression of genes.Play huge role in expression of genes.
– Many of the issues we experience are our theMany of the issues we experience are our the
fault of our own management.fault of our own management.
– Better grazing practices result in better geneBetter grazing practices result in better gene
expression and better performance & animalexpression and better performance & animal
health.health.
– Do we manage for complexity & diversity orDo we manage for complexity & diversity or
for near monocultures?for near monocultures?
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42. Epigenetics Effects
Cattle healthCattle health
Cattle fertilityCattle fertility
Milk component production & calf weaningMilk component production & calf weaning
weight and lifetime healthweight and lifetime health
Cattle longevity & soundnessCattle longevity & soundness
Exposure to internal & external parasitesExposure to internal & external parasites
Endocrine system functioning.Endocrine system functioning.
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43. Compounding & Cascading
Effects
How can we influence?How can we influence?
Good or Bad – never in between.Good or Bad – never in between.
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