Fast algorithms for large scale genome alignment and comparisonDavide Eynard
A presentation of the three articles about MUMmer by A.L. Delcher et al., made for the PhD course "Algorithms for Computational Molecular Biology" at Politecnico di Milano, May 2007
A red-black tree is a type of self balancing binary search tree, with one extra attribute for each node: the colour, which is either red or black.
A red–black tree is a binary search tree that inserts and deletes in such a way that the tree is always reasonably balanced.
Fast algorithms for large scale genome alignment and comparisonDavide Eynard
A presentation of the three articles about MUMmer by A.L. Delcher et al., made for the PhD course "Algorithms for Computational Molecular Biology" at Politecnico di Milano, May 2007
A red-black tree is a type of self balancing binary search tree, with one extra attribute for each node: the colour, which is either red or black.
A red–black tree is a binary search tree that inserts and deletes in such a way that the tree is always reasonably balanced.
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BST+ RedBlackTrees CNN stands for Convolutional Neural Network.pptxssuser7b7f4e
It's a type of deep learning algorithm commonly used for image recognition and classification tasks. It's inspired by the human visual system and consists of multiple layers of neurons that perform convolutions, pooling, and activation functions to extract features from input images. CNNs have revolutionized fields like computer vision, achieving state-of-the-art performance in tasks such as object detection, image segmentation, and facial recognition.
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BST+ RedBlackTrees CNN stands for Convolutional Neural Network.pptxssuser7b7f4e
It's a type of deep learning algorithm commonly used for image recognition and classification tasks. It's inspired by the human visual system and consists of multiple layers of neurons that perform convolutions, pooling, and activation functions to extract features from input images. CNNs have revolutionized fields like computer vision, achieving state-of-the-art performance in tasks such as object detection, image segmentation, and facial recognition.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Red Black Properties
• A binary search tree where
– Every node is either “red” or “black”
• For consistency we count “null” pointers as if they were
“black” nodes. This means that an empty tree (one where the
root is null) satisfies the definition (it’s black).
– If a node is red, then both children are black
• Another reason for “null” pointers being considered black
– For any node, x, in the tree. All paths from x to a leaf
have exactly the same number of black nodes.
3. Red/Black Tree has height O(log n)
• Let the “black-height” of a node x be the number of black nodes that
are descendants of x.
• Then, for any node x, the subtree rooted at x has at least 2bh(x) -1 nodes.
– Proof, by induction on the height of node x.
• If the height of x is 0, then the bh is zero, and 20 -1 is 0. Of course, if the
height of x is 0 then there are no nodes in the tree (x is an empty subtree).
• If the height of x is k, and the bh of x is b (b < k), then consider each of the
two children of x (either of which may be null). The black height of the child
must be at least b – 1 (which happens if the child is black). By the inductive
hypothesis, the subtree rooted at each child has 2b-1 -1 nodes. If we add up the
number of nodes in both children, we have 2 * (2b-1 – 1), or 2b – 2. When we
add in the node x we get 2b – 1. So the number of nodes in the subtree rooted
at x is at least 2b-1
• Note that bh > h/2. So a tree with height h must have at least 2h/2-1
nodes in it. i.e., 2h/2 -1 ≤ n.
• Therefore (taking the log base 2 of both sides) h < 2log2(n+1)
4. Huh? Doesn’t that work for any
tree?
• That proof kinda stinks of the “let’s prove zero
equals one” sort of proofs… in particular, it seems
that the technique could be used to prove that all
trees are balanced.
• The inductive proof relies on the black height
being “well defined” for any node.
– The height is defined as the longest path to a leaf
– The black height is the same for all paths to a leaf.
• That’s why you cannot prove that any tree of
height h has at least Ω(2h) nodes in it.
5. Making Red/Black Trees
• The basic idea of a Red/Black tree is to use
the insert and remove operations of an
ordinary binary search tree.
– But this may result in violating the red/black
properties
• So, we’ll “fixup” the tree after each
insert/remove
6. Rotations
• A “right rotate” will interchange a node with its left child.
The child will become the parent, and the parent will
become a child.
– The parent becomes the right child of the child.
• The old “right grandchild” becomes the left child of the parent
• A “left rotate” will interchange a node with its right child
– The parent becomes the left child of the child
• The old “left grandchild” becomes the right child of the parent
• Note that these operations are exact opposites (inverses) of
each other.
• Note also that Rotations do not affect the BST properties
(although they will almost certainly affect the red/black
properties).
7. Insert
• Insert the value normally, and make the new node
“red”
– We have not changed the black height of any node in
the tree.
– However, we may have created a red node with a red
parent (and this is bad).
• As we “fixup” we’ll always have a pointer to a red
node. We’ll always know that the black height is
OK, and the only problem we need to worry about
is that the parent of this red node is also red.
8. Fixup
• Let c (child) be the red node we inserted
• Let p (parent) be the parent of c
• Let gp (grandparent) be the parent of p
• Let u (uncle) be the child of gp that is not equal to
p
• If p->color == black, we’re done. So, assume p-
>color == red.
– We know, therefore, that gp->color == black.
• Two interesting cases
– Uncle is red (easy), or uncle is black (harder)
9. Uncle is red
• If the grandparent is black, the parent is red and
the uncle is red, then
– we would not change the black height by making the
grandparent red and the parent (and uncle) black.
– We may, however, have introduced a new problem
where the grandparent is now red, and its parent is also
red (the great-grandparent).
• So, if the uncle is red, make it and the parent
black. Make the grandparent red, and then repeat
fixup where we treat the grandparent as the next
“child”.
10. Uncle is Black
• Make the parent black
– But this increases the number of black nodes along the path to the
child.
• Make the grandparent red
– This fixes the problem with the path from the root to the child, but
it decreases (breaks) the number of black nodes on the path from
the root to the uncle
• Rotate around the grandparent and parent
– So that the path from the root to the uncle now passes through both
the parent and the grandparent
– (and the path from the root to the child no longer passes through
the grandparent).
11. Case Analysis
• Coding this up requires six cases. Three cases are for
when the parent is the left child of the grandparent, and
three (perfectly symmetric) cases for when the parent is the
right child of the grandparent.
• Of the remaining three cases, “uncle is red” is one case.
• Two cases are required for “uncle is black” depending on
whether the path from grandparent to child is “straight” or
“crooked”
– If the path is “crooked” then we’ll need to rotate first around the
parent and child, and then perform the rotation around the parent
and grandparent.
12. “Root is Black” Sentinel
• Once we reach the root of the tree, we’re done.
• If we can ensure that the root is always black, then
we don’t need to worry about the special case of
reaching the root in fixup.
– Fixup stops whenever the next “child” is black, or when
the parent is black.
• It’s easy (and always correct) to simply make the
root black as the last step in any insert/remove
operation.
13. Time Complexity
• Fixup runs in a loop. Each iteration of the loop we do
– O(1) work in case analysis
– O(1) work recoloring nodes (“uncle is red” case)
– O(1) work performing rotations (at worst 2 rotations)
• Each iteration of the loop we either terminate (always the
case after a rotation), or we set “child” equal to
grandparent
– i.e., each iteration of the loop uses a node with height less than the
previous iteration.
• Since height must decrease each iteration, we can do at
most h iterations. Since h = O(log n), we do O(log n)
iterations with O(1) work each iteration.