This paper presents a study and an array design consisting of two microstrip patch antennas connected in series in a 2×1 form. This antenna provides better performance for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication system. The microstrip line feeding technique realizes the design of this antenna. This feed offers the best bandwidth, is easy to model, and has low spurious radiation. The distance between the feed line and the patch can adapt to the antenna’s impedance. In addition, the antenna array proposed in this paper is designed and simulated using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) simulation software at the operating frequency of 28 GHz for the 5G band. The support material used is Rogers RT/duroid® 5880, with relative permittivity of 2.2, a thickness of h=0.5 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The simulation results obtained in this research paper are as: reflection coefficient: -35.91 dB, standing wave ratio (SWR): 1.032, bandwidth: 1.43 GHz, gain: 9.42 dB, directivity: 9.47 dB, radiated power: 29.94 dBm, accepted the power: 29.99 dBm, radiation efficiency: 29.95, efficiency: 99.83%. This proposed antenna array has achieved better performance than other antenna arrays recently published in scientific journals regarding bandwidth, beam gain, reflection coefficient, SWR, radiated power, accepted power, and efficiency. Therefore, this antenna array will likely become an important competitor for many uses within the 5G wireless applications.
Design and Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MIMO PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless
communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to
enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the
performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as
substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has
obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA
and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative
analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system
compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
Low-profile frequency-reconfigurable antenna for 5G applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The demand for higher data rates has increased in recent years. The reconfigurable antenna that operates in the millimeter-wave spectrum (23.5 GHz – 29.64 GHz) was developed. This design is obtained by merging a half-circle radius of 3.97 mm, and a half-ring inner radius of 4 mm. The shape is similar to the round bottom flask. Two PIN diodes are used in this design to achieve frequency reconfigurability to meet the wideband mobile communication need of the future 5G. The suggested antenna, built on Roger RT5880 substrates and properties of ε = 2.2 and δ = 0.0009, has been used as the antenna substrate. For all the resonant bands, the suggested antenna has a voltage standing waves ratio (VSWR) < 1.11. From 84 % to 92 %, the suggested structure radiation efficiency is calculated. A small antenna element has an excellent end-fire radiation pattern in the desired frequency bands. The antenna shows three reconfigurable bands, 25.17, 26.75, and 27.64 GHz, and gain (2.77-4.4) dBi. The suggested antenna is well suitable for future fifth-generation (5G) networks because of its notable features of small overall size (9.8×13×0.787) mm3, wide bandwidth, and frequency reconfigurability.
Design compact microstrap patch antenna with T-shaped 5G applicationjournalBEEI
This document describes the design of a compact T-shaped microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications between 2.9-4.4 GHz. The antenna is printed on Rogers RT/588 lz substrate that is 0.25 mm thick with a dielectric constant of 2.00. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a return loss of -28.76 dB at its resonant frequency of 3.6 GHz. It has a fractional bandwidth of 42.81% from 2.90 to 4.48 GHz. The antenna's peak gain is 2.52 dB and radiation efficiency is 98.474% at 3.6 GHz. Introducing the T-shape allows the antenna to operate at a lower frequency while maintaining a compact
Multiband antenna using stacked series array for Ka-Band applicationjournalBEEI
In this paper, a multiband stack series array antenna is designed in order to attain solutions for the future 28 GHz Ka-band application. Double layer substrate Technology is utilized to accomplish multiple resonant frequencies with higher data transfer capacities due to high bandwidth. The designed antenna is dependent on twofold layer consisting patches and resonators in different layers stacked together. The designed multiband antennas can resonate at single band of
(28 GHz), dual band of (28 and 30 GHz) and triple band of (24.18, 26 and 28.453). The results achieved in the simulation are later fabricated and tested. The test result illustrates that the antennas have wide bandwidth, high gain and even higher efficiencies. All the proposed antenna configurations have demonstrated a decent possibility for 5G millimeter wave (mmwave) application.
A Compact Wideband Monopole Antenna using Single Open Loop Resonator for Wire...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A novel single layer, microstrip line fed compact wideband monopole antenna using open loop resonator has been designed and analyzed. The proposed antenna occupies a compact size of only 30 36.5 1.6 mm3. A partial ground plane is employed to enhance the operating bandwidth and reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna. The variations in operating bandwidth of the proposed antenna can be easily controlled by properly adjusting the position of the gap in the open loop resonator.The antenna prototype is fabricated on FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant 4.2. In this design, the antenna exhibits 10dB wide impedance bandwidth of 61% from 2.0174 to 3.7903 GHz.The antenna can be easily fed using a 50 Ω microstrip feed line and it covers the bandwidth requirements of a number of modern wireless communication systems such as IEEE 502.11b WLAN band (2.4 2.5 GHz), extended UMTS (2.5 2.69 GHz), IMT (2.7 2.9 GHz), and IEEE 802.16 Wi MAX band (3.3 3.6 GHz) applications. The desired antenna is designed and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST). An extensive analysis of the antenna parameters (reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, directivity, and VSWR) including surface current distributions is presented and discussed in this paper. Good agreement between simulated and measured result is obtained.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Bandwidth enhancement of compact microstrip rectangular antennas for UWB appl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes the design and simulation of compact microstrip rectangular patch antennas for ultra-wideband applications. The antennas were designed to have good impedance matching over the FCC-defined UWB frequency band of 3.1-10.6 GHz. Defected ground structures were used to improve the bandwidth of the rectangular patch antennas. Simulation results showed the antennas achieved an impedance bandwidth of 133.33% from 3-15 GHz with stable radiation patterns and gains up to 4.9 dBi. Measurements agreed well with simulations and validated the antennas' wide bandwidth performance from 3.1-14.5 GHz, covering the FCC UWB band. The compact antennas are suitable for UWB applications including WLAN, WiMAX
Design and Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MIMO PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless
communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to
enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the
performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as
substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has
obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA
and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative
analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system
compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
Low-profile frequency-reconfigurable antenna for 5G applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The demand for higher data rates has increased in recent years. The reconfigurable antenna that operates in the millimeter-wave spectrum (23.5 GHz – 29.64 GHz) was developed. This design is obtained by merging a half-circle radius of 3.97 mm, and a half-ring inner radius of 4 mm. The shape is similar to the round bottom flask. Two PIN diodes are used in this design to achieve frequency reconfigurability to meet the wideband mobile communication need of the future 5G. The suggested antenna, built on Roger RT5880 substrates and properties of ε = 2.2 and δ = 0.0009, has been used as the antenna substrate. For all the resonant bands, the suggested antenna has a voltage standing waves ratio (VSWR) < 1.11. From 84 % to 92 %, the suggested structure radiation efficiency is calculated. A small antenna element has an excellent end-fire radiation pattern in the desired frequency bands. The antenna shows three reconfigurable bands, 25.17, 26.75, and 27.64 GHz, and gain (2.77-4.4) dBi. The suggested antenna is well suitable for future fifth-generation (5G) networks because of its notable features of small overall size (9.8×13×0.787) mm3, wide bandwidth, and frequency reconfigurability.
Design compact microstrap patch antenna with T-shaped 5G applicationjournalBEEI
This document describes the design of a compact T-shaped microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications between 2.9-4.4 GHz. The antenna is printed on Rogers RT/588 lz substrate that is 0.25 mm thick with a dielectric constant of 2.00. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a return loss of -28.76 dB at its resonant frequency of 3.6 GHz. It has a fractional bandwidth of 42.81% from 2.90 to 4.48 GHz. The antenna's peak gain is 2.52 dB and radiation efficiency is 98.474% at 3.6 GHz. Introducing the T-shape allows the antenna to operate at a lower frequency while maintaining a compact
Multiband antenna using stacked series array for Ka-Band applicationjournalBEEI
In this paper, a multiband stack series array antenna is designed in order to attain solutions for the future 28 GHz Ka-band application. Double layer substrate Technology is utilized to accomplish multiple resonant frequencies with higher data transfer capacities due to high bandwidth. The designed antenna is dependent on twofold layer consisting patches and resonators in different layers stacked together. The designed multiband antennas can resonate at single band of
(28 GHz), dual band of (28 and 30 GHz) and triple band of (24.18, 26 and 28.453). The results achieved in the simulation are later fabricated and tested. The test result illustrates that the antennas have wide bandwidth, high gain and even higher efficiencies. All the proposed antenna configurations have demonstrated a decent possibility for 5G millimeter wave (mmwave) application.
A Compact Wideband Monopole Antenna using Single Open Loop Resonator for Wire...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A novel single layer, microstrip line fed compact wideband monopole antenna using open loop resonator has been designed and analyzed. The proposed antenna occupies a compact size of only 30 36.5 1.6 mm3. A partial ground plane is employed to enhance the operating bandwidth and reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna. The variations in operating bandwidth of the proposed antenna can be easily controlled by properly adjusting the position of the gap in the open loop resonator.The antenna prototype is fabricated on FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant 4.2. In this design, the antenna exhibits 10dB wide impedance bandwidth of 61% from 2.0174 to 3.7903 GHz.The antenna can be easily fed using a 50 Ω microstrip feed line and it covers the bandwidth requirements of a number of modern wireless communication systems such as IEEE 502.11b WLAN band (2.4 2.5 GHz), extended UMTS (2.5 2.69 GHz), IMT (2.7 2.9 GHz), and IEEE 802.16 Wi MAX band (3.3 3.6 GHz) applications. The desired antenna is designed and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST). An extensive analysis of the antenna parameters (reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, directivity, and VSWR) including surface current distributions is presented and discussed in this paper. Good agreement between simulated and measured result is obtained.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Bandwidth enhancement of compact microstrip rectangular antennas for UWB appl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes the design and simulation of compact microstrip rectangular patch antennas for ultra-wideband applications. The antennas were designed to have good impedance matching over the FCC-defined UWB frequency band of 3.1-10.6 GHz. Defected ground structures were used to improve the bandwidth of the rectangular patch antennas. Simulation results showed the antennas achieved an impedance bandwidth of 133.33% from 3-15 GHz with stable radiation patterns and gains up to 4.9 dBi. Measurements agreed well with simulations and validated the antennas' wide bandwidth performance from 3.1-14.5 GHz, covering the FCC UWB band. The compact antennas are suitable for UWB applications including WLAN, WiMAX
The effect of changing the formation of multiple input multiple output anten...IJECEIAES
The document summarizes research on modifying the formation of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas to improve gain. It investigates different 2x1 and 2x2 MIMO antenna configurations by changing substrate shapes and patch placement. The best 2x1 configuration was an inverted design with high gain up to 6.51 dB and 40 GHz bandwidth. Eight 2x2 configurations were also tested, with the plus-shaped, loop, and chair-shaped designs showing maximum gain improvements of 2.73 dB, 1.17 dB, and 0.92 dB respectively, compared to a single antenna. The proposed MIMO antennas could provide high gain without increasing transmitter power for applications like wireless networks and satellite communication.
Rectangular microstrip antenna design with multi-slotted patch and partial g...IJECEIAES
This rectangular microstrip patch antenna was designed using both multi-slotted patch and partial grounding techniques to enhance both gain and bandwidth. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved an improved gain of 8.06 dB across an ultra-wide bandwidth of 19.7 GHz, ranging from 3.15 to 22.85 GHz. The antenna also exhibited high efficiency of 96.83% and return loss of -28.35 dB, with directivity of 9.39 dB across the entire frequency range. These results demonstrated that using multi-slotted patches and partial grounding is effective for improving the performance of rectangular microstrip patch antennas.
A Review on Recent DGS Techniques on Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna for W...ijtsrd
The document reviews various techniques that have been proposed by researchers to achieve multiband operation in microstrip patch antennas. Slotting of the patch and ground plane and use of defected ground structures are some methods that have been implemented to introduce multiband functionality. Other techniques discussed include loading the patch with different shaped slots, parasitic elements, and use of fractal geometries. The techniques allow covering multiple wireless communication bands simultaneously with improved parameters like bandwidth and gain for applications such as WiFi, Bluetooth, GSM, and WiMAX.
A COMPACT FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR 5G MODERN VEHICULAR APPLICATIONIRJET Journal
This document presents a compact fractal antenna designed for 5G vehicular applications. The antenna uses a fractal iterative structure based on a progressive defect patch with a triangular array. It is designed to achieve broadband operation using fractal geometry and a rectangular slot for feeding. Simulation results show the antenna achieves return losses of less than -10dB and high gain across its operating band, making it suitable for applications requiring efficient and directive performance such as 5G vehicular communication. The proposed antenna design is analyzed and its performance is evaluated based on parameters including reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio, impedance, radiation patterns, and gain.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
A miniaturized printed UWB antenna with dual notching for X-b and and aeronau...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents a miniaturized printed ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip antenna with dual notched bands for X-band and aeronautical radio navigation applications. The antenna is 19x25 mm in size and achieves a bandwidth of 112% from 3-10.6 GHz. It incorporates two window-shaped microstrip closed ring resonators on the ground plane to create dual notch bands. The first notch band from 7-8.1 GHz rejects interference from the X-band downlink of 7.25-7.74 GHz. The second notch band from 8.6-9.4 GHz rejects interference from aeronautical radio navigation systems operating from 8.7-9.2 GHz.
A compact UWB monopole antenna with penta band notched characteristicsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A modified rectangular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with penta notched frequency bands is presented. An inverted U shaped and slanted U-shaped on the radiating patch are inserted to achieve WiMAX and ARN bands rejection respectively, two mirrored summation Σ-shaped and four mirrored 5-shaped slots are inserted on the partial ground to achieve WLAN and X-band bands rejection respectively, finally rectangular shaped slot with partially open on the feed is inserted to achieve ITU-8 band rejection. The proposed antenna which was simulated has a compact size 30×35×1.6 m3. It is operated with impedance bandwidth 2.8-10.6 GHz at |S11| < −10 dB, that supported UWB bandwidth with filtering the five narrowbands that avoid the possible interference with them. The simulated resonant frequency for notched filters received 3.55, 4.55, 5.53, 7.45, 8.16 GHZ, for WiMAX, ARN, WLAN, X-Band, ITU-8 respectively. The proposed antenna is suitable for wireless communication such as mobile communication and internet of everything (IoE). Throughout this paper, CST-EM software package was used for the design implementation. Surface current distributions for all notched filters were investigated and shown that it is concentrated around the feeding point and the inserted notched slots proving that there is no radiation to the space due to maximum stored electromagnetic energy around each investigated notch slot, proving that the slots play a role of a quarter wavelength transformer which generates for each notched band, maximum gain, and radiation pattern are also investigated.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new design for a wideband microstrip patch antenna. The antenna uses an inverted slotted patch structure fed by a microstrip transmission line to improve bandwidth performance over a conventional microstrip antenna. It operates from 1-12 GHz, showing an impedance bandwidth of over 11 GHz. The design combines techniques such as an inverted patch structure, slotting of the patch, and microstrip line feeding to achieve a compact, low-profile antenna with enhanced bandwidth and high gain for ultra-wideband applications. Key aspects of the antenna's design and operating principles are discussed.
Empirical Investigation of Indoor/NLOS Propagation at Millimeter Wave Bands F...IJRES Journal
This document summarizes an empirical study that investigated indoor non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation at 24 GHz and 60 GHz millimeter wave bands. Measurements were conducted using 24 GHz Ubiquity AirFiber point-to-point links and 60 GHz phased array transceivers. The results showed that the 24 GHz band performed better than 60 GHz in NLOS propagation within offices. Specifically, the 24 GHz links achieved gigabit throughput over distances of up to 15 meters, while 60 GHz signals were significantly attenuated over similar distances or by obstructions along the transmission path. Therefore, the study concluded that 24 GHz networks could support wireless gigabit connectivity within modern office buildings.
Design of a Wideband 8x8 MIMO Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an 8x8 MIMO microstrip patch antenna array for 5G applications operating from 4.9-6.2 GHz. Slots are etched into the patch to achieve wideband operation and compact size. Simulation results show return loss below -11 dB across the band, isolation above 16 dB between elements, and gains between 1.2-4.6 dB. The antenna presents a simple, small size design suitable for 5G devices.
Microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure for biomedical applic...journalBEEI
1. The document describes a defected ground structure-based microstrip patch antenna proposed for narrowband biomedical applications.
2. The antenna resonates at 2.45 GHz with a return loss of -30 dB and a bandwidth of 20 MHz, covering channel 9 of the ISM band.
3. The use of defected ground structure increases the antenna gain to 7.04 dBi and efficiency by 17.63%, with better radiation patterns and current distribution compared to the antenna without defected ground structure.
Design and optimization of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for dual-b...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new rectangular slot antenna structure based on a simple rectangular shape with two symmetrical rectangular slots on the radiated element. The aim of this work is to design an antenna and enhance it to function in the band (2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz). We formulated the dimensions of the antenna using the transmission line model of the analytical methods and then we optimized these parameters using the CST Microwave Studio simulator. We made changes to two important parameters in our design: the position and width of the slots when the other parameters are kept constant. The resulting antenna provides good adaptation, high gain that achieves 5.96 dBi at 2.45 GHz and 6.491 dBi at 5.8 GHz, good return loss values of -49.859 dB and -34.303 dB for the lower and upper operating frequencies respectively. For radio frequency identification (RFID) implementations, the proposed antenna is ideal, and its main advantage is that it has high gain and is simple to design and fabricate.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
This document describes a dual-band microstrip patch antenna designed for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The antenna consists of an L-shaped element and an E-shaped element printed on an FR4 substrate to generate two resonant modes at around 2.4 GHz and 6 GHz, covering the lower and higher WLAN bands. A microstrip stub is also introduced for impedance matching, which improves the gain and radiation efficiency. The antenna was simulated using Ansoft HFSS and achieved return losses of -38.08 dB and -40.74 dB at 2.4 GHz and 6 GHz respectively, demonstrating dual-band operation for WLAN systems.
Higher order mode dielectric resonator antenna excited using microstrip linejournalBEEI
In this paper, the square-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) operating on higher order (푇퐸훿13) mode for the fifth generation (5G) communication applications is presented. The proposed DR antenna is excited by using a microstrip feed line and designed at the operating frequency of 28 GHz. The Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 material having a thickness of 0.254mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2 is used for the substrate. The commercial CST microwave studio (CST MWS) is used for the optimization and simulation of the antenna design. The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation efficiency, VSWR and radiation pattern are studied. A -10dB bandwidth of 4.6% (1.3 GHz) for VSWR<2 with a gain of 5 dBi and radiation efficiency of 89%. The proposed antenna design is suitable for future 5G wireless communication applications.
Design and Analysis of Broadband Elliptical Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wire...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper presents the design and manufacture of a new broadband elliptical patch antenna
with a microstrip feed line and optimum antenna parameters. The antenna dimension of
(30 × 21 × 1.6) 푚푚3 and fabricated on an FR-4 epoxy substrate having relative dielectric constant 휀푟=4.3,
loss tangent tan (δ)=0.002 and the feed line used has characteristic impedance of 50Ω.The designed
antenna has the capability of operating in the bandwidth (6.95-30.94) GHz and the gain (6.8) dBi. The
antenna performance was modified by inserting a slots in the ground plane to achieve impedance
bandwidth (when S11≤-10dB) and slots to patch to improve the gain. The modified antenna was designed
to be used for fifth generation (5G) mobile communication. The simulation results are obtained using CST
software.
This document summarizes the design and study of a compact and wideband microstrip U-slot patch antenna for Wi-Max applications. The antenna was designed to operate in the 5.25GHz Wi-Max band with very low return loss. Design formulas are provided to calculate the dimensions of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna. Simulation results show the return loss is below -30dB from 5.15GHz to 5.85GHz, meeting the bandwidth requirements. The proposed antenna design achieves wideband operation using a 3-layer substrate with total thickness of 1.6mm.
A new miniaturized wideband self-isolated two-port MIMO antenna for 5G millim...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Nowadays, millimeter-wave frequencies present a catchy solution to securing the colossal data rate needed for 5G communications. Accordingly, this research deals with the conception of a novel orthogonal 2×2 multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) antenna design operating in the millimeter wave spectrum with quite small dimensions of 11×6×0.8 mm3. The single antenna element consists of a trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna built on the Rogers RT5880 laminate with a permittivity of 2.2 and tangent loss of 0.0009. A trapezoidal-slot ground plane is used to support the structure. The antenna resonates at 28 GHz with a large bandwidth of 4 GHz from 26 to 30 GHz, a good gain of up to 5 dB, and a high radiation efficiency of 99%. A strong isolation is achieved that surpasses 26 dB. Besides, a high diversity performance is achieved where the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is lower than 0.001, the diversity gain (DG) is greater than 10 dB, and the channel capacity loss (CCL) is no longer than 0.4 bit/s/Hz. The achieved outcomes prove the robustness of the suggested MIMO antenna and qualify it to be a strong candidate for 5G wireless devices.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
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DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
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antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
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This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
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Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
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Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
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exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
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electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
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validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
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compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
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Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
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grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
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Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
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Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
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New microstrip patch antenna array design at 28 GHz millimeter-wave for fifth-generation application
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023, pp. 4184~4193
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i4.pp4184-4193 4184
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
New microstrip patch antenna array design at 28 GHz
millimeter-wave for fifth-generation application
Salah-Eddine Didi1
, Imane Halkhams2
, Abdelhafid Es-Saqy1
, Mohammed Fattah3
, Younes Balboul1
,
Said mazer1
, Moulhime El Bekkali1
1
IASSE Laboratory, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
2
LSEED Laboratory, Private University of Fez (UPF), Fez, Morocco
3
IMAGE Laboratory, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Oct 4, 2022
Revised Dec 28, 2022
Accepted Jan 14, 2023
This paper presents a study and an array design consisting of two microstrip
patch antennas connected in series in a 2×1 form. This antenna provides
better performance for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication
system. The microstrip line feeding technique realizes the design of this
antenna. This feed offers the best bandwidth, is easy to model, and has low
spurious radiation. The distance between the feed line and the patch can
adapt to the antenna’s impedance. In addition, the antenna array proposed in
this paper is designed and simulated using the high frequency structure
simulator (HFSS) simulation software at the operating frequency of 28 GHz
for the 5G band. The support material used is Rogers RT/duroid® 5880,
with relative permittivity of 2.2, a thickness of h=0.5 mm, and a loss tangent
of 0.0009. The simulation results obtained in this research paper are as:
reflection coefficient: -35.91 dB, standing wave ratio (SWR): 1.032,
bandwidth: 1.43 GHz, gain: 9.42 dB, directivity: 9.47 dB, radiated power:
29.94 dBm, accepted the power: 29.99 dBm, radiation efficiency: 29.95,
efficiency: 99.83%. This proposed antenna array has achieved better
performance than other antenna arrays recently published in scientific
journals regarding bandwidth, beam gain, reflection coefficient, SWR,
radiated power, accepted power, and efficiency. Therefore, this antenna
array will likely become an important competitor for many uses within the
5G wireless applications.
Keywords:
Bandwidth
Fifth-generation
High frequency structure
simulator
High gain
Microstrip antenna array
Millimeter wave
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Salah-Eddine Didi
IASSE Laboratory, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University
Fez, Morocco
Email: salaheddine.didi@usmba.ac.ma
1. INTRODUCTION
Today, the growing demands and uses of wireless communication devices in various fields, such as
medicine, defense, or aeronautics, drive manufacturers to continuously develop new wireless communication
systems. In this perspective and during the last years, the technologies have evolved significantly in
microwave circuits [1], [2]. The antenna occupies a larger space in the communication chain, which implies a
more significant footprint that complicates its installation in small spaces. Microstrip antennas and patch
antennas are essential elements for modern fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications due to several
characteristics such as small size, low cost, and easy mounting on integrated electronic circuits, satellites,
vehicles, and airplanes, inside and outside the human body. On the other hand, they have performance
drawbacks such as an extended bandwidth, the collection power as well as the gain are relatively small,
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
New microstrip patch antenna array design at 28 GHz millimeter-wave for … (Salah-Eddine Didi)
4185
which limits their use in certain situations [3]. The 5G wireless communication technology has high
frequencies that are strongly influenced by the antenna performance, particularly concerning return loss, gain,
and bandwidth. To solve these problems and to meet user demand, it is essential to produce and design
antennas with highly satisfactory characteristics concerning the gain, return loss, and bandwidth [4], [5].
The 5G wireless communication technology only allows a maximum data transfer rate of 100 Mbps,
but the current requirements are estimated to be more than 10 Gbps. Therefore, it is necessary to have a
wireless communication technology capable of meeting these requirements, and this is called the 5G wireless
network. The latter provides data transmission capabilities of 10 Gbps, as well as extensive coverage of
1 million components on a single square kilometer with network access of 10 Tbps on a single square
kilometer, a very low response time of no more than a millisecond, and many other things [6]. To meet all the
requirements presented above and achieve good results with 5G, it is necessary to use the highest
frequencies. In this sense as special frequency bands for 5G were defined as the frequency bands in the
intervals of 3.4 to 3.6 GHz, 5 to 6 GHz, 24.25 to 27.5 GHz, 37 to 40.5 GHz, and 66 to 76 GHz that were
determined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), as well as the 27.5 to 28.35 GHz band,
which was determined by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) [7]. Of all these frequency bands,
we carefully selected the 28 GHz Band for our research due to its high attractiveness for 5G and its
experimental use in several countries.
Antennas for 5G must have good performance, including high bandwidth and directivity, to meet
user requirements and needs, including the high data rates of current technology (5G). These antennas also
need to have high gain to avoid problems caused by microwaves. Thus living organisms may block the
transmission of electromagnetic signals on millimeter waves and the undesirable effects caused by very high
operating frequencies [8]. Typically, the 5G wireless technology needs to accommodate antennas that are
high performance, low weight, small profile (compact size), low cost, easy to implement on all electronic
systems and devices, adaptable to planar and non-planar surfaces, and mechanically sound when mounted on
the rigid surfaces. A microstrip patch antenna has become an indispensable component in all 5G wireless
communication system devices, which has driven researchers to work on this scientific topic. This research
paper is, therefore, highly dependent on this type of antenna. Along with this development, the requirements
and needs of the wireless communication network have increased tremendously. Wireless standards have
emerged recently to meet these challenges almost every decade after creating the next generation of standards
[9], [10].
Much research is associated with the studies and design of millimeter band antennas for 5G,
specifically in the 28 GHz frequency band, which offers the best possible performance for the 5G. For this
purpose, it is necessary to design new antenna kinds suitable for fifth-generation technologies, which is a
challenging task and a significant challenge for antenna design specialists. Therefore they proposed different
types of antennas, which are described as: the antenna [11] has a gain of 12 dB in the 28 GHz frequency
band, but it does not guarantee perfect impedance matching (-15 dB). Its size is 53×20 mm2
, large enough to
be incorporated into the cell phone. Hwang [12] proposed a design of the 4-element Quasi-Yagi array that
achieved a maximum gain of 9.98 dBi with a full size of 20×8.4 mm2
. Prabu et al. [13] also proposes
designing and constructing antenna arrays with eight elements that achieve a gain of 9.89 dB but are
unsuitable for 5G technology. In [14], the printed antenna design in the metal housing has a gain of 11.21 dBi
for the operating frequency 28 GHz, but this is not sufficient for 5G operation, and the design method is very
complicated. Ali and Sebak [15] presented the design of a printed antenna array consisting of four elements
with the highest gain of 13.5 dBi. In [16], there is also an antenna array design consisting of 8 elements,
which achieved a gain of 9.57 dBi for 28 GHz. This design is very costly. Because of these studies regarding
the design of antennas for 5G, it is found that there is still a need to design antennas that offer good
performance with sizes that allow them to be integrated into 5G devices such as the cell phone. In this study,
we tried to address this problem [17]. Design and optimization of a rectangular dual-band microstrip slot-pi
antenna using surface response methodology for 5G applications. This antenna achieves an extended
bandwidth in the frequency range between 27.214 and 34.445 GHz and between 34.816 to 38.99 GHz. Awan
et al. [18] proposed a miniaturized, high gain, frequency-switched linear multiple input, multiple output
(MIMO) antenna array with vertical stubs. These sections allow for frequency changes from 28 to 24.8 GHz
with gains of 16.02 and 15.07 dB, as well as a bandwidth of 2.1 and 1.9 GHz, respectively. Zahra et al. [19]
presented the design of a free planar single-hole helical antenna for broadband applications at 28 GHz. This
antenna provides a wide impedance bandwidth from 26.25 to 30.14 GHz, gain measured up to 5.83 dB, and
radiation efficiency measured up to 85%.
Awan et al. [20] proposed an antenna design that relied on a pair of parasitic patches arranged
linearly near this classical antenna. It offers a bandwidth of 7.1 GHz, a large radiation pattern, and a gain of
more than 10 dB. Hussain et al. [21] proposed a compact wideband patch antenna and its MIMO
configuration for 28 GHz applications. They added defected ground structure (DGS) to the ground plane for
one of the elements of this array to significantly improve the bandwidth. Zahra et al. [22] presented a 28 GHz
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023: 4184-4193
4186
broadband helical inspired end-fire antenna and its MIMO configuration for 5G pattern diversity
applications. This antenna initially presents a simple geometry inspired by a conventional planar helix
antenna without the use of vias. It offers a bandwidth of 3.89 GHz, a gain of 5.83 dB, as well as a radiation
efficiency of 88%. Ashraf et al. [23] proposed a flat rectangular microstrip antenna with slots in the radiating
elements and the ground plane. It achieves a gain of 8.74 dB and a bandwidth of 2.817 GHz. Indeed, the 5G
wireless communication system requires high-performance antennas in terms of gain, directivity, return loss,
bandwidth, and efficiency. To meet this need, we propose a patch antenna array design that consists of two
patch antennas, one of which has a slot. The role of this slot is to improve performance. This antenna array
operates at a resonant frequency of 28 GHz in the fifth-generation millimeter band.
This article divides into several steps: we start with an introduction that focuses on microstrip
antennas and the 5G technology. Then we present the design procedure in more detail in section 2. After that,
we present the simulation software in section 3, and then we analyze the simulation results in section 4.
Finally, we compare these results with previous studies and conclude our research.
2. THE PROPOSED ANTENNA DESIGN
Based on the simplified formulation of the transmission line model described, one can follow the
straightforward and practical design procedure for rectangular microstrip antennas. By applying this
procedure, we specify the resonant frequency values, the substrate’s permittivity to be used, and its thickness.
We, therefore, specify εr=2.2, fr=28 GHz, and h=0.5 mm. As a first approach, the patch dimensions are
calculated according to the characteristics of the substrate (relative permittivity εr, thickness h) and the
resonance frequency. The power supply is made through a microstrip line. We chose Rogers RT/duroid®
5870 (tm) for the type of material because it has a good price/quality ratio, and its permittivity is 2.2, which
is perfect. The chosen characteristics are thus: resonance frequency: f=28 GHz, substrate type: epoxy-
“Rogers RT/duroid® 5870” of relative permittivity εr=2.2. To adapt to 50 Ω, we used the food source
provided by the micro ribbon cable. This microstrip line is widely used for microwave circuit fabrication,
mainly because it is well suited for photolithographic fabrication and also because it allows simple
integration of passive and active components by surface mounting. The reference equations of [24]–[26] for
28 GHz allowed calculating the maximum substrate thickness, as well as the different antenna elements such
as the size of the radiated piece (patch): its width and length, as well as the dimensions of the ground plane,
generally, should be 1/4 wavelength from the foot of the antenna. This is true as long as the antenna and the
ground plane are orthogonal (perpendicular). The ground plane can be limited to 4 copper strands of the
desired length, perpendicular to each other and to the antenna; it is not necessary to have a continuous
surface.
𝐸𝑠 ≤
0.3𝑐
2𝜋𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠√𝜀𝑟
(1)
𝑊
𝑝 =
𝑐
2𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠
√
2
𝜀𝑟+1
(2)
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝜀𝑟+1
2
+
𝜀𝑟+1
2
(1 + 12
𝐸𝑠
𝑊𝑝
)
−1
2 (3)
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝑐
2𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓
−
1
2 (4)
𝛥𝐿 = 0.412
(𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓+0.3)(
𝑊𝑝
𝐸𝑠
+0.264)
(𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓−0.258)(
𝑊𝑝
𝐸𝑠
+0.8)
(5)
𝐿𝑝 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2𝛥𝐿𝑝 =
𝑐
2𝑓√𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓
− 2𝛥𝐿𝑝 (6)
𝑊𝑔 = 𝑊𝑝 + 6𝐸𝑠 and 𝐿𝑔 = 𝐿𝑝 + 6𝐸𝑆 (7)
𝑊
𝑓𝑒𝑑 =
2ℎ
𝜋
[𝐵 − 1 − 𝑙𝑛( 2𝐵 − 1) +
𝜀𝑟−1
2𝜀𝑟
(𝑙𝑛( 𝐵 − 1) + 0.39 −
0.61
𝜀𝑟
)] (8)
𝐵 =
𝑍𝐶
60
(
𝜀𝑟+1
2
)0.5
+
𝜀𝑟−1
𝜀𝑟+1
(0.23 +
0.11
𝜀𝑟
) (9)
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
New microstrip patch antenna array design at 28 GHz millimeter-wave for … (Salah-Eddine Didi)
4187
𝐿𝑓𝑒𝑑 = 3𝐸𝑠 and 𝑍𝐶 = 50Ω (10)
|𝑆11|2
=
|𝑍𝑒−𝑍𝑐|2
|𝑍𝑒+𝑍𝑐|2 (11)
Es represents the diameter of the substrate on which an antenna is etched, in other words, the substrate, C is
also the speed of light in a vacuum, whose value is equal to c=3×108 m/s, fres is the operating frequency,
whose value is fres=28 GHz, εr actually indicates a dielectric coefficient, WP corresponds to the width of the
plate as well as Lp represents the length of the plate, εeff signifies the effective dielectric coefficient, ΔLp
allows you to know the extension of the length of the plate, Lg actually signifies that the length of the ground
plane, Wg presents the width of the ground plane, Wfed generally gives the width of the feeder conductor, Lfed
corresponds to the length of the feeder conductor, as well as S11 is denoting the coefficient of reflection.
We apply (1)-(11) to determine the different possible indicators of the metric, which are shown in
Table 1, namely the complete format of the studied structure. Figure 1 illustrates the result of the calculations
performed to determine the parameters of this antenna. These results make it possible to improve and
optimize the performance of this antenna in particular concerning its reflection coefficient, bandwidth, gain,
efficiency, and the reduction of its dimensions. We use the results from the transmission line model to design
a rectangular-shaped patch antenna with a frequency that resonates for 28 GHz. This step guarantees the
resonant frequency at 28 GHz with the best possible match. The process of creating and designing a patch
antenna consists of three different parts: the radiated element (the patch) and the transmission line on top, the
substrate in the middle, and the ground plane on the bottom. A microstrip line feeds this antenna. The latter is
matched to an impedance of 50 ohms. Figure 1 shows the geometry of a single proposed patch antenna, and
then Figure 2 shows the structure of the proposed patch antenna array.
Table 1. The parameters of the proposed antenna
Parameters Values (mm)
(Lg-Wg) (9-10.3)
h 0.5
(WA-LA) (4.2-3.3)
(Wfed-Lfed) (1.54-4.26)
(y0-y1) (3.26-3.08)
(Wf-Lf) (1.517-0.66)
Figure 1. Geometry of the proposed single antenna
Figure 2. Geometry of the proposed antenna array
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023: 4184-4193
4188
3. SIMULATION SOFTWARE
In this paragraph, we will explain and present the tool that performs the calculations necessary for
the simulation of this study. High frequency structure simulator (HFSS) is an electromagnetic simulation
software that studies complex structures in three dimensions by simulating these structures and providing
clear visualizations of the results in 2D and 3D. HFSS is mainly used for experiments and studies of systems
operating at high frequencies. It is used to calculate S-parameters, resonance frequencies, and
electromagnetic fields.
Using Maxwell’s equations, the HFSS divides complex geometric structures into simpler geometric
forms, precisely tetrahedrons, on which the mathematical calculation will be more feasible. Hence, we begin
to speak of convergence which is the persistence of the results obtained. The software presented here uses the
finite element method.
In addition, we have advantages and disadvantages arising from this software, and that lies in the
following points: The complexity of work and the creation of structures with significant design details. The
need to have mastered the use of the program before starting the project, because sometimes we have to use
Boolean operations to draw surfaces or shapes that do not have a well-defined geometric form. Also, we need
to be careful about boundaries so that there are no conflicts between a radiating surface and a conducting
surface, for example. The simulation can take several hours to several days, especially if the project is
relatively large and has many details.
Models based on finite element principles have become standard tools in the design and analysis of
industrial products. As modeling tools are becoming increasingly sophisticated, the finite element method has
developed widely and may seem less and less a matter for specialists. Suppose the use of the method is
democratized by the increasing simplicity of implementation, the algorithms’ reliability, and the method’s
robustness. In that case, it remains that essential questions arise for the engineer if he wants to perform a
finite element analysis in good conditions: formalize the unspoken and the thoughts that justify the explicit or
implicit choices of his analysis of the problem; evaluate his confidence in the results produced; analyze the
consequences of these results to the objectives.
4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
An antenna is connected to the source by a transmission line of characteristic impedance Zc. To
ensure maximum power transfer between the feed and the antenna, it is necessary to provide an impedance
matching. The matching cancels the reflection coefficient S11 at the antenna input. The antenna matching is
characterized by the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). The higher the VSWR, the worse the matching.
The minimum SWR=1 corresponds to perfect matching; for 1≤SWR<2, there is matching. Maximum power
transfer can only be achieved if the input impedance of the antenna is matched to that of the generator.
Having designed the antenna based on the results obtained from the transmission line model, we
now turn to the antenna simulation results on HFSS. Figure 3 shows the curve of the reflection coefficient S11
with its value -14.5 dB, for a resonance frequency of 29.45 GHz. This frequency shift is due to the tolerance
of the transmission line model, which becomes more important for higher frequencies such as those of the
millimeter-wave spectrum. In addition, the bandwidth is 0.84 GHz (29.01-29.85 GHz). Figure 4 shows a 3D
gain diagram and its value of 7.5 dB. To improve these results, we added a rectangular slot (Wf=1.517 mm,
Lf=0.66 mm). This slot is implemented on a radiated element to design an antenna array of two series
antennas.
Figure 3. S11 curve of the proposed single antenna
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
New microstrip patch antenna array design at 28 GHz millimeter-wave for … (Salah-Eddine Didi)
4189
Using a one-piece printed antenna is often insufficient to meet the imposed radiation constraints.
Specific features such as high gain or a shaped main lobe high gain or a shaped main lobe can usually only be
achieved by grouping several radiating sources to form a grouping of several radiating sources to form a
system called an antenna array [27], [28]. The advantage of the assembly of several primary antennas thus
allows obtaining highly directed radiation, depending on the number and nature of the elements, the form of
their power supply, and their technical arrangement of the array.
The best configuration choice (feed) depends on several characteristics, such as bandwidth, required
antenna gain, insertion loss, beam angle, array, sidelobe level, feed management capability, and polarization.
We chose the serial transmission line feed type because of its lower insertion loss but reduced polarization
and wider bandwidth [29]. Generally, the performance of microstrip patch antennas is improved depending
on the number of antenna components that make up the array. To design the antenna with high-level
performance, we proposed a 2×1 array of two antenna elements to achieve our research’s desired results
Figure 2.
The plane between the transmission source and the antenna has a discontinuity characterized by the
reflection coefficient S11. The ratio between the reflected wave and the incident wave at the antenna defines
this coefficient (usually expressed in dB). The standing wave ratio (SWR), quantifies the matching level
(or, more precisely, mismatching). This ratio tends towards 1 when the chain is perfectly matched, to infinity,
when the chain is mismatched. Several matching techniques are available to ensure better energy
transmission, such as single stub, double stub, and quarter-wave matching. Figures 5 and 6 show simulation
results obtained for S11=-35.91 dB and VSWR=1.032, respectively, with a bandwidth of 1.43 GHz. Any
graph showing the radiation properties at each antenna according to their variations (θ, φ), in other words,
according to the polar plane, is called a radiation pattern. The radiation characteristic curve can also be
represented using a 2-D or 3-D diagram, most often circumscribed to the far field. The parameters which
compose it are very close to each other, in particular the gain G(θ, φ), and the directivity, which gives the
possibility to calculate the total efficiency of the antenna: G(θ, φ)=ηD (θ, φ) where η represents the total
efficiency of the antenna. In this case, Figure 7 shows the 3D gain diagram, and Figure 8 the 2D gain
diagram; similarly, Figure 9 shows the 3D directivity diagram, and Figure 10 the 2D directivity diagram,
with a radiation efficiency of 29.95%. These results are validated by simulation with the HFSS tool.
Figure 4. The 3D gain pattern of the proposed single antenna
Figure 5. S11 curve of the proposed antenna array Figure 6. VSWR curve of the proposed antenna array
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Figure 7. 3D gain pattern of the proposed antenna
array
Figure 8. 2D gain pattern of the proposed antenna
array
Figure 9. 3D directivity pattern of the proposed
antenna array
Figure 10. 2D directivity pattern of the proposed
antenna array
Finally, Table 2 contains the metrics values that compare the performance of the proposed new
antenna and different products currently available in the market in the 28 GHz frequency band. These include
directivity, gain, S11 return loss, VSWR, bandwidth, and efficiency. The work by Rahayu and Hidayat [30]
has a higher bandwidth than those obtained by the other works, as shown in Table 2. In addition, the work in
[30] also has another advantage, namely S11, which is better than the ones in [31]–[36]; on the other hand, it
also has a disadvantage: the number of antenna components is greater than that of the works presented in
Table 2. The performance achieved by Nabil and Faisal [33] is more satisfactory than that of other antennas
[30]–[36], and the proposed antenna; the characteristics concerned here are reflection coefficient, VSWR,
gain and directivity. On the other hand, the bandwidth and efficiency are lower than those of the proposed
antenna, and the number of antennas is greater than that of the proposed antenna, as illustrated by Table 2.
Huang et al. [35] obtained a better gain than those done in the other research, as shown in Table 2. The
balance achieved by our proposed antenna is more efficient than that achieved by [31]–[36], where existing
characteristics are reflection coefficient, VSWR, bandwidth; furthermore, the number of antennas composing
the proposed array is small.
Table 2. Review of the work done by this branch and those that currently exist
References Number of
antennas
S11
(dB)
Gain
(dB)
Directivity
(dB)
Bandwidth
(GHz)
VSWR Efficiency
(%)
[30] - -31.61 6.01 - 4.127 - -
[31] - -22 10 - 1.3 - 85
[32] - -20.31 10.2 10.79 0,526 - 97.94
[33] 2*2 -87 14 14.3 1.14 1 93.5
[34] 1*2 -24 9.66 - - 1.13 -
[35] 5 -30 11.2 - 1.06 - -
[36] 13 -22 8.42 - 0.9 - 93
Proposed antenna 1*2 -35.91 9.42 9.5 1.43 1.032 99.8
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New microstrip patch antenna array design at 28 GHz millimeter-wave for … (Salah-Eddine Didi)
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5. CONCLUSION
In this study, we propose, first, a design that consists of designing a single antenna of the microstrip
patch type, including its geometric structure of the rectangular format. Then, we use this component to
realize the design that consists of a microstrip patch antenna array that consists of two rectangular patch
antennas, and each has a rectangular millimeter band slot for 5G with an operating frequency of 28 GHz. The
simulation software used in this work is HFSS. This research resulted in excellent work, light, and a small
antenna. The results of this study also show that the metrics of this proposed antenna are significant as: return
loss S11=-35.91 dB, the bandwidth of 1.43 GHz, VSWR=1.03, a gain of 9.42 dB, and efficiency of 99.83%.
The products achieved by this suggested device are excellent compared to those found elsewhere, particularly
concerning the return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, and radiation efficiency. The suggested
antenna array is appropriate for 5G modern and mobile devices and can be designated as a candidate for
being used in a network-based application of the 5G communication systems.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Salah-Eddine Didi was born in TISSA, Morocco, in February 1990. He obtained
his master’s degree in microelectronics from the Faculty of Science Dhar EL Mahraz Fez
Morocco, in 2016. He is now a Ph.D. student at the Artificial Intelligence, Data Science and
Emergent Systems Laboratory at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Fez. His main
research interests include the study and design of 5G millimeter band antennas. He can be
contacted at salaheddine.didi@usmba.ac.ma.
Imane Halkhams as born in 1988 in Fez, Morocco. She received her Ph.D. in
Microelectronics from the University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, in 2017. She also
received her engineering degree in networks and telecommunications from the National
School of Applied Sciences of Fez in 2012. Currently, she is a professor at the Engineering
Science Faculty of UPF. She can be contacted at imane.halkhams@usmba.ac.ma.
Abdelhafid Es-saqy was born in Tissa, Morocco, in January 1992. He received
his master's degree in Microelectronics from the Faculty of Sciences, Dhar EL Mahraz Fez
Morocco, in 2018. He is now a Ph.D. student in Artificial Intelligence, Data Sciences and
Emerging Systems Laboratory at the University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah Fez. His main
research interest includes mixers and local oscillators. He can be contacted at email:
essaqyabdelhafid@gmail.com.
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Mohammed Fattah received his Ph.D. in Telecommunications and CEM at the
University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA) Fez, Morocco, in 2011. He is a
professor in the Electrical Engineering Department of the High school of technology at the
Moulay Ismail University (UMI), Meknes, Morocco and he is responsible for the research
team ‘Intelligent Systems, Networks and Telecommunications’, IMAGE laboratory, UMI. He
can be contacted at m.fattah@umi.ac.ma.
Younes Balboul received his Ph.D. in Telecommunications at the University of
Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA) Fez, Morocco, in 2016. He is currently a professor at
the National School of Applied Sciences of Fez, Morocco, and a member of the Artificial
Intelligence, Data Sciences and Emerging Systems Laboratory at the University of Sidi
Mohamed Ben Abdellah Fez. He can be contacted at balboulyounes@gmail.com.
Said Mazer was born in 1978. He received a Ph.D. degree in electronics and
signal processing from the University of Marne-La-Vallée, Champs-surMarne, France. He is
currently a full professor at the National School of Applied Sciences of Fez, Morocco. He is a
member of IASSE Laboratory, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah Fez. His research
interests include the development of microwave-photonics devices for radio-over fiber and
wireless applications, and he is also involved in network security. He can be contacted at
email: mazersaid@gmail.com.
Moulhime El Bekkali holder a doctorate in 1991 from the USTL University-Lille
1-France. He worked on antennas printed and their applications to microwave radar. Since
1992, he was a professor at the Graduate School of Technology, Fez (ESTF) and he was a
member of the Transmission and Data Processing Laboratory (LTTI). In 1999, he received a
second doctorate in electromagnetic compatibility from Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah
University (USMBA). Since 2009, Pr. El Bekkali has been Vice-President of Research and
Cooperation at the Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA) in Fez-Morocco until
2018. Currently, he works in the telecommunication domain, he is a professor at the National
School of Applied Sciences (ENSAF) and a member of the LIASSE laboratory at Sidi
Mohamed Ben Abdellah University. He can be contacted at moulhime.el.bekkali@gmail.com.