Rectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death after lung cancer. It occurs most often in those over 50 years old. Adenocarcinoma makes up 98% of rectal cancers. Diagnostic workup includes physical exam, proctoscopy, colonoscopy, MRI or CT scan to determine tumor stage. Treatment depends on stage but may include surgery such as transanal resection or total mesorectal excision, with the goal of removing the tumor and lymph nodes. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are also often used. Prognosis depends on stage, with 5-year survival rates over 90% for early stage but less than 3% for metastatic disease.
A multidisciplinary approach that includes surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology is required for optimal treatment of patients with rectal cancer
Colorectal cancer is most common GI cancer
The rectum is the most frequent site involved
Adenoma-carcinoma sequence: Arises from adenoma in stepwise progression
A multidisciplinary approach that includes surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology is required for optimal treatment of patients with rectal cancer
Colorectal cancer is most common GI cancer
The rectum is the most frequent site involved
Adenoma-carcinoma sequence: Arises from adenoma in stepwise progression
retroperitoneal tumors esp. retroperitoneal sarcoma is most challenging condition to treat in retroperitoneal region inspite of using all treatment modalities.here is brief description of its management acc. to nccn , and other text book ref.
retroperitoneal tumors esp. retroperitoneal sarcoma is most challenging condition to treat in retroperitoneal region inspite of using all treatment modalities.here is brief description of its management acc. to nccn , and other text book ref.
GB cancer is the 5th most common GIT malignancy(worldwide).200 years later it is still considered to be a highly malignant disease with a poor survival rate
.Here is a brief description regarding
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. Rectal Cancer
Rectal cancer is a disease in which cancer cells form in
the tissues of the rectum; colorectal cancer occurs in the
colon or rectum. Adenocarcinomas comprise the vast
majority (98%) of colon and rectal cancers; more rare
rectal cancers include lymphoma (1.3%), carcinoid
(0.4%), and sarcoma (0.3%).
Second most common cancer death after lung cancer.
Lifetime risk
1 in 10 for men
1 in 14 for women
Generally affect patients > 50 years (>90% of cases)
3. WHO Classification of Rectal Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma in situ / severe dysplasia
Adenocarcinoma
Mucinous (colloid) adenocarcinoma (>50%
mucinous)
Signet ring cell carcinoma (>50% signet ring cells)
Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma
Adenosquamous carcinoma
Small-cell (oat cell) carcinoma
Medullary carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinoma
4. Clinical Presentation
Bleeding is the most common symptom of rectal cancer,
occurring in 60% of patients. However, many rectal cancers
produce no symptoms and are discovered during digital or
proctoscopic screening examinations.
Other signs and symptoms of rectal cancer may include the
following:
Change in bowel habits (43%): Often in the form of diarrhea;
the caliber of the stool may change; there may be a feeling of
incomplete evacuation and tenesmus
Occult bleeding (26%): Detected via a fecal occult blood test
(FOBT)
Abdominal pain (20%): May be colicky and accompanied by
bloating
5. Back pain: Usually a late sign caused by a tumor invading or
compressing nerve trunks
Urinary symptoms: May occur if a tumor invades or
compresses the bladder or prostate
Malaise (9%)
Pelvic pain (5%): Late symptom, usually indicating nerve
trunk involvement
Emergencies such as peritonitis from perforation (3%) or
jaundice, which may occur with liver metastases (< 1%)
( Rectal metastasis travel along portal drainage to liver via
superior rectal vein as well as systemic drainage to lung via
middle inferior rectal veins.)
6. Examination
Signs of primary cancer
Abdominal tenderness and distension – large bowel
obstruction
Intra-abdominal mass
Digital rectal examination – most are in the lowest 12cm and
reached by examining finger
Rigid sigmoidoscope
Signs of metastasis and complications
Signs of anaemia
Hepatomegaly (mets)
Monophonic wheeze
Bone pain
7. Clinical Staging
TNM Primary Lymph-node Distant Dukes
stage tumor metastasis metastasis stage
Stage 0 Tis N0 M0 A A
Stage I T1 N0 M0 A A1
T2 N0 M0 A B1
Stage II T3 N0 M0 B B2
T4 N0 M0 B B2
Stage III
A any T N1 M0 C C1/C2
B any T N2, N3 M0 C C1/C2
Stage IV any T any N M1 D D
Astler-Coller
modified
Dukes stage
8. Dukes classification-
Dukes A: Invasion into but not through the bowel wall.
Dukes B: Invasion through the bowel wall but not involving
lymph nodes.
Dukes C: Involvement of lymph nodes
Dukes D: Widespread metastases
Modified astler coller classification-
Stage A : Limited to mucosa.
Stage B1 : Extending into muscularis propria but not
penetrating through it; nodes not involved.
Stage B2 : Penetrating through muscularis propria; nodes not
involved
Stage C1 : Extending into muscularis propria but not
penetrating through it. Nodes involved
Stage C2 : Penetrating through muscularis propria. Nodes
involved
Stage D: Distant metastatic spread
9. Tis T1 T2 T3 T4
Extension
to an adjacent
organ
Mucosa
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis propria
Subserosa
Serosa
TNM Classification
10. Stage and Prognosis
Stage 5-year Survival (%)
0,1 Tis,T1;No;Mo > 90
I T2;No;Mo 80-85
II T3-4;No;Mo 70-75
III T2;N1-3;Mo 70-75
III T3;N1-3;Mo 50-65
III T4;N1-2;Mo 25-45
IV M1 <3
11. Diagnostic Workup
History—including family history of colorectal cancer or
polyps
Physical examinations including DRE and complete
pelvic examination in women: size, location, ulceration,
mobile vs. tethered vs. fixed, distance from anal verge
and sphincter functions.
Proctoscopy—including assessment of mobility,
minimum diameter of the lumen, and distance from the
anal verge
Biopsy of the primary tumor
12. Colonoscopy or barium enema
Figure: Carcinoma of the rectum. Double-
contrast barium enema shows a long
segment of concentric luminal narrowing
(arrows) along the rectum with minimal
irregularity of the mucosal surface.
To evaluate remainder of large bowel to rule out synchronous
tumor or presence of polyp syndrome.
13. Transrectal ultrasound –EUS
use for clinical staging.
80-95% accurate in tumor staging
70-75% accurate in mesorectal
lymph node staging
Very good at demonstrating layers of
rectal wall
Use is limited to lesion < 14 cm from
anus, not applicable for upper
rectum, for stenosing tumor
Very useful in determining
extension of disease into anal canal
(clinical important for planning
sphincter preserving surgery)
Figure. Endorectal
ultrasound of a T3 tumor of
the rectum, extension
through the muscularis
propria, and into perirectal
fat.
14. CT scan
Part of routine workup of patients
Useful in identifying enlarged pelvic lymph-nodes
and metastasis outside the pelvis than the extent or
stage of primary tumor
Limited utility in small primary cancer
Sensitivity 50-80%
Specificity 30-80%
Ability to detect pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes
is higher than peri-rectal lymph nodes.
15. Figure: Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the
rectum. CT scan shows a large
heterogeneous mass (M) with areas of
cystic components. Note marked luminal
narrowing of the rectum (arrow).
Figure: Rectal cancer with uterine
invasion. CT scan shows a large
heterogeneous rectal mass (M) with
compression and direct invasion into the
posterior wall of the uterus (U).
16. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Greater accuracy in defining extent of rectal cancer
extension and also location & stage of tumor
Also helpful in lateral extension of disease, critical in
predicting circumferential margin for surgical excision.
Different approaches (body coils, endorectal MRI &
phased array technique)
Mercury study:
711 patients from 11 European centers.
Extramural tumor depth by MR & histo-pathological evaluation
equivalent.
17. Figure: Mucinous adenocarcinoma of
the rectum. T2-weighted MRI shows high
signal intensity (arrowheads) of the
cancer lesion in right anterolateral side
of the rectal wall.
Figure: Normal rectal and perirectal
anatomy on high-resolution T2-weighted
MRI. Rectal mucosa (M), submucosa
(SM), and muscularis propria (PM) are
well discriminated. Mesorectal fascia
appears as a thin, low-signal-intensity
structure (arrowheads) and fuses with the
remnant of urogenital septum making
Denonvilliers fascia (arrows).
18. PET with FDG
Shows promise as the most sensitive study
for the detection of metastatic disease in
the liver and elsewhere.
Sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 76% in
evaluating for recurrent colorectal cancer.
cancer
rectum
prostate pubic bone
bladder
Small bowel
19. CEA: High CEA levels associated with poorer survival
Routine investigation
Complete blood count, KFT, LFT
Chest X-ray
22. ■ Local excision
• Transanal
• Total mesorectal excision
■ Direct contact radiotherapy
■ Electrocautery
Local Treatment (Low Rectal Cancer)
23. ■ Tumor < 8 cm from anal verge
■ Tumor size < 3 cm ( < 1/3 circumference)
■ Histology; well or moderately differentiated
■ UT1 or UT2 with or without radiotherapy
■ Absence of lymph nodes
■ Nonulcerated tumors
■ Mobile
Ideal Criteria for Curative Local Treatment of
Rectal Cancers
24. ■ Full thickness disc excision
■ 2 cm margin
■ Full thickness stay sutures
■ Use electrocautery
■ Closure of incision may implant or bury microscopic tumor
Transanal Excision of Rectal Cancer
25. Transanal excision
For T1 or T2 tumors
Somewhat controversial
due to higher local
recurrence rates
Only routinely used in older
patients or those with
co-morbidity
34. Concerns regarding Laparoscpic
Surgery
Learning curve
Reduced ability to define distant disease
Difficulty localizing lesion
Adequacy of resection
OR time and costs
Port implantation of tumor