2. Gender Inequality
FeminismWhat is feminism?
The progress to gender equality
Feminist theorist perspectives
Will there ever be equality
3. Second wave
The second wave began in
the US in the 1960s, and
spread to Europe and Asia. It
lasted for just over two
decades.
The second wave feminist
where white dominate and
fought for social change in
attitude and structure.
Many Activist started the
wave through writing books,
eg. Simone De Beauvoir ‘The
Second Sex’ which deals with
the treatment of women
within history.
Margret thatcher became the
first female prime minister
in the UK in 1979.
Third wave
The third wave was
feminist are centered
under the belief that
women can make their
own choices, whether it be
about sexuality, economic
or social choices.
The third wave feminist
group was starting to
include women of all
ethnicities rather than just
white women.
In 1992 an African
American women, Rebecca
walker invested the term
the Third wave feminism.
First wave
During the 19th century US,
UK, Canada and the
Netherlands feminist
focused on primarily
seeking equal rights for
women. The was white
female dominate.
They sought the right to
vote, to leave abusive
marriage, basic civil rights
and a right to a territory
education.
In 1848, a declaration of
independence for women
was drafted in New York.
4. Intersectional
Intersectional is a term invented by Kimberlé Crenshaw. It began as
response to the silence of white feminists on African American’s women’s
oppression and the anti racist movement.
Crenshaw’s description of intersectional feminism is that oppression exists
on multiple levels, and each level interacts and affects each other in
significant ways.
Intersectional aims to expand
feminist proposal to not only focus
on gender, but extend it to include
other power class categories
including;
1. Class
2. Sexuality
3. Race & Ethnicity
4. Disability
5. Different Feminist Theorist
Perspectives
There are three branches of feminism, and all share the same
interests, however work along side each other to achieve a
variety of interests and needs.
Marxist Feminism: Strives to eliminate oppression in a
patriarchy and capitalist society.
Radical Feminism: Strives for both sexes to become equal in a
male dominate democratic society.
Liberal Feminism: Strives for civil and political
rights.
6. Will there ever be equality?
Vida Goldstein was born into a
family where education was
valued for all children. She was a
active Australian feminist trying to
achieve equality for women in the
late 1800’s and early 1900’s.
In 1900’s, she became secretary of
the Women’s Federal Political
Association, campaigning for the
women’s vote.
There has been changes in parts of the word to accept
women in laws and legislations, however, there are still
some cultures that are backwards and not yet accepting.
Gulabi(pink) gang are a group of feminist in
India.
The group formed in 2006, initially intended to
punish oppressive husbands, fathers and
brothers, and combat domestic violence and
desertion.
This movement displays different races trying to
achieve equality in modern society.
7. References
Craig, J. (2013). Don’t Assume cook [Image]. Retrieved from
http://www.wesst.org/2013/01/assumption-in-the-workplace-a-deadly-combination/
0
Crenshaw, KW (1991), Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against
women of color, Stanford Law Review, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1241-99.
Dasgupta, P. The power of pink. The Indian Express: Journalism of Courage. n.p., 28 March 2010.
Retreived from. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-power-of-pink/596472/0.
Pateman, C (2000), The patriarchal welfare state, in K Nash (ed.), Readings in contemporary political
sociology, Blackwell, Malden, MA, pp. 238-63
Rosie, R. (2013). Women of color. [Image].
Retreieved from http://vitaminw.co/change/symbols-feminism-past-present-and-future
Seiderman, R. (2012). Why should you care about Intersectionality [Image]. Retreieved from
http://thebodyisnotanapology.tumblr.com/post/55427768903/but-ism-doesnt-affect-me-why-you-
should-care
Unknown, (2013). We can do it [Image]. Retrieved from http://olyeats.wordpress.com
Vidal, A (2014), Intersectional feminism. What the hell is it? (And why you should care)', The Telegraph,
15 January.
10. Theories of Social Movements
-Rational Resources Mobilization theory
-Individual
-Liberal
11. People who become part of social movements are
Motivated to change the quality of life
↵
This picture effectively displays
Structures and actions of
movement and power is root of
these movements.
12. Alter globalization
Global Justice
Movement
This is an example of a global
Social movement conducted to voice that
“Another world is possible” because
globalization is taking the world in the
wrong direction .
13. Social Movements for Same
Sex Marriges
-There are 4 states in Australia who provide
equal legal representation for same sex unions.
-2004 suggestest amendments for the Marriage
Act and definition.
-Marriage equality Amendment bill 2008
-2013 Law passed for 5 days in the Australian
Capital Territory.
14. References
Pemberton, A. (2012), Aboriginal people are right to proest [Photograph]. Last retrieved from
https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/49929
Badiou, A (2008), Only one world, in The meaning of Sarkozy, Verso, London, Uk, pp. 53-70.
Dale, D. (2010). Let’s all be happy [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/society-and-culture/lets-all-
be-happy--ban-gay-divorce-not-marriage-20101211-18tbw.html
View, J.L. (2013). Stoires of white Americans in the modern civil rights movement [Photograph] Retrieved from
http://bbpbooks.teachingforchange.org/stories-of-white-americans-civil-rights
Nichoiseon, M. (2011). Same sex marriages debate. [Photograph]. Retrieved from
http://radioadelaidebreakfast.wordpress.com/2011/06/21/same-sex-marriage-debate-australian-marriage-equality-australian-
christian-lobby/
Piven, FF (2008), Can power from below change the world?, American Sociological Review, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 1-14.
Paumier, G. (2011). Manifest anti-G8 au Havre [Image]. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manifestation_anti-
G8_au_Havre_-_21_mai_2011_-_025_v1.jpg
Parkin, S. (2009). The triumph of climate politics [Drawing]. Retrieved from http://understory.ran.org/2011/03/30/the-triumph-of-
climate-politics/
Rolfe, Brett. (2005). Building an Electronic Repertoire of Contention. Social Movement Studies; May, Vol. 4 Issue 1, p65-74.
Singh, N. (2004). Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Unkown (2011). Egypt; Movement for change. [photograph]. Retrieved from http://zed-books.blogspot.com.au/2011/02/egypt-
moment-of-change.html
16. The fear of migrants
What is a immigrant
What is the western perception of a migrant, what
thoughts come to your mind when you hear migrant?
The ideology that migrants are taking “our” jobs
VS
17. The problems faced by communities because
of immigrants (According to David
Goodheart)
1. The economic problem
1. The social problem
2. The education problem
19. How have Migrants Benefited
economies.
1. Economic gains
2. Increase in cultural diversity
3. Increase in standard of living in the part of
immigrants
4. A younger and skilled workforce
20. The western perception of a
Classless Society
1. Immigrants becoming Citizens through their skills
2. The Aussie term “Fair go”
3. Inequality through necessity
21. References
Bobei, W. (2011). Benefits of Immigration. Retrieved from http://benefitof.net/benefits-of-
immigration/
Helm, T. (2007) Gordon Brown pledges jobs for British workers. [Photograph] Retrieved from
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562791/Gordon-Brown-pledges-jobs-for-British-
workers.html
Massimino, C. (2013) They took out jobs! [Animated Image]. Retrieved frohttp://the-
libertarian.co.uk/they-took-our-jobs/
Portes, J (2013), An exercise in scapegoating, London Review of Books, vol. 35, no. 12, p. 7-9.
Roth, M. (2014) Pittsburgh's economy has gained from high-skilled immigrants. [Photograph].
Retrieved from http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2014/05/18/Pittsburgh-s-economy-has-
gained-from-high-skilled-immigrants/stories/201405180099
Turner, B.S. (2009), T.H. Marshall, social rights and English national identity, Citizenship Studies, vol. 13,
no. 1, pp. 65-73
Editor's Notes
The origin of feminist movements date back to the 1800’s.
What is feminism?
Feminism is the belief in the social, political and economic equality of both sexes. The has been various feminist movements around the world, based around the belief to empower women worldwide and the critique of male supremacy. Feminist theory has been developed in three wave:
The first wave, which focused on the suffrage and political rights of women
The second wave, which focused on gender inequality.
The third wave, which focused on patriarchy on a global scale, post structuralism and modernism.
In contemporary western society there is a large suggestion that we live in a post feminist society, however, in Australia statistic indicate that 70% of males still earn more than females in area of the same field and positions. There has been an ongoing progress of gender equality, however, there is still many gaps that need to be bridged.
Marxist identifies that there is a behavior expectation embedded in children from birth, and that there are certain responsibilities assigned gender specifically. Example, a girl helps around the kitchen, whereas a boy takes out the trash and is mows the lawn.
Women in all three waves, where protesting and demonstrating for the abolishment of sexist laws, and a sexist society. They all have in common the fight to seek the rights of voting, being free from oppression, free form a patriarchy society, and the rights for women to make their own choices in regards to marriages and sexuality.
Feminism has not always included women of other races and does not address all women from different cultural context. In the third wave, there is a shift of the inclusion of Black American and this silence is known as intersectionality.
Crenshaw suggests that “power cluster” and social categories and hierarchy are to Foucault’s formulation of power discourses through domination and where powerful people will subjugates others, and also the notion of power that exists in the focus in form of resistance and new discourses.
Intersectional is a continual process for future feminist leaders and allow the to include differences and diversity that exist within people in society, and as Ava Vidal states in her article in the Telegraphy UK “Until the mainstream feminist movement start listening to various groups of women within it, then it will continue to stagnate and not be able to move forward”. This is a useful quote as it indicates there are multiple social categories that are yet to be included in feminist analysis.
Marxist views the oppression of women as an extension of the oppression of the working class. Marxist identifies that there is a behavior expectations for men and women. Individuals are labeled at birth as a member of a sex category, either male or female, and from that point has to act according to the gender.
Radical feminist believe that males rule over females through the process of patriarchy in fields such as the workplace, families, sexual relations and through status.
Liberal feminist leans toward a more political perspective. Its focuses on equal pay for all sexes, and argue that gender roles are limiting for men.]
Australia has accepted the notion of gender equality, however, there is an indefinite struggle that laws are still ineffective to create full equality. Even though many laws have passed, example 1903, women where granted to vote, there is still need for amendment through law policies and the people in our society raising the upcoming generation. As a community people should incorporate reversing roles at homes, where boys can vacuum and girl can throw the garbage. There is a need of a social movement within society to remove all gender specific ideologies, such as girls and boys liking specific colours. This will help create a less sexist society.
Fances Fox Piven (2008), has written extensively about the poor people struggles through social movements.
To weber, power operates as the ability of an actor (or actors), to realize his or her will in a social action, even against the will of other actors.
Piven gives various examples of important protest movements in the US. The most recent and well-known example is the Civil Rights movement. As you will see throughout this course, all social movements, no matter what their specific issues, are concerned with change and transformation.
However, power is an important ideology to examine, as throughout history people of power have published books and started the up rise to movements. People who usually demonstrate in these movements do not have power.
When you become aware of class interests, social antagonisms and power differences, then the obvious question becomes, “How does one group with less power and influence (The Civil rights movement- women at the turn of the twentieth century, African Americans during the civil rights movement in the United States) succeed in pushing forward social change?” How do social movements that often face intense and even violent resistance become successful in changing the way things operate?
What is an immigrant?
An immigrant is defined as a person who travels to a foreign country to live temporarily or permanently.
When one thinks of migrants, what do we think of right away?
-Non-English speaking
-Not going to assimilate
-Taking local jobs
However, this is not the case, most migrants skilled workers speak basic English and or are from other western countries. Not all migrants are from second or third world countries.
Millions of workers and their families cross borders, seeking to reduce the gap between the position they have in their country and one of a wealthier one.
According to the UN there were 191 million international migrants in 2005, increasingly concentrated in the more developed regions of the world.
The economic problem –The argument were migrants have been the cause of the economic shock to a countries labor market. This ideology is that migrants drive down the wages for unskilled work and therefore create a major income inequality between the skilled and unskilled.
The social problem – The argument here is that there is decline in sense of shared communities. Migrants from ethnic backgrounds are living in the same suburbs causing communities within communities. Goodheart, mentions here that there is failure to integrate and assimilate into the new community.
The education problem – The argument in the case is that the migrants have am advantage over the natives in areas such as education, job opportunity and political power.
However, this is not the case.
The United Kingdom along with many European nations is in heated disputes about immigration. The UK is known for its tight border protection on migrants; however, the people are calling for tougher laws, and border security.
Even though, studies in the UK indicate tat immigrants to the UK have had a positive impact on public finances. Reports from the University College London center of Research and Analysis of Migration, indicate that from the periods of 2000- 2001 the migrants were less likely to claim welfare benefits or tax credits than people born in the UK.
Another, implication studies show is that immigrants were better educated than British people in 2011, therefore, UK allowing immigrants to pass through the borders with the advantage of bringing a skill or trade to the economy.
Some critics have claimed that immigrants take on jobs, lower down wages and drain tax money because of benefits. However, what locals do not realize that migrants take the jobs that the locals do not take.
Cultural diversity means people with be associating with people of different backgrounds and therefore, have different cuisine experiences and clothing dress codes.
Immigration brings development. Immigrants come to seek a better opportunity, therefore a better chance to fulfill their goals and have a better life that will benefit the community.
Immigrants, who come from overseas, teach their children to be educated because of the advantages they have now in a more developed and wealthier country. Also Immigrants move because they offer a skill that is very scarce in the country.
In many second and third world countries, there are people will the same education or position of that in wealthier countries but earn less in the poor country. The assumption is that greater equality usually makes no difference to the working class, but will benefit the upper wealthier class. Wilkinson and Pickett (2011). Countries with larger income gaps are unhappier. This method is mainly to get the rich ricer and the poor stay poor.
With the up rise to migration between countries people now are utilizing their potentials and have increased their standards of living.
