- Innate immunity relies on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) to recognize pathogens.
- TLRs and NLRs activate immune responses upon binding pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLR4 recognizes LPS from gram-negative bacteria while TLR2 recognizes components from gram-positive bacteria.
- Nod1 and Nod2 are intracellular NLRs. Nod1 detects peptidoglycan fragments from gram-negative bacteria containing meso-diaminopimelic acid while Nod2 detects muramyl dipeptide found in peptidoglycan of most bacteria. Binding of ligands activates NF-kB and MAPK
Pattern recognition receptors are type of receptors that plays a major role in innate immunity by recognizing conserved molecular components of the pathogen called pathogens- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).There are different kinds of PRRS such as soluble pattern recognition receptors and membrane associated PRRs that recognises different kinds of PAMPs such as Carbohydrates,Proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and thereby eliminating the pathogen through different mechanisms.
what ways are quorum sensing and the two component signaling system .pdfanuragperipheral
what ways are quorum sensing and the two component signaling system in bacteria similar?
First we will see What is quorum sensing (QS). QS is a cell to cell communication in bacteria
that involve signaling molecules or autoinducers (AIs).
AIs come in different forms depending on bacterial species.
As one would expect, the molecular mechanism of QS is dependent on species, but there are four
main characteristics that govern all QS systems:
At low bacterial cell density (LBCD), AIs diffuse away and their cellular concentration is
approximately the same as the environment.
At high bacterial cell density (HBCD), there is a cumulative production of AIs, which leads to a
local high (environment) concentration. This is detected by the cells which in turn trigger
different kinds of responses.
AIs are detected by receptors that are either transmembrane molecules or are present in the
cytoplasm.
Detection of AIs leads to further production of AIs (feed forward loop) in addition to activating
other genes.
Qouram sensing and two component signaling system are inter connected and we will check how
it is connected: Cell-density-dependent gene expression appears to be widely spread in bacteria.
This quorum-sensing phenomenon has been well established in Gram-negative bacteria, where
N-acyl homoserine lactones are the diffusible communication molecules that modulate cell-
density-dependent phenotypes. Similarly, a variety of processes are known to be regulated in a
cell-density- or growth-phase-dependent manner in Gram-positive bacteria. Examples of such
quorum-sensing modes in Gram-positive bacteria are the development of genetic competence in
Bacillus subtilis andStreptococcus pneumoniae, the virulence response in Staphylococcus aureus,
and the production of antimicrobial peptides by several species of Gram-positive bacteria
including lactic acid bacteria. Cell-density-dependent regulatory modes in these systems appear
to follow a common theme, in which the signal molecule is a post-translationally processed
peptide that is secreted by a dedicated ATP-binding-cassette exporter. This secreted peptide
pheromone functions as the input signal for a specific sensor component of a two-component
signal-transduction system. Moreover, genetic linkage of the common elements involved results
in autoregulation of peptide-pheromone production.
What advantages would an enzyme coupled receptor have over a G-coupled receptor?
To understand the advantage of Enzyme-linked receptors over G-Protein Linked Receptors, we
have to see how these both types of receptors function in cellular level.
G-Protein Linked Receptors
G-protein-linked receptors bind a ligand and activate a membrane protein called a G-protein. The
activated G-protein then interacts with either an ion channel or an enzyme in the membrane. All
G-protein-linked receptors have seven transmembrane domains, but each receptor has its own
specific extracellular domain and G-protein-binding site.
Cell signaling using G.
Pattern recognition receptors are type of receptors that plays a major role in innate immunity by recognizing conserved molecular components of the pathogen called pathogens- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).There are different kinds of PRRS such as soluble pattern recognition receptors and membrane associated PRRs that recognises different kinds of PAMPs such as Carbohydrates,Proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and thereby eliminating the pathogen through different mechanisms.
what ways are quorum sensing and the two component signaling system .pdfanuragperipheral
what ways are quorum sensing and the two component signaling system in bacteria similar?
First we will see What is quorum sensing (QS). QS is a cell to cell communication in bacteria
that involve signaling molecules or autoinducers (AIs).
AIs come in different forms depending on bacterial species.
As one would expect, the molecular mechanism of QS is dependent on species, but there are four
main characteristics that govern all QS systems:
At low bacterial cell density (LBCD), AIs diffuse away and their cellular concentration is
approximately the same as the environment.
At high bacterial cell density (HBCD), there is a cumulative production of AIs, which leads to a
local high (environment) concentration. This is detected by the cells which in turn trigger
different kinds of responses.
AIs are detected by receptors that are either transmembrane molecules or are present in the
cytoplasm.
Detection of AIs leads to further production of AIs (feed forward loop) in addition to activating
other genes.
Qouram sensing and two component signaling system are inter connected and we will check how
it is connected: Cell-density-dependent gene expression appears to be widely spread in bacteria.
This quorum-sensing phenomenon has been well established in Gram-negative bacteria, where
N-acyl homoserine lactones are the diffusible communication molecules that modulate cell-
density-dependent phenotypes. Similarly, a variety of processes are known to be regulated in a
cell-density- or growth-phase-dependent manner in Gram-positive bacteria. Examples of such
quorum-sensing modes in Gram-positive bacteria are the development of genetic competence in
Bacillus subtilis andStreptococcus pneumoniae, the virulence response in Staphylococcus aureus,
and the production of antimicrobial peptides by several species of Gram-positive bacteria
including lactic acid bacteria. Cell-density-dependent regulatory modes in these systems appear
to follow a common theme, in which the signal molecule is a post-translationally processed
peptide that is secreted by a dedicated ATP-binding-cassette exporter. This secreted peptide
pheromone functions as the input signal for a specific sensor component of a two-component
signal-transduction system. Moreover, genetic linkage of the common elements involved results
in autoregulation of peptide-pheromone production.
What advantages would an enzyme coupled receptor have over a G-coupled receptor?
To understand the advantage of Enzyme-linked receptors over G-Protein Linked Receptors, we
have to see how these both types of receptors function in cellular level.
G-Protein Linked Receptors
G-protein-linked receptors bind a ligand and activate a membrane protein called a G-protein. The
activated G-protein then interacts with either an ion channel or an enzyme in the membrane. All
G-protein-linked receptors have seven transmembrane domains, but each receptor has its own
specific extracellular domain and G-protein-binding site.
Cell signaling using G.
Cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis
In biology, cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis.
Evaluation and importance of innate & adaptive immunity Dr. ihsan edan ab...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis
The Biology of HIV-AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is.pdfaadyacouture
The Biology of HIV/AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease
characterized by the progressive deterioration of an individual's immune system. The
immunological impairment allows infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites
to invade the body and propagate unchecked. In addition, the incidence of certain cancers
dramatically increases in these patients because of faulty immunosurveillance. AIDS is a serious
threat to human health and is a global problem. Intensive research is being done to advance
methods of detection, clinical treatment and prevention. The HIV Virus The AIDS etiologic
agent is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus. HIV-1 contains an
RNA genome and the RNA-dependent-DNA-polymerase termed reverse transcriptase. Members
of the retrovirus family are involved in the pathogenesis of certain types of leukemias and other
sarcomas in humans and animals. The structure and replication mechanism of HIV is very
similar to other retroviruses. However, HIV is unique in some of its properties - it specifically
targets the immune system, is very immunoevasive, forms significant amounts of progeny virus
in vivo during initial stages of infection and can be transmitted during sexual activity. The HIV
viral particle is surrounded by a lipid Human Immunodeficiency Virus bilayer derived from the
host cell membrane during budding. The viral proteins are identified by the prefix gp
(glycoprotein) or p (protein) followed by a number indicating the approximate molecular weight
in kilodaltons. The lipid bilayer contains gp120 and gp41. These two proteins are proteolytic
products of the precursor gp160. The gp41 anchors gp120 in the bilayer. The protein gp120 is
routinely used as a diagnostic marker for HIV in Western Blot Analysis. More recently other
viral gp proteins are also included in the test. Beneath the bilayer is a capsid consisting of p17
and p18. Within this shell is the viral core. The walls of the core consist of p 24 and p25. Within
the core are two identical RNA molecules, 9800 nucleotides in length. Hydrogen bonded to each
viral RNA is a cellular tRNA molecule. The viral RNA is coated by tightly bound molecules of p
7 and p 9 . The core also contains approximately 50 molecules of reverse transcriptase. There are
several other viral proteins whose precise functions are not fully understood. The virus can be
grown in tissue culture for diagnostic and research purposes. Several of the viral proteins have
been cloned and generated in relatively large quantities. An individual can receive an inoculum
of HIV through an abrasion in a mucosal surface (e.g., genital and rectal walls), a blood
transfusion, or by intravenous injection with a contaminated needle. Virus or virally infected
cells are found in body fluids such as semen and blood. The most important target for the virus is
hematopoietic cells such as bone marrow derived monocytes, myelocytes and lymphocytes.
Infection of im.
Cells of multicellular organisms detect and respond to countless internal and extracellular signals that control their growth, division, and differentiation during development, as well as their behavior in adult tissues.
At the heart of all these communication systems are regulatory proteins that produce chemical signals, which are sent from one place to another in the body or within a cell, usually being processed along the way and integrated with other signals to provide clear and effective communication.
Study of cell signaling has traditionally focused on the mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells communicate with each other using extracellular signal molecules such as hormones and growth factors.
Many bacteria, respond to chemical signals that are secreted by their neighbors and accumulate at higher population density. This process, called quorum sensing, allows bacteria to coordinate their behavior, including their motility, antibiotic production, spore formation, and sexual conjugation.
Communication between cells in multicellular organisms is mediated mainly by extracellular signal molecules.
Most cells in multicellular organisms both emit and receive signals. Reception of the signals depends on receptor proteins, usually (but not always) at the cell surface, which bind the signal molecule. The binding activates the receptor, which in turn activates one or more intracellular signaling pathways or systems.
These systems depend on intracellular signaling proteins, which process the signal inside the receiving cell and distribute it to the appropriate intracellular targets.
The targets that lie at the end of signaling pathways are generally called effector proteins, which are altered in some way by the incoming signal and implement the appropriate change in cell behavior.
Depending on the signal and the type and state of the receiving cell, these effectors can be transcription regulators, ion channels, components of a metabolic pathway, or parts of the cytoskeleton.
Molecular interaction, Regulation and Signalling receptors and vesiclesAnantha Kumar
1. Overview of Extracellular signalling
2. Signalling molecules operate over various distance in animals
3.Endocrine Signalling
4.Paracrine Signalling
5.Autocrine Signalling
6. Signalling by Plasma membrane attached proteins
7.Receptors
8 Properties of receptors
9.Cell surface receptors belong to four major classes
10.Signal transduction Mechanism
11. Second messenger
12. Contraction of skeletal Muscle cells mechanism
Cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis
In biology, cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis.
Evaluation and importance of innate & adaptive immunity Dr. ihsan edan ab...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis
The Biology of HIV-AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is.pdfaadyacouture
The Biology of HIV/AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease
characterized by the progressive deterioration of an individual's immune system. The
immunological impairment allows infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites
to invade the body and propagate unchecked. In addition, the incidence of certain cancers
dramatically increases in these patients because of faulty immunosurveillance. AIDS is a serious
threat to human health and is a global problem. Intensive research is being done to advance
methods of detection, clinical treatment and prevention. The HIV Virus The AIDS etiologic
agent is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus. HIV-1 contains an
RNA genome and the RNA-dependent-DNA-polymerase termed reverse transcriptase. Members
of the retrovirus family are involved in the pathogenesis of certain types of leukemias and other
sarcomas in humans and animals. The structure and replication mechanism of HIV is very
similar to other retroviruses. However, HIV is unique in some of its properties - it specifically
targets the immune system, is very immunoevasive, forms significant amounts of progeny virus
in vivo during initial stages of infection and can be transmitted during sexual activity. The HIV
viral particle is surrounded by a lipid Human Immunodeficiency Virus bilayer derived from the
host cell membrane during budding. The viral proteins are identified by the prefix gp
(glycoprotein) or p (protein) followed by a number indicating the approximate molecular weight
in kilodaltons. The lipid bilayer contains gp120 and gp41. These two proteins are proteolytic
products of the precursor gp160. The gp41 anchors gp120 in the bilayer. The protein gp120 is
routinely used as a diagnostic marker for HIV in Western Blot Analysis. More recently other
viral gp proteins are also included in the test. Beneath the bilayer is a capsid consisting of p17
and p18. Within this shell is the viral core. The walls of the core consist of p 24 and p25. Within
the core are two identical RNA molecules, 9800 nucleotides in length. Hydrogen bonded to each
viral RNA is a cellular tRNA molecule. The viral RNA is coated by tightly bound molecules of p
7 and p 9 . The core also contains approximately 50 molecules of reverse transcriptase. There are
several other viral proteins whose precise functions are not fully understood. The virus can be
grown in tissue culture for diagnostic and research purposes. Several of the viral proteins have
been cloned and generated in relatively large quantities. An individual can receive an inoculum
of HIV through an abrasion in a mucosal surface (e.g., genital and rectal walls), a blood
transfusion, or by intravenous injection with a contaminated needle. Virus or virally infected
cells are found in body fluids such as semen and blood. The most important target for the virus is
hematopoietic cells such as bone marrow derived monocytes, myelocytes and lymphocytes.
Infection of im.
Cells of multicellular organisms detect and respond to countless internal and extracellular signals that control their growth, division, and differentiation during development, as well as their behavior in adult tissues.
At the heart of all these communication systems are regulatory proteins that produce chemical signals, which are sent from one place to another in the body or within a cell, usually being processed along the way and integrated with other signals to provide clear and effective communication.
Study of cell signaling has traditionally focused on the mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells communicate with each other using extracellular signal molecules such as hormones and growth factors.
Many bacteria, respond to chemical signals that are secreted by their neighbors and accumulate at higher population density. This process, called quorum sensing, allows bacteria to coordinate their behavior, including their motility, antibiotic production, spore formation, and sexual conjugation.
Communication between cells in multicellular organisms is mediated mainly by extracellular signal molecules.
Most cells in multicellular organisms both emit and receive signals. Reception of the signals depends on receptor proteins, usually (but not always) at the cell surface, which bind the signal molecule. The binding activates the receptor, which in turn activates one or more intracellular signaling pathways or systems.
These systems depend on intracellular signaling proteins, which process the signal inside the receiving cell and distribute it to the appropriate intracellular targets.
The targets that lie at the end of signaling pathways are generally called effector proteins, which are altered in some way by the incoming signal and implement the appropriate change in cell behavior.
Depending on the signal and the type and state of the receiving cell, these effectors can be transcription regulators, ion channels, components of a metabolic pathway, or parts of the cytoskeleton.
Molecular interaction, Regulation and Signalling receptors and vesiclesAnantha Kumar
1. Overview of Extracellular signalling
2. Signalling molecules operate over various distance in animals
3.Endocrine Signalling
4.Paracrine Signalling
5.Autocrine Signalling
6. Signalling by Plasma membrane attached proteins
7.Receptors
8 Properties of receptors
9.Cell surface receptors belong to four major classes
10.Signal transduction Mechanism
11. Second messenger
12. Contraction of skeletal Muscle cells mechanism
Similar to RECEPTOR DIVERSITY OF INNATE IMMUNITY.pptx (20)
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. Introduction
Innate or non-specific immunity is the defense mechanism with which one is born with. They form the
first line of defense in immune response.
Receptor is a protein molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and
causes a specific effect in the cell.
Although innate immunity lacks specificity, it can distinguish non-self from self. It has receptors that
activate immune response by both recognizing pathogens directly or signaling for a cellular response.
These receptors are typically not clonally distributed; a given set of receptors will be present on all the
cells of the same type.
The binding of pathogens to the receptors give rise to rapid response, which are put into effect without
delay imposed by clonal expansion of cells.
4. Functions mediated by receptors of innate
immunity
Receptors of the innate immune system mediate a number of different functions.
Many are phagocytic receptors that stimulate ingestion of the pathogens they recognize.
Some are chemotactic receptors, such as the f-Met-Leu-Phe receptor, which binds the N-formylated peptides
produced by bacteria and guides neutrophils to sites of infection.
A third function, which may be mediated by some of the phagocytic receptors as well as by specialized signaling
receptors, is to induce effector molecules that contribute to the induced responses of innate immunity and
molecules that influence the initiation and nature of any subsequent adaptive immune response.
5. Receptors with specificity for pathogen surfaces
The surfaces of microorganisms typically bear repeating patterns of molecular structure. The innate immune
system recognizes such pathogens by means of receptors that bind features of these regular patterns; these
receptors are sometimes known as pattern-recognition molecules.
The mannan-binding lectin that initiates the MB-lectin pathway of complement activation is one such receptor, as
shown by structural studies of its binding. Pathogen recognition and discrimination from self is due to recognition
of a particular orientation of certain sugar residues, as well as their spacing, which is found only on pathogenic
microbes and not on host cells.
Other members of the collectin family also bind pathogens directly and function in innate immunity. The collectin
C1q is able to bind directly to pathogen surfaces and initiate complement activation through the classical pathway.
In addition, other collectins are made in the liver as part of the acute-phase response, which will be described in
the last part of the chapter. The exact structures recognized by these other collectins have not yet been defined, but
all collectins have multiple carbohydrate-recognition domains attached to a collagen helix and are thought to bind
pathogen surfaces in a similar way to mannan-binding lectin.
6.
7. Phagocytes are also equipped with several cell-surface receptors that recognize pathogen surfaces directly. Among
these are the macrophage mannose receptor.
This receptor is a cell-bound C-type lectin that binds certain sugar molecules found on the surface of
many bacteria and some viruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Its recognition properties are very similar to those of mannan-binding lectin and, like mannan-binding lectin, it is a
multipronged molecule with several carbohydrate-recognition domains. Because it is a transmembrane cell-surface
receptor, however, it can function directly as a phagocytic receptor.
A second set of phagocytic receptors, called scavenger receptors, recognize certain anionic polymers and also
acetylated low-density lipoproteins. These receptors are a structurally heterogeneous set of molecules, existing in
at least six distinct molecular forms.
Some scavenger receptors recognize structures that are shielded by sialic acid on normal host cells. These
receptors are involved in the removal of old red blood cells that have lost sialic acid, as well as in the recognition
and removal of pathogens. There are other recognition targets, many of which still need to be characterized.
8. Toll-like receptors
The best-defined activation pathway of this type is triggered through a family of evolutionarily conserved
transmembrane receptors that appear to function exclusively as signaling receptors.
These receptors, known as the Toll receptors, were first described in the fruit-fly. They appear not to recognize and
bind pathogens directly, but clearly are involved in signaling the appropriate response to different classes of
pathogen. In the fruit-fly, the Toll receptor itself triggers the production of antifungal peptides in response to
fungal infections, while a different member of the Toll family is involved in activating an antibacterial response.
In mammals, a Toll-family protein, called Toll-like receptor 4, or TLR-4, signals the presence of LPS by
associating with CD14, the macrophage receptor for LPS.
TLR-4 is also involved in the immune response to at least one virus, respiratory syncytial virus, although in this
case the nature of the stimulating ligand is not known.
Another mammalian Toll-like receptor, TLR-2, signals the presence of a different set of microbial constituents,
which include the proteoglycans of gram-positive bacteria, although how it recognizes these is not known. TLR-4
and TLR-2 induce similar but distinct signals, as shown by the distinct responses resulting from LPS signaling
through TLR-4 and proteoglycan signaling through TLR-2.
There are at least nine distinct proteins in this newly discovered family in mammals, and further functions of Toll-
like receptors may soon be revealed as mice lacking one or other of these proteins are produced and analyzed.
9. Nod-like receptors
Nod1 and Nod2 were first discovered as mammalian members of the Ced4/Apaf-1 family of apoptosis
regulators .
Nod1 and Nod2 are multi-domain proteins consisting of one or two CARD domains respectively, a centrally
located NOD domain followed by a number of C-terminal LRRs in contrast to apoptosis protease activating
factor-1 (Apaf-1), which contains C-terminal WD40 repeats.
Nod1 and Nod2 orthologs are found across higher order vertebrates but are absent in insects or worms.
Nod1 is widely expressed in many cell types and organs. Although Nod2 expression is believed to be more
restricted, it has been described in macrophages, dendritic cells, Paneth cells, keratinocytes, and epithelial
cells of the intestine, lung, and oral cavity .
Both Nod1 and Nod2 are expressed in the cytosol, but more recently a fraction of Nod1 and Nod2 has been
shown to be associated with the plasma membrane.
In the case of Nod2, point mutants that prevent membrane association exhibit a decreased ability to
activate downstream signaling. However, the same mutations are known to affect microbial recognition and
secondarily Nod2 activation, so the role of membrane localization in Nod2 signaling remains unclear.
10. NLRs including Nod1 and Nod2 are thought to be kept in an inactive state by intra-molecular interactions.
In the case of Nod2, a C-terminal fragment consisting of only the LRRs interacts with an N-terminal
fragment consisting of the CARD and NOD domains, when co-expressed in cells, an interaction which is
disrupted in the presence of the Nod2 bacterial ligand.
Collectively, the results have suggested a model in which ligand recognition results in a conformation
change in the protein relieving these autoinhibitory intramolecular interactions and allowing NOD domain-
dependent nucleotide binding and oligomerization.
However, evidence for a direct interaction between NLRs including Nod1 and Nod2 and their putative
ligands is still lacking, so it is possible that the activation of Nod1 and Nod2 by microbial stimulation is
indirect.
11. Mode of action
Stimulation of Nod1 or Nod2 results in the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs, which drive the transcription of
numerous genes involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Both Nod1 and Nod2 sense bacterial molecules produced during the synthesis, degradation, and remodeling
of PGN, a major component of bacterial cell walls.
PGN is a polymer composed of glycan chains of alternating N-acylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-
acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) units cross-linked to each other by short peptides. The cross-linking of two
parallel glycan chains is mediated by stem peptides that can be further linked by bridging amino acids.
Nod2 senses muramyl dipeptide (MDP), which is found in the PGN of nearly all Gram-positive and Gram-
negative organisms, whereas Nod1 recognizes meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP)-containing PGN
fragments. DAP is an usual amino acid residue that is unique to PGN from most Gram-negative bacteria and
certain Gram-positive bacteria, including the genus Listeria and Bacillus species.
Analysis of synthetic compounds revealed the dipeptide γ-D-glutamyl-meso-DAP (iE-DAP) as the core motif
that is sufficient to trigger Nod1 activation. Nod1 and Nod2 null cells or mice are unable to activate NF-κB
and MAPKs as well as to produce cytokines and chemokine in response to ligand stimulation.
12. Nod1 and Nod2 are involved in the sensing of numerous pathogenic bacteria. Nod1 detects the Gram-
negative Shigella flexneri, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, Chlamydia, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Campylobacter jejuni , and Helicobacter pylori