vibrio

1. VIBRIOS

2. INTRODUCTION
• Vibrio is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria,
possessing a curved-rod (comma) shape,
• Several species of which can cause food-borne
infection, usually associated with eating
undercooked seafood.
• Vibrio spp. are commonly found in
various salt water environments.

3. CHARACTERISTICS
• Comma shaped, gram negative facultative
anaerobes .
• Oxidase
• Methyl red positive,
• Catalase – positive ,
• Voges proskaur -postive
• Indole – negative
• UREASE- Negative

4. • Non Spore forming
• They don’t release hydrogen sulfite
• Motile with polar or lateral flagellum with or
without sheaths. Vibrio species typically
possess two chromosomes, which is unusual
for bacteria.
• Each chromosome has a distinct and
independent origin of replication, and are
conserved together over time in the genus

5. Species of Vibrio
• V. cholerae- most pathogenic(the causative agent
of cholera), primarily result in watery diarrhea along with (
waterly rice diarrhoea)
• V. parahaemolyticus, in which strains isolated from
human hosts (clinical isolates) are hemolytic on blood agar
plates( kanagawa phenomen), while those isolated from
nonhuman sources are not hemolytic.
• V. vulnificus -commonly occur in warm climates and small,
generally lethal, outbreaks occur regularly and most severe
strain

6. SYMPTOMS
• A common sign of Vibrio infection is cholera.
• Cholera primarily presents with rapid water
loss by watery diarrhea.
• Other symptoms include vomiting and muscle
cramps.
• Water loss can lead to dehydration which can
be mild to moderate to severe.
• Moderate to severe dehydration requires
immediate treatment.

7. DIAGNOSIS
• The gold standard for detecting cholera is
through cultures of stool samples or rectal swabs.
• Identification is then done through microscopy or
by agglutination of antibodies. Cultures are done
in thiosulfate citrate bile-salts sucrose agar.
• V cholerae will form yellow colonies.
• stool cultures. V. parahemolyticus and V.
vulnificus will form green colonies.

8. TREATMENT
Medical care depends on the clinical presentation and the
presence of underlying medical conditions.
Vibrio gastroenteritis
• Because Vibrio gastroenteritis is self-limited in most patients,
no specific medical therapy is required. Patients who cannot
tolerate oral fluid replacement may require intravenous fluid
therapy

9. • Although most Vibrio species are
sensitive to antibiotics such as
doxycycline or ciprofloxacin,
antibiotic therapy does not
shorten the course of the illness
or the duration of pathogen
excretion

10. NON-CHOLERA VIBRIO INFECTIONS
Patients with non-cholera Vibrio wound infection or
sepsis are much more ill and frequently have
other medical conditions. Medical therapy
consists of:
• Prompt initiation of effective antibiotic therapy
(doxycycline or a quinolone)
• Intensive medical therapy with aggressive fluid
replacement and vasopressors for hypotension
and septic shock to correct acid-base and
electrolytes abnormalities that may be associated
with severe sepsis

11. • Early fasciotomy within 24 hours after
development of clinical symptoms can be life-
saving in patients with necrotizing fasciitis.
• Early debridement of the infected wound has an
important role in successful therapy and is
especially indicated to avoid amputation of
fingers, toes, or limbs.
• Expeditious and serial surgical evaluation and
intervention are required because patients may
deteriorate rapidly, especially those with
necrotizing fasciitis or compartment syndrome.
• Reconstructive surgery, such as skin grafts, are
used in the recovery phase.

12. PREVENTION
• Cholera :The most effective method to prevent
cholera is the improvement of water and food
safety.
• This includes the sanitation of water, proper
preparation of food and community awareness of
outbreaks. Prevention has been most effective in
countries where cholera is endemic.
• Another method is cholera vaccines. Examples of
cholera vaccines include Dukoral and Vaxchora.

13. References
• Thompson FL, Gevers D, Thompson CC, et al.
(2005). "Phylogeny and Molecular Identification of Vibrios
on the Basis of Multilocus Sequence Analysis". Applied and
Environmental Microbiology. 71 (9): 5107–
5115. Bibcode:2005ApEnM..71.5107T. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.
9.5107-5115.2005. PMC 1214639. PMID 16151093.
• ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical
Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-
8529-0.
• ^ Jump up to:a b Faruque SM; Nair GB, eds. (2008). Vibrio
cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister
Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-33-2.