1. Tommy Razarino bin Rasino

2. Highlights
 Case study
 Gene Doping
 The Experiments
 Implication
 Perspectives
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_PQKTRN9N7s/S4xO7ynA5hI/AAAAAAAAGiI/ml8dIsClS
aU/s320/gene+doping+needle.jpg

3. Case Study
Genetically modified athletes:
Forget drugs. There are even suggestions some Chinese
athletes’ genes are altered to make them stronger
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article2181873/Genetically-modified-athletes-Forgetdrugs-There-suggestions-Chinese-athletesgenes-altered-make-stronger.html

4. Case Study

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Ye Shiwen
Swimming
400 meter category
16 years old
Swim the last 50 meters faster than Ryan Lochte (the men’s
champion)
 John Leonard, American director of the World Swimming
Coaches Association described as ‘suspicious’, ‘disturbing’
and ‘unbelievable’
 Jiang Zhixue (China’s anti-doping official) claims
completely unreasonable.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article2181873/Genetically-modified-athletes-Forgetdrugs-There-suggestions-Chinese-athletesgenes-altered-make-stronger.html

5. Gene Doping
 According to World Anti-Doping Agency:
“the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic
elements and/or cells that have the capacity to
enhance athletic performance”
 In 2003, gene doping is banned by WADA.
Ref: “Prohibited List 2013, International Standards” (The World
Anti-Doping Code)

6. Ref: Gaffney, G. R and Parisotto, R. (2007) Gene doping: a review of
performance-enhancing genetics, Pediatric Clinics of North America. Vol
.54 , pp 807-822.

7. Ref: Gaffney, G. R and Parisotto, R. (2007) Gene doping: a review of
performance-enhancing genetics, Pediatric Clinics of North America. Vol
.54 , pp 807-822.

8. Does Gene doping really works?
In 2005, Ronald Evans
(hormone expert), showed
how genetic modification can
increase the athletic power of
mice:
1. Produce a group of GM
mice with an increase
amount of slow-twitch
muscle fibre.
2. The fibre associated with
strong cardiovascular
muscles and boosts an
athlete’s endurance.
http://www.hhmi.org/news/evans4.html
http://cdn.zmescience.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/11/strong-mouse.jpg

9. Result of GM Mice
The GM mice could run for an hour longer than the
normal mice (cardiovascular/endurance)
2. The GM mice were resistant to weight gain no matter
what they fed on (resistant)
3. The GM mice remained at peak fitness even when
they took no exercise (stabilizer)
1.
http://www.hhmi.org/news/evans4.html
http://www.phgfoundation
.org/file_gateway?link_ID=
2939&resize=200&resize_a
xis=x

10. Belgian blue cow
http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0
000/ne0000/ne0000/54787/10.1038_ng099771_mid_1.jpg
http://futurismic.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/belgianblue-cow.jpg
Double muscled animals have an increase in muscle mass of up to 20%
greater than normal animals. The increased muscle is due to the fact
that these animals have a mutation in a specific gene that normally is
involved in muscular hypertrophy.
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-inequality-human-geneticengineering-768

11. Implications of Gene Doping

12. Sporting events
WADA defines the ‘spirit of sport’ using a long list of words (World
Anti-Doping Agency, 2003a):
(1) Ethics, fair play and honesty
(2) Health
(3) Excellence in performance
(4) Character and education
(5) Fun and joy
(6) Teamwork
(7) Dedication and commitment
(8) Respect for rules and laws
(9) Respect for self and other participants
(10) Courage
(11) Community and solidarity.
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&sou
rce=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=x_CoQTWWHo9FqM&
tbnid=wjjVyRj__GbyaM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpla
ytrue.wada-ama.org%2Ffeatures%2Ffinnish-recognitionaward-forwada%2F&ei=2KptUa2IEKer0AWouYHQAw&bvm=bv.45
175338,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNGTaumSWJ6NHcvpEByns34
mhrgnhA&ust=1366228056567794
Ref: Foddy, B. and Savulescu, J. (2007) Ethics of Performance Enhancement in Sport:
Drugs and Gene Doping.

13. Athletes
Ref: Fallahi, A. A, Ravasi, A. A. and Farhud, D. D. (2011) Genetic Doping and Health Damages, Iranian
Journal Public Health, Vol. 40, No.1, 2011, pp.1-14

14. Society
 The role model effect that elite athletes have on
society, particularly on children and teenagers.
 Preventing fans and consumers of sport from being
“cheated”.
 Upholding the integrity of sports as an independent
matter.
Ref: Foddy, B. and Savulescu, J. (2007) Ethics of Performance Enhancement in Sport: Drugs
and Gene Doping.
https://encryptedtbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6aeOp
ka_WIpgTNfQ25BLcX6caIYHr6UXKtAXcc9KTE6zKfLU

15. A brief History of anti-doping
 1928 – IAAF is the first International Sport Federation (IF) to ban
doping (use of stimulating substances)
 1966 – UCI (cycling) and FIFA (football) were among the first IFs to
introduce doping tests in their respective World Championships.
 1967 – IOC set up its first list of prohibited substances.
 1968 – First drug test introduced at the Olympic Winter Games in
Grenoble (France) and at the Olympic Games in Mexico
 1970 – Most International Sport Federations introduce drug testing.
 1974 – a reliable test for anabolic steroids established due to wide
spread misuses of anabolic steroids before.
http://www.wada-ama.org/en/About-WADA/History/A-Brief-History-of-Anti-Doping/

16. World Anti-Doping Agency
(WADA)
 was established in 1999 as an international
independent agency composed and funded equally by
the sport movement and governments of the world.
 to promote, coordinate and monitor the fight against
doping in sport in all its forms.
https://encryptedtbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSho2EloPwAJX
lDglKLJ8oQHdwWkvzdHFtjH3jCNXNUYht2QezNZA
https://encryptedtbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQNW2L63uIwLS
AABQTTpMHQsnj8mS_EWVmtxFJypQs26Tu1vPRFLQ

17. Government Representation on WADA's
Foundation Board and Executive Committee
 Government representation is allocated according to

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the five Olympic Regions
Africa: 4 members (South Africa, Botswana, Seychelles
& Egypt)
Americas: 4 members (Peru, Canada, USA & Panama)
Asia: 4 members (Japan, China, Saudi Arabia &
Malaysia)
Europe: 5 members (Russia, Luxembourg, Ireland,
Portugal & France)
Oceania: 2 members (Australia & New Zealand)
http://www.wada-ama.org/en/About-WADA/Governance/Government-Representation/

18. Funding by Government
 WADA's funding was decided through this
governmental process whereas the governments
agreed to fund 50 percent of WADA's budget.
 It was decided that for the five Olympic regions of the
world, WADA's regional budget allocation for
governments was agreed to be apportioned as follows:
Africa:
0.5%
Americas: 29%
Asia:
20.46%
Europe: 47.5%
Oceania: 2.54%
http://www.wada-ama.org/en/World-Anti-Doping-Program/Governments/Funding/

19. WADA vs Gene Doping
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2001 – first debate about Gene doping
2003 – gene doping listed as banned method
2005 – gene doping project
2009 – The World Anti-Doping Code
‘biological passport’ – this keeps track of the athlete’s
overall physiological profile, and triggers alarm if
anything about it changes in a suspicious manner
‘blood samples’ – they will keep medal-winners’ blood
samples for eight years, so they can subject them to
new tests when they developed.
http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Science-Medicine/Athlete-Biological-Passport/

20. http://www.wadaama.org/Documents/Resources/Publications/PlayTrue_Magazine/PlayTrue_2005_1_Gene_Doping_EN.pdf

21. http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Science-Medicine/Science-topics/Gene-Doping/

22. WADA Website

23. Others WADA Strategies
 Through education (youth zone, outreach
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programmes)
Publish of books for children
- ‘Always picked last’ (8 – 12 years old)
- ‘Track star’ ( 12 years old and above)
Digital library ( for coach, teachers, sport physicians
etc)
Play True Challenge (online game)
Play True Quiz (available in 26 languages)
http://www.wada-ama.org/

24. IOC & IPC vs Gene Doping
 The International Olympic Committee (IOC) and
the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) are
responsible for the testing process, based on the Code
(The World Anti-Doping Code 2009), during the
Olympic and Paralympic Games, respectively.
Ref: http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Anti-Doping-Community/IOC--IPC/
 The IOC and IPC banned gene doping in the year 2003
 These include other governing bodies the World
Triathlon Corp., the Federation of International
Lacrosse and the International Federation of
Bodybuilders.
http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/is-gene-doping-ethical

25. FIFA vs Gene Doping
The FIFA TUE (Therapeutic Use Exemptions) Policy is
based on the following documents:
(1) FIFA Anti-Doping Regulations (ADR), effective
from 1 April 2010;
(2) World-Anti Doping Code (WADC), effective
from 1 January 2009;
(3) International Standard for Therapeutic Use
Exemptions (lSTUE), effective from 1 January 2011
http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/01/56/40/71/circularno.12882012prohibitedlistinternationalstandardfortherapeuticuseexemptionsandfifatuepolicy.pdf

26. FIFA vs Gene Doping
 The physical and mental health of the athlete may be
severely compromised by the use of banned
substances.
 The practice of doping is thus considered unethical by
most international sports federations, the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
 Sanctions are applied to athletes who transgress the
rules as set out by WADA and adopted by the sports
federations that are signatories to the World AntiDoping Code.
Ref: Derman, W. (2010) Current perspectives of doping in football and the 2010 list of prohibited
substances, May 2010 Vol.28 No.5

27. Dvorak, J., Graf-Baumann, T., D’Hooghe, M., Kirkendall, D., Taennler, H., Saugy, M. (2006) FIFA’s
approach to doping in football, Br J Sports Med 2006;40

28. Dvorak, J., Graf-Baumann, T., D’Hooghe, M., Kirkendall, D., Taennler, H., Saugy, M. (2006) FIFA’s
approach to doping in football, Br J Sports Med 2006;40

29. New FIFA policy
 A new doping control policy for FIFA competitions was
introduced at the FIFA U-17 World Championship in
New Zealand in 1999.
 Since then, during tournaments, two players from each
team are randomly selected to undergo doping tests
after each match.
Dvorak, J., Graf-Baumann, T., D’Hooghe, M., Kirkendall, D., Taennler, H., Saugy, M. (2006) FIFA’s
approach to doping in football, Br J Sports Med 2006;40

30. Year 1994 – 2005
 3327 doping controls (men and women) were
performed.
 FIFA world cups, Olympic games, Women’s world cup,
FIFA U-19, FIFA U-17, FIFA Confederations Cup, FIFA
Club World Cup, FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup, U-20
World Cup, FIFA World Championship in Futsal,
World Cup 2006 preliminaries
 Only four samples tested positive during this period.
 This reflects an overall incidence of 0.12% positive
cases over the past 11 years.
Dvorak, J., Graf-Baumann, T., D’Hooghe, M., Kirkendall, D., Taennler, H., Saugy, M. (2006) FIFA’s
approach to doping in football, Br J Sports Med 2006;40

31. Perspectives of Gene Doping
“but in the future, as gene-therapy techniques become more
refined, it becomes more likely, although I think we are
many years away from that” (Professor Steve Harridge, an
expert on muscle physiology at King’s Collage London)
http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/the-cheat-gene-could-the-next-step-in-sportingfraud-come-from-manipulating-dna-8073605.html
“There is a real possibility, however, that this will work for
athletes in the future because we have some of the best
brains in medicine working on it” (Professor Dominic Wells,
a gene therapy researcher)
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2181873/Genetically-modified-athletes-Forget-drugs-Theresuggestions-Chinese-athletes-genes-altered-make-stronger.html

32. “This is a disturbing trend because not only is gene doping
in sport wrong, it can also be extremely dangerous.”
(Professor Arne Ljungqvist, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden’s
most well-known anti-doping expert and chairman of
WADA’s (World Anti-Doping Agency) Health, Medical and
Research Committee)
http://www.wada-ama.org/en/media-center/archives/articles/media-invitation---gene-dopingsymposium-press-conferences/

33. Conclusion
“Because doping is illegal, the pressure is to make
performance enhancers undetectable, rather than safe.
Performance enhancers are produced or bought on the
black market and administered in a clandestine,
uncontrolled way with no monitoring of the athlete’s
health.”
Ref:
Foddy, B. and Savulescu, J. (2007) Ethics of Performance Enhancement in
Sport: Drugs and Gene Doping.
https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcStygZW
mV7Vp1tdG8DTg4ZAZN1F24yXjydwhU7cu8qrSmwdY3Ehg

34. Conclusion
Gene doping is possible method in modern sports.
The more advance the technologies, the more
problems will it create.
Ref:
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=7bqRdM8GsxAB2M&tbnid=qy9itC1poJ
xFbM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fvolleyballengland.org%2Fperformance%2Fanti_doping&ei=1YhtUeavJYy20QWu8IH4Dw&bvm
=bv.45175338,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNF3P39nuA2GUSEknqaZHP0KgsWpbw&ust=1366219350334399