Presentation on recent advances in congestive cardiac failure. tried to cover up BNP analogues, Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor(ARNI) and novel drugs like levosimendan. i have tried to put a light on the established treatment of cardiac failure along with its mechanism of actions which will help to understand the topic in depth!
The natriuretic peptide system works antagonistically to the RAAS and has favorable effects on the pathogenesis of heart failure
Natriuretic peptides are broken down by an enzyme called neprilysin
Neprilysin is also responsible for the breakdown of other substances, including bradykinin and angiotensin II
Sacubitril/valsartan is a combination product
Sacubitril is a pro-drug that, upon activation, acts as a neprilysin inhibitor
It works by blocking the action of neprilysin, thus preventing the breakdown of natriuretic peptides
This leads to a prolonged duration of the favorable effects of these peptides
1. Resistant Hypertension, complications, Target organ damage2. newly diagnosed stage-1 hypertension, rationale of use of ARB and comparison of Azilsartan with other ARBs3. Hypertension with bronchial asthma 4. Hypertension with Diabetes Mellitus with proteinuria5. Hypertension , Diabetes and IHD6. Gestational Hypertension , rationale of use of drugs7. Hypertension , Diabetes , ACS8. Hypertension, Diabetes and Syndrome X9. Hypertension and special situations
This slides were prepared for My Post Graduation activities and seminar most of them are from sources such as slide share, Pub Med, Standard Pharmacology Textbooks ....
Feel free to comment/correct/suggest Thank you
ARNI as new standard of care in Heart Failure SYEDRAZA56411
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker -Neprilysin Inhibitor combination has an important role to play in patients with Heart Failure with reduced ejection fraction. ARNI is now first line medication in HRrEF
Drug Treatment of Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Focus Issue on Ranolazinemagdy elmasry
Chronic Coronary Syndromes .Old and New Anti-anginal Drugs.Sodium channel blocker(Ranolazine)Angina / ischaemiac relief .
Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVChs).Patient profile to guide drug treatment of
chronic coronary syndromes .Therapeutic algorithm for chronic stable angina according to heart rate and blood pressure.Treatment Options for Microvascular angina / Vasospastic angina.Ranolazine in arrhythmias
Ranolazine in ischemic reperfusion injury
Ranolazine in pulmonary hypertension
Ranolazine in heart failure
Ranolazine in the prevention of chemotherapy‑induced cardiotoxicity
Role in diabetes mellitus
Ranolazine in peripheral arterial disease
Ranolazine in myotonia‑congenita
Ranolazine in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Antiarrhythmic properties of ranolazine.Amiodarone +Ranolazine
The natriuretic peptide system works antagonistically to the RAAS and has favorable effects on the pathogenesis of heart failure
Natriuretic peptides are broken down by an enzyme called neprilysin
Neprilysin is also responsible for the breakdown of other substances, including bradykinin and angiotensin II
Sacubitril/valsartan is a combination product
Sacubitril is a pro-drug that, upon activation, acts as a neprilysin inhibitor
It works by blocking the action of neprilysin, thus preventing the breakdown of natriuretic peptides
This leads to a prolonged duration of the favorable effects of these peptides
1. Resistant Hypertension, complications, Target organ damage2. newly diagnosed stage-1 hypertension, rationale of use of ARB and comparison of Azilsartan with other ARBs3. Hypertension with bronchial asthma 4. Hypertension with Diabetes Mellitus with proteinuria5. Hypertension , Diabetes and IHD6. Gestational Hypertension , rationale of use of drugs7. Hypertension , Diabetes , ACS8. Hypertension, Diabetes and Syndrome X9. Hypertension and special situations
This slides were prepared for My Post Graduation activities and seminar most of them are from sources such as slide share, Pub Med, Standard Pharmacology Textbooks ....
Feel free to comment/correct/suggest Thank you
ARNI as new standard of care in Heart Failure SYEDRAZA56411
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker -Neprilysin Inhibitor combination has an important role to play in patients with Heart Failure with reduced ejection fraction. ARNI is now first line medication in HRrEF
Drug Treatment of Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Focus Issue on Ranolazinemagdy elmasry
Chronic Coronary Syndromes .Old and New Anti-anginal Drugs.Sodium channel blocker(Ranolazine)Angina / ischaemiac relief .
Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVChs).Patient profile to guide drug treatment of
chronic coronary syndromes .Therapeutic algorithm for chronic stable angina according to heart rate and blood pressure.Treatment Options for Microvascular angina / Vasospastic angina.Ranolazine in arrhythmias
Ranolazine in ischemic reperfusion injury
Ranolazine in pulmonary hypertension
Ranolazine in heart failure
Ranolazine in the prevention of chemotherapy‑induced cardiotoxicity
Role in diabetes mellitus
Ranolazine in peripheral arterial disease
Ranolazine in myotonia‑congenita
Ranolazine in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Antiarrhythmic properties of ranolazine.Amiodarone +Ranolazine
Heart failure is a serious medical condition that occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity. In this essay, we will explore the symptoms, causes, and treatments of heart failure.
One of the most common symptoms of heart failure is shortness of breath. This occurs because the heart is not able to pump enough oxygenated blood to the lungs, leading to a feeling of suffocation. Other symptoms may include fatigue, swelling in the legs and feet, and a persistent cough. These symptoms can be very uncomfortable and can significantly reduce a person's quality of life.
There are many possible causes of heart failure. In some cases, it may be the result of an underlying heart condition, such as coronary artery disease, a heart attack, or a heart valve problem. In other cases, it may be caused by lifestyle factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, or obesity. Other risk factors for heart failure include a family history of heart disease, diabetes, and certain medications.
Treatments for heart failure may vary depending on the severity of the condition and the underlying causes. In some cases, medications such as diuretics or beta-blockers may be prescribed to help reduce symptoms and improve heart function. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, losing weight, and reducing salt intake may also be recommended. In more severe cases, surgery may be required to repair or replace damaged heart valves or to implant a device such as a pacemaker or defibrillator.
While heart failure can be a very serious condition, there are many effective treatments available. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of heart failure, as early diagnosis and treatment can help improve outcomes and quality of life. With proper care and management, many people with heart failure are able to live healthy, active lives.
• Classification
o Primary
o Secondary
• Risk factors
• Causes
• Pathophysiology
• Management
• Treatment
o Lifestyle modification
o Medication protocols
• Essential health information
• Malignant hypertension p 675 /p 676
• Severe hypertension PCCM p 75
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
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Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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1. Recent Advances in Congestive Cardiac Failure
Presenter-
Dr Nikita Ingale
JR3,
Pharmacology GMCH Nagpur
Guide-
Dr Vijay Motghare
Professor and Head,
Pharmacology GMCH Nagpur
2. What is a heart failure….?
Recent advances- CCF 08/08/19
The current American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines define Heart Failure
as-
A complex clinical syndrome that results from structural or functional impairment of
ventricular filling or ejection of blood, which in turn leads to the cardinal clinical sympt
oms of dyspnea and fatigue and signs of Heart Failure, namely edema and rales
Other signs and symptoms –
Orthopnea
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspneaCheyne stokes respiration
3. Types of heart failure….?
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
High output heart failureLow output heart failure
Metabolic needs of body are normal
but failure of heart to meet them
eg - Myocardial infarction
Metabolic needs of body are excessive
Even increased cardiac output cannot meet them
eg – anaemia, hyperthyroidism
Right sided heart failureLeft sided heart failure
Left ventricle cannot pump blood to organs
Some blood will always be retained in Left
ventricle
Left ventricle wont accept enough blood
from left atrium and lungs
Pulmonary congestion, dyspnoea
Right ventricle cannot pump blood to lungs
Some blood will always be retained in right
ventricle
Right ventricle wont accept enough blood
from right atrium and organs
Peripheral odema and jugular volume
distension
4. Newyork Heart Association Classification
Class 1 Patients with cardiac disease but without resulting limitation of physical activity.
Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea or
anginal pain.
Class 2 Patients with cardiac disease resulting in slight limitation of physical activity. They
are comfortable at rest. Ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation,
dyspnea or anginal pain.
Class 3 Patients with cardiac disease resulting in marked limitation of physical activity.
They are comfortable at rest. Less than ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitation
dyspnea or anginal pain.
Class 4 Patients with cardiac disease resulting in inability to carry on any physical activity
without discomfort. Symptoms of heart failure or the anginal syndrome may be
present even at rest. If any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort is increased.
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
5. Pathophysiology of Heart failure
Heart failure
Increase in sympathetic activity
Stimulate beta1 and alpha receptors
Increase
force of
contraction
And
cardiac output
Veno
Constriction
Increase
preload
Arteriolar
constriction
Increase
afterload
Decreased renal perfusion
Decreased GFR
Stimulate JG cells and RAS system
Increase aldosterone production
Salt water retention
Nitrates HydralazineBeta blockers
ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Diuretics Aldosterone
antagonist
Cardiac
remodelling
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
6. Compensated decompensated heart failure
Acute heart failure
Increase in sympathetic activity
Stimulate beta1 and alpha receptors
Increase
force of
contraction
And
cardiac output
Veno
Constriction
Increase
preload
Arteriolar
constriction
Increase
afterload
Decreased renal perfusion
Decreased GFR
Stimulate JG cells and RAS system
Increase aldosterone production
Salt water retention and cardiac
remodelling
Downregulation of beta 1 receptors
and decreased ejection fraction
Increased blood volume, which heart
is unable to pump
Increased workload and pulmonary odema
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
7. Current treatment pearls-
Current medical management of Heart Failure focuses
on –
1. Neurohormonal adaptation & activation of RAAS
2. Sympathetic activation
3. Vasoconstriction & impaired NO metabolism
5. Poor pump function & methods to enhance myocardial performance
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
8. Why new therapies?
• Available drugs treat only symptomatically, few of them don’t
even control symptoms effectively
• Associated side effects are more
• Needed life long treatment
• Heart Failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
9. New drug therapies in heart failure-
Nesiritide [synthetic BNP analogue]
Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor(ARNI)
Levosimendan, pimobendan [myofibril calcium sensitizers]
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
13. - Normally, ANP and BNP are expressed in the atria and released on increased preload (stretch).
- During heart failure, ANP and BNP are also produced by the ventricles, such that plasma level
are elevated. [BNP is used as a biomarker of heart failure]
- ANP and BNP stimulate the plasma membrane guanylyl cyclase
Brain Natriuretic Peptide -
Kidney – increased cGMP has diuretic effects
Vessels – increased cGMP has vasodilatory effects
- Heart – increased cGMP has antihypertrophic, antifibrotic effects
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
14. Nesiritide -
- Recombinant human BNP
- Mechanism of action Dilates arterial and venous blood vessels by stimulating the membrane
bound guanylyl cyclase to produce more cGMP,which shows vasodilatory and diuretic effect
- It is approved for the treatment of acutely decompensated heart failure in the US
- limited extent used because of need for i.v. administration and small life-span in the body and no long
term benefits
- High risk of hypotension
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
15. New drug therapies in heart failure-
Nesiritide [synthetic BNP analogue]
Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor(ARNI)
Levosimendan, pimobendan [myofibril calcium sensitizers]
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
18. Sacubitril - valsartan
- Marketed as Entresto, is a first-in-class drug that combines the AT1 receptor antagonistic moiety of
valsartan with the neprilysin inhibitor moiety of sacubitril.
- The complex dissociates into sacubitril and valsartan after oral administration.
- Sacubitril bioavailability is about 60%, and it is highly protein bound (94%–97%).
- The neprilysin inhibitor blocks the breakdown of natriuretic peptides ANP, BNP, AND CNP, bradykinin
- The drug combination lowers vascular resistance and increases blood flow.
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
19. - Entresto is approved for treatment of heart failure, with a recommended dose of 100–400 mg daily,
divided into two doses.
The ACE / neprilysin inhibitor omapatrilat
- An increased risk of angioedema, use of entresto is contraindicated in conjunction with an ACE
inhibitor or in patients with a history of angioedema during ACE inhibitor or ARB use.
- Potential adverse effects for valsartan also apply to this sacubutril- valsartan combination.
Sacubitril - valsartan
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
Can we combine ACE Inhibitor and neprilysin inhibitors?
20. New drug therapies in heart failure-
Nesiritide [synthetic BNP analogue]
Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor(ARNI)
Levosimendan, pimobendan [myofibril calcium sensitizers]
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
22. Levosimendan
- In some countries , calcium sensitizers are approved for the short-term treatment of acutely
decompensated heart failure (levosimendan in Sweden, pimobendan in Japan).
- Mechanism of action –
- binds and induces a conformational change in the thin-filament regulatory protein troponin
C
- increase the sensitivity of contractile myofilaments to Calcium
- increased force for a increased cytosolic Ca concentration
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
24. Levosimendan
- Other actions –
- 1] inhibiting PDE3
- 2] It also opens ATP-sensitive K' channels in vascular smooth muscle cells to cause vasodilatation
- Infused i.v. primarily indicated for short-term treatment of acutely decompensated severe chronic
heart failure
- Though it relieved symptoms of heart failure, but survival rate was not improved.
- Side effects
- The most common side effect is hypotension which may last for few days due to its active
metabolite that has long t1⁄2
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
29. 2017 American Heart Association
recomendation for Ivabradine
Recent advances- CCF 20/08/19
- Ivabradine can be beneficial to reduce HF hospitalization for patients with symptomatic
(NYHA class II-III) stable who are receiving standard treatment , including a beta blocker at
maximum tolerated dose, and who are in sinus rhythm with a heart rate of 70 bpm
31. References -
1] O’Connor CM, et al. Effect of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med, 2011, 365:32
2]Lakatta EG, DiFrancesco D. What keeps us ticking: a funny current, a calcium clock, or both? J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2009,
47:157–170
3] Schober T, et al. Myofilament Ca sensitization increases cytosolic Ca binding affinity, alters intracellular Ca
homeostasis, and causes pause- dependent Ca-triggered arrhythmia. Circ Res, 2012, 111:170–179.
4] Teerlink JR, et al. Serelaxin, recombinant human relaxin-2, for treatment of acute heart failure (RELAX-AHF): a
randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2013, 381:29–39
5] McMurray JJ, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med, 2014, 371:993–10
32. References -
6]Mebazaa A, et al. Levosimendan for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the SURVIVE Random
ized Trial. JAMA, 2007, 297:1883–1891
7] Goodman, L., Gilman, A. and Brunton, L. 13th edition, Goodman & Gilman's manual of pharmacology and
therapeutics. Management of heart failure, New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. P1023-47
8] HL Sharma & KK Sharma. Heart failure, sharma and sharma’s principles of pharmacology.3rd edition.
hyderabad, Paras Medical Publisher;2017.p699-847
9] 2017 Focused Update of American Heart Association Guidelines for the Management of Heart Failure