This PPT cover the concepts of Pathophysiology of Renal failure. It includes different types of renal failure ie. Acute renal Failure and Chronic renal Failure
PowerPoint presentation reviewing renal failure. The review discusses both acute and chronic renal failure. Etiology, assessment, diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
This PPT cover the concepts of Pathophysiology of Renal failure. It includes different types of renal failure ie. Acute renal Failure and Chronic renal Failure
PowerPoint presentation reviewing renal failure. The review discusses both acute and chronic renal failure. Etiology, assessment, diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure - Bestha Chakrapani associate professor Deparrtment of Balaji college of pharmacy , ananthapuramu-515004
Renal failure
Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure (ARF), is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days. AKI causes a build-up of waste products in your blood and makes it hard for your kidneys to keep the right balance of fluid in your body
pathophysiology
Initial :Renal damage is occurring, the child may be Asymptomatic
Oliguric: <1ml/kg/hr of urineImpaired glomerular filtration-Waste cannot be remove-Uremia develops-Neurotoxicity-CCF, HTN, anemia
Diuretic :lasts 2 weekscellular regeneration and healinggradual return to normaldehydration and electrolyte imbalance due to excess urination
Recovery: it takes monthsf left untreated it result in fluid overload, electrolyteimbalance
CAUSES OF ARF
Prerenal Most common cause of ARF Caused by impaired renal blood flow GFR declines because of the decrease in filtration pressure
• Intrarenal Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most common cause of intrarenal failure Post-ischemic or nephrotoxic• Postrenal Occurs with urinary tract obstructions distal to the kidneys
diagnosis:
H&P (History & Physical test)
BUN, creatinine, sodium, potassium. pH, bicarbontae, Hgb (haemoglobin) and Hct (hematocrit).
Urine studies
US of kidneys
KUB (Kidney, Ureters, Bladders radiography).
Renal CT/MRI
Retrograde pyelogram- Retrograde Pyelogram is a urologic procedure where the physician injects contrast into the ureter in order to visualize the ureter and kidney. The flow of contrast (up from the bladder to the kidney) is opposite the usual flow of urine, hence the retrograde name.
Medical treatment
Fluid and dietary restrictions
Maintain Electrolytes
May need dialysis to jump start renal function
May need to stimulate production of urine with IV fluids, Dopomine, diuretics, etc.
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT
chronic kidney disease causes;
Diabetic kidney disease.
Hypertension.
Vascular disease (Angina & MI).
Glomerular disease (primary or secondary).
Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction
Recurrent kidney stone disease
Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder
Unrecovered acute kidney injury
Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine.
pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure - Bestha Chakrapani associate professor Deparrtment of Balaji college of pharmacy , ananthapuramu-515004
Renal failure
Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure (ARF), is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days. AKI causes a build-up of waste products in your blood and makes it hard for your kidneys to keep the right balance of fluid in your body
pathophysiology
Initial :Renal damage is occurring, the child may be Asymptomatic
Oliguric: <1ml/kg/hr of urineImpaired glomerular filtration-Waste cannot be remove-Uremia develops-Neurotoxicity-CCF, HTN, anemia
Diuretic :lasts 2 weekscellular regeneration and healinggradual return to normaldehydration and electrolyte imbalance due to excess urination
Recovery: it takes monthsf left untreated it result in fluid overload, electrolyteimbalance
CAUSES OF ARF
Prerenal Most common cause of ARF Caused by impaired renal blood flow GFR declines because of the decrease in filtration pressure
• Intrarenal Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most common cause of intrarenal failure Post-ischemic or nephrotoxic• Postrenal Occurs with urinary tract obstructions distal to the kidneys
diagnosis:
H&P (History & Physical test)
BUN, creatinine, sodium, potassium. pH, bicarbontae, Hgb (haemoglobin) and Hct (hematocrit).
Urine studies
US of kidneys
KUB (Kidney, Ureters, Bladders radiography).
Renal CT/MRI
Retrograde pyelogram- Retrograde Pyelogram is a urologic procedure where the physician injects contrast into the ureter in order to visualize the ureter and kidney. The flow of contrast (up from the bladder to the kidney) is opposite the usual flow of urine, hence the retrograde name.
Medical treatment
Fluid and dietary restrictions
Maintain Electrolytes
May need dialysis to jump start renal function
May need to stimulate production of urine with IV fluids, Dopomine, diuretics, etc.
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT
chronic kidney disease causes;
Diabetic kidney disease.
Hypertension.
Vascular disease (Angina & MI).
Glomerular disease (primary or secondary).
Urinary tract obstruction or dysfunction
Recurrent kidney stone disease
Congenital (birth) defects of the kidney or bladder
Unrecovered acute kidney injury
Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine.
Homeostasis, feedback mechanism,cellular adaptations
cell injry..etiology...types and its pathogenesis..
morphology of cellinjury
necrosis
calcification
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
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1. Congestive Heart Failure
Heart failure is defined as the pathophysiologic state in which
impaired cardiac function is unable to maintain an adequate
circulation for the metabolic needs of the tissues of the body.
4. Symptoms
• Congested lungs
• Dizziness, fatigue, and weakness.
• Fluid and water retention
• Severe shortness of breath.
• Arrythmias.
• Coughing up foamy, pink mucus.
5. Classification
• Systolic versus diastolic
– Systolic- loss of contractility
– Diastolic- decreased filling or preload
• Left-sided versus right –sided
– Left- lungs
– Right-peripheral
• Acute versus chronic
– Acute- MI
– Chronic-cardiomyopathy
6. Classification of Heart Failure
• AHA (American Heart Association) Guidelines
– Stage A – High risk of HF, without structural heart
disease or symptoms
– Stage B – Heart disease with asymptomatic left
ventricular dysfunction
– Stage C – Prior or current symptoms of HF
– Stage D – Advanced heart disease and severely
symptomatic or refractory HF
7.
8. Pathophysiology of CHF
• Pump fails → decreased stroke volume /CO.
• Compensatory mechanisms kick in to increase CO
– SNS stimulation → release of epinephrine/nor-
epinephrine
• Increase HR
• Increase contractility
• Peripheral vasoconstriction (increases afterload)
– Myocardial hypertrophy: walls of heart thicken to provide
more muscle mass → stronger contractions
9. Pathophysiology of CHF
– Hormonal response: ↓’d renal perfusion
interpreted by juxtaglomerular apparatus as
hypovolemia. Thus:
• Kidneys release renin, which stimulates
conversion of antiotensin I → angiotensin II,
which causes:
– Aldosterone release → Na retention and water
retention (via ADH secretion)
– Peripheral vasoconstriction
10. Pathophysiology of CHF
• Compensatory mechanisms may restore CO
to near-normal.
• But, if excessive the compensatory
mechanisms can worsen heart failure because
. . .
11. Pathophysiology of CHF
• Vasoconstriction: ↑’s the resistance against which
heart has to pump (i.e., ↑’s afterload), and may
therefore ↓ CO
• Na and water retention: ↑’s fluid volume, which
↑’s preload. If too much “stretch” (too much fluid)
→ ↓ strength of contraction and ↓’s CO
• Excessive tachycardia → ↓’d diastolic filling time →
↓’d ventricular filling → ↓’d SV and CO
14. DIAGNOSIS
• No single test is available to confirm the diagnosis of heart failure.
• The patient’s volume status should be documented by assessing the body
weight, JVP, and presence or absence of pulmonary congestion and
peripheral edema.
• Laboratory testing may assist in identification of disorders that cause or
worsen heart failure.
• The initial evaluation should include a complete blood count, serum
electrolytes (including magnesium), tests of renal and hepatic function,
urinalysis, lipid profile, chest x-ray, and a 12-lead electrocardiogram
(ECG).
• The echocardiogram also can determine the presence of systolic and/or
diastolic dysfunction and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).
15. Chronic Treatment of Heart Failure
• Correction of systemic factors
– Thyroid dysfunction
– Infections
– Uncontrolled diabetes
– Hypertension
• Lifestyle modification
– Lower salt intake
– Alcohol cessation
– Medication compliance
• Maximize medications
– Discontinue drugs that may contribute to heart
failure (NSAIDS, antiarrhythmics, calcium
channel blockers)
16. Order of Therapy
1. Loop diuretics
2. ACE inhibitor (or ARB if not tolerated)
3. Beta blockers
4. Digoxin
5. Hydralazine, Nitrate
6. Potassium sparing diuretcs
17. Diuretics
• Bolus administration of diuretics decreases preload by functional venodilation within 5 to 15
minutes and later (>20 minutes) via sodium and water excretion, thereby improving pulmonary
congestion.
• Loop diuretics
• Furosemide, buteminide
• For Fluid control, and to help relieve symptoms
• Potassium-sparing diuretics
• Spironolactone, eplerenone
• Help enhance diuresis
• Maintain potassium
• Shown to improve survival in CHF
• Although chronic diuretic therapy frequently is used in heart failure patients, it is not
mandatory and is required only in patients with peripheral edema and/or pulmonary
congestion.
18. ACE Inhibitor
• ACE inhibitors act upon the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, and
they reduce afterload by reducing the formation of angiotensin II, a
potent vasoconstrictor in the arterial system.
• These drugs also have an indirect effect on sodium and water retention by
inhibiting the release of aldosterone and vasopressin, thereby reducing
venous congestion and preload.
• Improve survival in patients with all severities of heart failure.
• Begin therapy low and titrate up as possible:
• Enalapril – 2.5 mg po BID
• Captopril – 6.25 mg po TID
• Lisinopril – 5 mg po QDaily
• If cannot tolerate, may try ARB
19. Beta Blocker therapy
• Formerly, β-blockers have been contraindicated in patients with heart
failure.
• However, the sympathetic neurohormonal overactivity that occurs in
response to the failing heart has been identified as a decisive factor in the
progression of ventricular dysfunction.
• The use of β-blockers is, therefore, recommended for all patients with
heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction, irrespective of
age and the degree of dysfunction.
• Certain Beta blockers (carvedilol, metoprolol, bisoprolol) can improve
overall and event free survival in NYHA class II to III HF, probably in class IV.
20. • Cause “reverse remodeling” of the left ventricle.
• Contraindicated:
– Heart rate <60 bpm
– Symptomatic bradycardia
– Signs of peripheral hypoperfusion
– COPD, asthma
– PR interval > 0.24 sec, 2nd or 3rd degree block
21. Hydralazine plus Nitrates
• Nitric oxide is released from the nitrate compound and
this in turn activates soluble guanylate cyclase in
vascular smooth muscle, leading to the vasodilatory
effect.
• Hydralazine has a direct action on arteriolar smooth
muscle to produce arterial vasodilation.
• Dosing:
– Hydralazine
– Started at 25 mg po TID, titrated up to 100 mg po TID
– Isosorbide dinitrate
– Started at 40 mg po TID/QID
• Decreased mortality, lower rates of hospitalization, and
improvement in quality of life.
22. Digoxin
• Given to patients with HF to control symptoms such as
fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance
• Shown to significantly reduce hospitalization for heart failure,
but no benefit in terms of overall mortality.
• Digoxin doses should be adjusted to achieve plasma
concentrations of 0.5 to 1 ng/mL; higher plasma
concentrations are not associated with additional benefits but
may be associated with increased risk of toxicity.
23. • Digoxin exerts its positive inotropic effect by binding to sodium-
and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-
ATPase or sodium pump) Inhibition of Na+,K+- ATPase decreases
outward transport of sodium and leads to increased intracellular
sodium concentrations.
• Higher intracellular sodium concentrations favor calcium entry and
reduce calcium extrusion from the cell through effects on the
sodium-calcium exchanger.
• The result is increased storage of intracellular calcium in the
sarcoplasmic reticulum and, with each action potential, a greater
release of calcium to activate contractile elements and thus
increases contractility of heart.
24.
25. Inotropic agents
• Acute heart failure may require the use of one or more inotropic
agents, particularly the sympathomimetic agents dobutamine and
dopamine, in an intravenous continuous infusion.
• With dopamine, low doses (0–2 μcg/kg/min) have a predominant
effect on dopamine receptors within the kidneys to improve urine
output, intermediate doses (2–5 μcg/kg/min) affect β1-receptors,
producing an inotropic effect, and high doses (10 μcg/kg/min) have
a predominant action on α-adrenoreceptors.
26. Other important medication in Heart Failure --
Statins
• Statin therapy is recommended in CHF for the
secondary prevention of cardiovascular
disease.
• Some studies have shown a possible benefit
specifically in HF with statin therapy
• Improved LVEF
• Reversal of ventricular remodeling
• Reduction in inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-
alphaII)
27. Meds to AVOID in heart failure
• NSAIDS
– Can cause worsening of preexisting HF
• Thiazolidinediones
– Include rosiglitazone (Avandia), and pioglitazone (Actos)
– Cause fluid retention that can exacerbate HF
• Metformin
– People with HF who take it are at increased risk of potentially
lethic lactic acidosis