Reality and Mock Reality with respect to Linguistics and Stylistics perspectives. To understandrealism and mock realism in drama, poetry and prose ..prepared by Waheedah Naz
Significance of the title of ‘Moth Smoke.’AleeenaFarooq
The document provides an analysis of the title and significance of the novel "Moth Smoke" by Mohsin Hamid. It discusses how the title is symbolic and metaphoric in nature. The moth represents characters who are helplessly and dangerously attracted to unattainable things or people, like a moth drawn to a flame. The smoke suggests the empty dreams and desires of characters that come to nothing and end up forgotten. The relationship between the moth, smoke and candle (representing people in the love triangle of Daru, Ozi and Mumtaz) is also explored. The title encapsulates the themes of reckless behavior, downward spirals and the shadows of history that characters are entrapped within.
postmodernism elements in the novelThe Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamidanzalanoor2
The document provides an overview of the novel "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" by Mohsin Hamid. It discusses the themes of the novel like identity, racism, fundamentalism, passion, and globalization. It also summarizes the postmodern writing techniques used in the novel, including dramatic monologue, irony, appropriate language use, and shifting points of view. The settings of the novel in New York City and Lahore are also described.
The document summarizes the key themes in the novel "Moth Smoke" in 3 sentences or less:
Desire in various forms such as power, greed, lust and temptation are prominent themes explored through the characters' unfaithfulness. Class divisions between the masses and elite are examined. The selection of Lahore as the setting provides a realistic lens into the lives of the contemporary elite class and issues like poverty, crime, and politics.
1) The document discusses several major themes in Joseph Andrews, including the vulnerability of goodness in a corrupt world, charity and religion as active compassion rather than theology, and Fielding's view of providence as rewarding virtue.
2) It also examines Fielding's views on the contrast between town and country life, with the country promoting basic values. Additionally, it analyzes Fielding's satirization of affectation, vanity, and hypocrisy as well as his positive view of chastity within marriage.
3) Finally, the document discusses Fielding's take on class and birth, seeing them as prone to vices like corruption but also sometimes aligned with moral worth. Fielding accepted
This document discusses discourse structure and conversation analysis. It defines conversation as a less formal type of discourse involving small numbers of participants where turns are short. Conversation analysis examines patterns in natural conversation data and how participants negotiate turn-taking through linguistic and non-linguistic signals. Turn-taking involves adjacency pairs, insertion sequences where other topics are briefly discussed, and repairs to clarify meaning. The document presents discourse as a process that is constructed through participant interaction and turn-taking signals.
This document discusses several theories of meaning:
- Referential theory claims words refer to real objects, but some words like "nobody" have no referent.
- Use theory argues meaning depends on a word's conventional use rather than reference.
- Speech act theory proposes words can perform actions like promising or requesting.
- Hermeneutic theory interprets meaning through analyzing related concepts within a text.
- Postmodern theory rejects objective meanings and emphasizes context and interpretation.
The document discusses allegory in Edmund Spenser's epic poem The Faerie Queene. It explains that the poem has multiple allegorical levels, including a moral/Christian level representing abstract truths, a historical level allegorizing 16th century English religious history, and a biblical level allegorizing humanity's relationship with God. It then analyzes the allegorical meanings and significance of characters like Red Cross Knight, Una, and Archimago on the moral and historical levels. Finally, it discusses how Spenser uses the character of Archimago to allegorically represent hypocrisy in the Catholic Church and the deceptive illusions it used against England.
Significance of the title of ‘Moth Smoke.’AleeenaFarooq
The document provides an analysis of the title and significance of the novel "Moth Smoke" by Mohsin Hamid. It discusses how the title is symbolic and metaphoric in nature. The moth represents characters who are helplessly and dangerously attracted to unattainable things or people, like a moth drawn to a flame. The smoke suggests the empty dreams and desires of characters that come to nothing and end up forgotten. The relationship between the moth, smoke and candle (representing people in the love triangle of Daru, Ozi and Mumtaz) is also explored. The title encapsulates the themes of reckless behavior, downward spirals and the shadows of history that characters are entrapped within.
postmodernism elements in the novelThe Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamidanzalanoor2
The document provides an overview of the novel "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" by Mohsin Hamid. It discusses the themes of the novel like identity, racism, fundamentalism, passion, and globalization. It also summarizes the postmodern writing techniques used in the novel, including dramatic monologue, irony, appropriate language use, and shifting points of view. The settings of the novel in New York City and Lahore are also described.
The document summarizes the key themes in the novel "Moth Smoke" in 3 sentences or less:
Desire in various forms such as power, greed, lust and temptation are prominent themes explored through the characters' unfaithfulness. Class divisions between the masses and elite are examined. The selection of Lahore as the setting provides a realistic lens into the lives of the contemporary elite class and issues like poverty, crime, and politics.
1) The document discusses several major themes in Joseph Andrews, including the vulnerability of goodness in a corrupt world, charity and religion as active compassion rather than theology, and Fielding's view of providence as rewarding virtue.
2) It also examines Fielding's views on the contrast between town and country life, with the country promoting basic values. Additionally, it analyzes Fielding's satirization of affectation, vanity, and hypocrisy as well as his positive view of chastity within marriage.
3) Finally, the document discusses Fielding's take on class and birth, seeing them as prone to vices like corruption but also sometimes aligned with moral worth. Fielding accepted
This document discusses discourse structure and conversation analysis. It defines conversation as a less formal type of discourse involving small numbers of participants where turns are short. Conversation analysis examines patterns in natural conversation data and how participants negotiate turn-taking through linguistic and non-linguistic signals. Turn-taking involves adjacency pairs, insertion sequences where other topics are briefly discussed, and repairs to clarify meaning. The document presents discourse as a process that is constructed through participant interaction and turn-taking signals.
This document discusses several theories of meaning:
- Referential theory claims words refer to real objects, but some words like "nobody" have no referent.
- Use theory argues meaning depends on a word's conventional use rather than reference.
- Speech act theory proposes words can perform actions like promising or requesting.
- Hermeneutic theory interprets meaning through analyzing related concepts within a text.
- Postmodern theory rejects objective meanings and emphasizes context and interpretation.
The document discusses allegory in Edmund Spenser's epic poem The Faerie Queene. It explains that the poem has multiple allegorical levels, including a moral/Christian level representing abstract truths, a historical level allegorizing 16th century English religious history, and a biblical level allegorizing humanity's relationship with God. It then analyzes the allegorical meanings and significance of characters like Red Cross Knight, Una, and Archimago on the moral and historical levels. Finally, it discusses how Spenser uses the character of Archimago to allegorically represent hypocrisy in the Catholic Church and the deceptive illusions it used against England.
On a Caribbean island, the morning after a full moon, Makak tears through the market in a drunken rage. Taken away to sober up in jail, all that night he is gripped by hallucinations: the impoverished hermit believes he has become a healer, walking from village to village, tending to the sick, waiting for a sign from God. In this dream, his one companion, Moustique, wants to exploit his power. Moustique decides to impersonate a prophet himself, ignoring a coffin-maker who warns him he will die and enraging the people of the island. Makak, half-awake in his desolate jail cell, terrorized by the specter of his friend's corruption, clings to his visionary quest. He will try to transform himself; to heal Moustique, his jailer, and his jail-mates; and to be a leader for his people.
Literary Theory & Criticism pt 3: Post-Structuralism & DeconstructionMansa Daby
Post-structuralism rejects absolute definitions and focuses on specific histories and contexts. It developed as a reaction to structuralism, which studied underlying structures but was seen as ignoring cultural influences. While post-structuralism retains structuralism's emphasis on language and coded systems, it argues that meaning is constructed differently for each reader and that texts have multiple interpretations. Major post-structuralist thinkers who developed these ideas include Barthes, Derrida, Foucault, and Kristeva.
The document discusses speech acts, which are meaningful utterances that people perform through language. Speech acts were first coined by philosopher J.L. Austin and later developed by John Searle. There are three components of a speech act: the locutionary act of literal utterance, the illocutionary act of intended meaning, and the perlocutionary act of impact on the listener. Searle classified speech acts into five categories: directives that demand action, commissives involving promises, representatives stating beliefs, declaratives that change situations, and expressives conveying attitudes. Speech acts allow people to exchange information, attitudes, and socialize through everyday language use.
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) focuses on analyzing written or spoken language to reveal power relationships in society. It is based on theories from Michel Foucault and the Frankfurt School. CDA examines how language constructs social realities in ways that maintain inequalities. The approach considers both what texts include and omit, and how power relations are expressed and reproduced through language and discourse. The goal is to uncover hidden assumptions and ideologies to challenge social injustices.
This document provides an overview of Russian Formalism, a school of literary criticism that originated in Russia during World War I. It emphasizes studying the form of literary works rather than their content. Key aspects discussed include the belief that literary language is different from everyday speech, the importance of devices like defamiliarization, and notable Russian formalist thinkers like Victor Shklovsky and Boris Eichenbaum. The document also discusses the later Bakhtin School that attempted to reconcile formalism with Marxism, and the impact and influence of Russian Formalism on literary analysis and linguistic circles in both Europe and America.
This document discusses discourse analysis and various approaches to studying discourse. It defines discourse as language use above the sentence level and discusses the importance of situational context, background knowledge, and co-textual context in discourse analysis. It then describes several approaches to discourse analysis including conversation analysis, ethnography of communication, and pragmatics. Key concepts in these approaches like turn-taking, speech acts, implicature, and Hymes's SPEAKING model are also summarized.
The document discusses gender roles and expectations for women in 19th century Norway as portrayed in A Doll's House. It summarizes that women were expected to marry, have children and stay at home while relying on male relatives for financial support. Nora and other female characters are forced to deceive or compromise their integrity to survive within these confines. The relationship between Mrs. Linde and Krogstad represents a more equitable dynamic that Nora desires by the end of the play. Deception and financial issues are recurring themes that reveal the corrupting influence of the rigid gender roles of the time.
The document presents an overview of deixis, which refers to linguistic expressions whose meaning depends on the context of the utterance. It discusses the main categories of deixis, including person deixis (pronouns like I, you), place deixis (demonstratives like this, that), time deixis (temporal adverbs like now, then), discourse deixis (words referring to parts of the discourse), and social deixis (expressions encoding social relationships). Key points are that deictic expressions cannot be understood without context and indicate something relative to the speaker.
Conversation analysis (CA) is a method that studies how people organize and accomplish social interaction through talk-in-interaction. It examines recordings of real-life conversations to understand rules and practices from an interactional perspective. CA focuses on features like turn-taking, sequence organization through question-answer pairs, and repair when problems arise. Recordings are transcribed with notation to retain prosodic and sequential elements, allowing researchers to analyze how conversations are structured through turns and sequences of communicative actions.
This document provides an introduction to sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of the relationship between language and society, explaining how social factors influence language use. Some key points made include:
- Sociolinguistics examines how social variables like context, participants, and function affect language use within a speech community.
- A speech community shares language systems and communication norms. Sociolinguistics studies language variation across different social contexts like situations, events, acts, and styles within a community.
- Social dimensions like social distance, status, and formality also influence language choice and use between participants.
- Bilingualism and code-switching between languages or varieties are examined,
The document discusses pragmatics, which involves understanding language use in context beyond just the literal meaning of words. Pragmatics considers how factors like time, place, and social relationships influence language use and allows people to perform different functions with language. It involves skills like using language for different purposes, adapting language to listeners/situations, and following rules for conversations and storytelling. Examples are provided of pragmatic language skills and issues that can arise when people have pragmatic difficulties.
This document discusses key concepts in conversation analysis. It explains that conversation analysis looks at everyday spoken discourse to understand how people manage interactions and develop social relations. Conversation analysis involves transcribing recordings of conversations, where the transcription itself is part of the analysis process. Transcription conventions are used to systematically represent speech. Aspects of conversational structure that are examined include openings, closings, turn-taking, sequences of related utterances known as adjacency pairs, and preferences for certain responses.
Theory of Deconstruction with ExamplesDaya Vaghani
This document provides an overview of the theory of deconstruction as developed by French philosopher Jacques Derrida. It discusses Derrida's influences including Martin Heidegger and Ferdinand de Saussure. Key concepts of deconstruction discussed include binary oppositions, logocentrism, and analyzing what a text omits in addition to what it includes. As an example, the document deconstructs the poem "Snow" by Frederick Seidel to explore symbolic meanings beyond what is directly stated.
This document provides a detailed analysis of the poem "Lady Lazarus" by Sylvia Plath. It begins with an introduction to the poem and its themes of suicide and Holocaust imagery. It then analyzes the text and imagery in detail. The analysis explores Plath's likely intentions in writing the poem as an expression of anger and frustration, as well as a representation of universal female protest. It examines the poem's style and its use of colloquial language to portray the speaker's pain and disintegration.
This document provides an analysis of Wole Soyinka's 1960 play "A Dance of the Forests". It summarizes the plot, characters, themes, and Soyinka's vision/commentary. The play uses spirits and ghosts to represent Nigeria's past and critique its post-independence corrupt politics. Through rituals and revelations, characters confront trauma from their past lives. The play serves as a metaphor for Nigeria's political situation and a warning about repeating past mistakes.
This document discusses linguistic politeness and various models of politeness. It defines politeness as linguistic structures that express a speaker's attitude in a pragmatic rather than semantic way. Interactions involve both conveying meaning and observing social rules shaped by distance and closeness between participants. Watts groups standard behaviors like "thank you" and address terms under the term "politic behavior" which society expects in certain situations. The document outlines politeness models including Lakoff's social norm model, Leech's conversational maxim model, Fraser and Nolen's conversational contract model, and Brown and Levinson's face theory of politeness involving face-threatening acts and strategies to maintain one's own and others' positive and negative face.
This document discusses types of parallelism in linguistics. It begins with definitions and examples of parallelism. The main types discussed are phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic/lexical parallelism. Phonological parallelism involves repetition of sounds, such as assonance, alliteration, consonance, and rhyme. Morphological parallelism repeats morphemes. Syntactic parallelism focuses on repetition of grammatical structures at various levels from words to sentences. Semantic/lexical parallelism repeats words with similar meanings. Examples are given for each type from literature, speeches, and jokes. The effects of parallelism like antithesis are also discussed.
This document discusses discourse analysis and provides information on key concepts. It defines discourse analysis as the analysis of language beyond the sentence level, including analysis of text and conversation. It also discusses several basic ideas in discourse analysis such as text analysis, conversation analysis, cohesion, coherence, speech events, turn-taking, and the cooperative principle. The document provides examples and explanations of these concepts.
This document discusses linguistic and social inequality. It begins by introducing the concept of linguistic inequality and how people's language use varies based on their social status. It then describes two main types of linguistic inequality: 1) Subjective inequality, which relates to perceptions and prejudices about others' speech, and 2) Communicative inequality, which involves knowledge of appropriate language use. The document goes on to discuss linguistic prejudice in more detail, how it manifests in educational settings, and how speech can influence stereotypes and social judgments.
The referential theory of meaning holds that (1) words function as labels that stand for or refer to objects, people, and states of affairs in the real world, and (2) the meaning of a sentence is determined by the individual references of its components and how they are combined. However, this theory faces four key problems: (1) some words like "nobody" don't refer to real objects, (2) words can have different meanings despite referring to the same thing, (3) the objects words refer to are constantly changing, and (4) people's semantic expertise, or ability to identify referents, varies.
The Truth About Truth - A Nietzsche Feature (Darwin Festival version)noiseTM
Nietzsche is known for harping on about the inevitable break down of old moral/religious values in a post-Darwinian world. But often overlooked are his hugely influential thoughts on the nature of truth and certainty in a world that is essentially meaningless.
This document discusses the concepts of human flourishing and science. It provides Aristotle's view of eudaimonia as the pinnacle of human happiness achieved through virtues and relationships. Today, human flourishing involves situating oneself in a global community and working towards common goals through coordination rather than competition. While science, technology, and innovation have expanded human knowledge and driven progress, they must be pursued holistically and sustainably for true human flourishing. The document cautions that unchecked growth and consumption of resources could threaten long-term human and environmental flourishing.
On a Caribbean island, the morning after a full moon, Makak tears through the market in a drunken rage. Taken away to sober up in jail, all that night he is gripped by hallucinations: the impoverished hermit believes he has become a healer, walking from village to village, tending to the sick, waiting for a sign from God. In this dream, his one companion, Moustique, wants to exploit his power. Moustique decides to impersonate a prophet himself, ignoring a coffin-maker who warns him he will die and enraging the people of the island. Makak, half-awake in his desolate jail cell, terrorized by the specter of his friend's corruption, clings to his visionary quest. He will try to transform himself; to heal Moustique, his jailer, and his jail-mates; and to be a leader for his people.
Literary Theory & Criticism pt 3: Post-Structuralism & DeconstructionMansa Daby
Post-structuralism rejects absolute definitions and focuses on specific histories and contexts. It developed as a reaction to structuralism, which studied underlying structures but was seen as ignoring cultural influences. While post-structuralism retains structuralism's emphasis on language and coded systems, it argues that meaning is constructed differently for each reader and that texts have multiple interpretations. Major post-structuralist thinkers who developed these ideas include Barthes, Derrida, Foucault, and Kristeva.
The document discusses speech acts, which are meaningful utterances that people perform through language. Speech acts were first coined by philosopher J.L. Austin and later developed by John Searle. There are three components of a speech act: the locutionary act of literal utterance, the illocutionary act of intended meaning, and the perlocutionary act of impact on the listener. Searle classified speech acts into five categories: directives that demand action, commissives involving promises, representatives stating beliefs, declaratives that change situations, and expressives conveying attitudes. Speech acts allow people to exchange information, attitudes, and socialize through everyday language use.
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) focuses on analyzing written or spoken language to reveal power relationships in society. It is based on theories from Michel Foucault and the Frankfurt School. CDA examines how language constructs social realities in ways that maintain inequalities. The approach considers both what texts include and omit, and how power relations are expressed and reproduced through language and discourse. The goal is to uncover hidden assumptions and ideologies to challenge social injustices.
This document provides an overview of Russian Formalism, a school of literary criticism that originated in Russia during World War I. It emphasizes studying the form of literary works rather than their content. Key aspects discussed include the belief that literary language is different from everyday speech, the importance of devices like defamiliarization, and notable Russian formalist thinkers like Victor Shklovsky and Boris Eichenbaum. The document also discusses the later Bakhtin School that attempted to reconcile formalism with Marxism, and the impact and influence of Russian Formalism on literary analysis and linguistic circles in both Europe and America.
This document discusses discourse analysis and various approaches to studying discourse. It defines discourse as language use above the sentence level and discusses the importance of situational context, background knowledge, and co-textual context in discourse analysis. It then describes several approaches to discourse analysis including conversation analysis, ethnography of communication, and pragmatics. Key concepts in these approaches like turn-taking, speech acts, implicature, and Hymes's SPEAKING model are also summarized.
The document discusses gender roles and expectations for women in 19th century Norway as portrayed in A Doll's House. It summarizes that women were expected to marry, have children and stay at home while relying on male relatives for financial support. Nora and other female characters are forced to deceive or compromise their integrity to survive within these confines. The relationship between Mrs. Linde and Krogstad represents a more equitable dynamic that Nora desires by the end of the play. Deception and financial issues are recurring themes that reveal the corrupting influence of the rigid gender roles of the time.
The document presents an overview of deixis, which refers to linguistic expressions whose meaning depends on the context of the utterance. It discusses the main categories of deixis, including person deixis (pronouns like I, you), place deixis (demonstratives like this, that), time deixis (temporal adverbs like now, then), discourse deixis (words referring to parts of the discourse), and social deixis (expressions encoding social relationships). Key points are that deictic expressions cannot be understood without context and indicate something relative to the speaker.
Conversation analysis (CA) is a method that studies how people organize and accomplish social interaction through talk-in-interaction. It examines recordings of real-life conversations to understand rules and practices from an interactional perspective. CA focuses on features like turn-taking, sequence organization through question-answer pairs, and repair when problems arise. Recordings are transcribed with notation to retain prosodic and sequential elements, allowing researchers to analyze how conversations are structured through turns and sequences of communicative actions.
This document provides an introduction to sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of the relationship between language and society, explaining how social factors influence language use. Some key points made include:
- Sociolinguistics examines how social variables like context, participants, and function affect language use within a speech community.
- A speech community shares language systems and communication norms. Sociolinguistics studies language variation across different social contexts like situations, events, acts, and styles within a community.
- Social dimensions like social distance, status, and formality also influence language choice and use between participants.
- Bilingualism and code-switching between languages or varieties are examined,
The document discusses pragmatics, which involves understanding language use in context beyond just the literal meaning of words. Pragmatics considers how factors like time, place, and social relationships influence language use and allows people to perform different functions with language. It involves skills like using language for different purposes, adapting language to listeners/situations, and following rules for conversations and storytelling. Examples are provided of pragmatic language skills and issues that can arise when people have pragmatic difficulties.
This document discusses key concepts in conversation analysis. It explains that conversation analysis looks at everyday spoken discourse to understand how people manage interactions and develop social relations. Conversation analysis involves transcribing recordings of conversations, where the transcription itself is part of the analysis process. Transcription conventions are used to systematically represent speech. Aspects of conversational structure that are examined include openings, closings, turn-taking, sequences of related utterances known as adjacency pairs, and preferences for certain responses.
Theory of Deconstruction with ExamplesDaya Vaghani
This document provides an overview of the theory of deconstruction as developed by French philosopher Jacques Derrida. It discusses Derrida's influences including Martin Heidegger and Ferdinand de Saussure. Key concepts of deconstruction discussed include binary oppositions, logocentrism, and analyzing what a text omits in addition to what it includes. As an example, the document deconstructs the poem "Snow" by Frederick Seidel to explore symbolic meanings beyond what is directly stated.
This document provides a detailed analysis of the poem "Lady Lazarus" by Sylvia Plath. It begins with an introduction to the poem and its themes of suicide and Holocaust imagery. It then analyzes the text and imagery in detail. The analysis explores Plath's likely intentions in writing the poem as an expression of anger and frustration, as well as a representation of universal female protest. It examines the poem's style and its use of colloquial language to portray the speaker's pain and disintegration.
This document provides an analysis of Wole Soyinka's 1960 play "A Dance of the Forests". It summarizes the plot, characters, themes, and Soyinka's vision/commentary. The play uses spirits and ghosts to represent Nigeria's past and critique its post-independence corrupt politics. Through rituals and revelations, characters confront trauma from their past lives. The play serves as a metaphor for Nigeria's political situation and a warning about repeating past mistakes.
This document discusses linguistic politeness and various models of politeness. It defines politeness as linguistic structures that express a speaker's attitude in a pragmatic rather than semantic way. Interactions involve both conveying meaning and observing social rules shaped by distance and closeness between participants. Watts groups standard behaviors like "thank you" and address terms under the term "politic behavior" which society expects in certain situations. The document outlines politeness models including Lakoff's social norm model, Leech's conversational maxim model, Fraser and Nolen's conversational contract model, and Brown and Levinson's face theory of politeness involving face-threatening acts and strategies to maintain one's own and others' positive and negative face.
This document discusses types of parallelism in linguistics. It begins with definitions and examples of parallelism. The main types discussed are phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic/lexical parallelism. Phonological parallelism involves repetition of sounds, such as assonance, alliteration, consonance, and rhyme. Morphological parallelism repeats morphemes. Syntactic parallelism focuses on repetition of grammatical structures at various levels from words to sentences. Semantic/lexical parallelism repeats words with similar meanings. Examples are given for each type from literature, speeches, and jokes. The effects of parallelism like antithesis are also discussed.
This document discusses discourse analysis and provides information on key concepts. It defines discourse analysis as the analysis of language beyond the sentence level, including analysis of text and conversation. It also discusses several basic ideas in discourse analysis such as text analysis, conversation analysis, cohesion, coherence, speech events, turn-taking, and the cooperative principle. The document provides examples and explanations of these concepts.
This document discusses linguistic and social inequality. It begins by introducing the concept of linguistic inequality and how people's language use varies based on their social status. It then describes two main types of linguistic inequality: 1) Subjective inequality, which relates to perceptions and prejudices about others' speech, and 2) Communicative inequality, which involves knowledge of appropriate language use. The document goes on to discuss linguistic prejudice in more detail, how it manifests in educational settings, and how speech can influence stereotypes and social judgments.
The referential theory of meaning holds that (1) words function as labels that stand for or refer to objects, people, and states of affairs in the real world, and (2) the meaning of a sentence is determined by the individual references of its components and how they are combined. However, this theory faces four key problems: (1) some words like "nobody" don't refer to real objects, (2) words can have different meanings despite referring to the same thing, (3) the objects words refer to are constantly changing, and (4) people's semantic expertise, or ability to identify referents, varies.
The Truth About Truth - A Nietzsche Feature (Darwin Festival version)noiseTM
Nietzsche is known for harping on about the inevitable break down of old moral/religious values in a post-Darwinian world. But often overlooked are his hugely influential thoughts on the nature of truth and certainty in a world that is essentially meaningless.
This document discusses the concepts of human flourishing and science. It provides Aristotle's view of eudaimonia as the pinnacle of human happiness achieved through virtues and relationships. Today, human flourishing involves situating oneself in a global community and working towards common goals through coordination rather than competition. While science, technology, and innovation have expanded human knowledge and driven progress, they must be pursued holistically and sustainably for true human flourishing. The document cautions that unchecked growth and consumption of resources could threaten long-term human and environmental flourishing.
Laudato si 3 the human roots of the ecological crisisMartin M Flynn
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 3 of Pope Francis' encyclical Laudato Si. It discusses how the development of modern technology has given humans dominance over nature but not responsibility for its impacts. The globalization of a technocratic paradigm views nature as an object for human use rather than something with intrinsic value. This has led to problems like climate change from ignoring environmental limits. The document calls for an ecological culture with an alternative way of thinking that recognizes nature's worth and humanity's connection to it and each other.
Exopolitics Magazine edition 1 by British Exopolitics ExpoExopolitics Hungary
This document provides an introduction to the first issue of Exopolitics magazine, which is dedicated to studying UFOs and the progression of ufology. It discusses the term "exopolitics" and how interactions with non-human intelligent phenomena fits within the context of nearly seven decades of UFO sightings, investigations, and debates. The document explores how evidence from meticulous research over the decades points to intelligently caused phenomena that includes the extraterrestrial hypothesis as well as other potential explanations. It maintains that disclosure of the UFO phenomenon relates to the intent and sovereignty of individuals, not just policies of institutions.
This document discusses concepts like truth, facts, consciousness, spirituality, and how we can change teaching approaches. It questions what truth and facts really are, arguing they are social constructs that reflect cultural values rather than absolute realities. It advocates expanding consciousness by exploring multiple perspectives rather than seeking a single truth. The document suggests teaching in a way that shifts focus from convergent thinking to more divergent and transformative approaches, and asking driving questions that help students increase their consciousness rather than simply learning preset content.
Human flourishing refers to living a good life and realizing one's full potential. It values health, well-being, and the ability to pursue one's goals. The concept originated from Aristotle, who saw flourishing as cultivating virtue and good character. Modern research suggests flourishing encompasses happiness, health, meaning, relationships, and character. Ensuring conditions where all people can flourish was a goal of the Millennium Development Goals and remains important today.
This document discusses metaphysics and ethics. It addresses questions about the nature of reality and human behavior. It examines concepts like goodness, truth, freedom and beauty from a metaphysical perspective. It explores how culture relates to the transcendental properties of being, including unity, truth, goodness and beauty. It argues that contemporary culture has become disconnected from these fundamental principles and focuses more on individual desires.
Paulo Freire was a Brazilian educator and philosopher known for his influential work on critical pedagogy and transformative education. Some of his key ideas included praxis, conscientization, dialogue, and rejecting the "banking concept" of education, where students are seen as empty vessels to be filled by teachers. Freire argued that education should be a practice of freedom through dialogue, where students and teachers learn from each other. He believed that oppression is not inevitable, but the result of an unjust social order, and that true liberation comes through critical reflection and action upon the world to transform it.
Amy Collier: Critical Digital Fluency: Agency and Activism in Today’s Pollute...Alexandra M. Pickett
Day 2 Presentation
Amy Collier
Presentation: Critical Digital Fluency: Agency and Activism in Today’s Polluted Digital World
http://opensunysummit2018.edublogs.org/2017/09/15/amy-collier/
Open SUNY Summit 2018 -
Annual conference for the SUNY online teaching and learning community of practice. https://commons.suny.edu/cotehub/
February 28 - March 2, 2018, SUNY Global Center, NY, NY.
Conference website: http://opensunysummit2018.edublogs.org/
Program: http://opensunysummit2018.edublogs.org/about/program/
Recordings: http://opensunysummit2018.edublogs.org/mediasite/
Materials: http://opensunysummit2018.edublogs.org/registration/materials/
Open SUNY Online Teaching: http://commons.suny.edu/cote/
This document provides an analysis of two short stories, "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" by Flannery O'Connor and "The Destructors" by Graham Greene, through the lens of feminist literary criticism. It discusses how feminist criticism can be applied, noting that the female characters in "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" are not named while the male characters are. It also briefly summarizes the plots of both stories. The analysis uses feminist criticism to examine aspects of gender and power in the two works.
The document discusses the failure of philosophy and economics and the corruption of other fields. It argues that reality precedes knowledge, and truth reveals reality. It claims that adopting an ideology prevents listening to reality to inform knowledge. It discusses how to live with virtue rather than commandments, and asks why we are experiencing an ethical crisis. The document suggests our cultural defaults regarding ethics are obsolete, and examines how empathy and caring are natural human capacities that can be overridden by ideas.
Here are the questions from the passage:
1. What are the two main lessons we should learn from cultural relativism according to the author?
The two main lessons are:
1) Cultural relativism warns us that not all of our practices are based on some absolute rational standard, and some are merely conventional to our society.
2) Cultural relativism keeps an open mind and reminds us that our feelings are not necessarily perceptions of truth, but may be due to cultural conditioning. This helps broaden our minds.
2. How does the author say we can understand the appeal of cultural relativism despite its shortcomings?
The author says we can understand the appeal of cultural relativism despite its shortcomings
General Education courses A gymnasium of the mindKnowledge.docxbudbarber38650
General Education courses A gymnasium of the mindKnowledge beyond one’s specialtyWriting and thinking across disciplinesWorking in collaboration with othersThinking critically & reasoning logically Developing some computer skills Sensitivity to others’ cultures & problems
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Have Fun But Not Too Much!
“But perhaps the biggest reason why intellectuals excoriated entertainment was that they understood all too well their own precariousness in a world dominated by it. For whatever the overt content of any particular work, entertainment as a whole promulgated an unmistakable theme, one that took dead aim at the intellectual’s most cherished values. That theme was the triumph of the senses over the mind, of emotion over reason, of chaos over order, of the id over the superego, of Dionysian abandon over Apollonian harmony. Entertainment was Plato’s worst nightmare. It deposed the rational and enthroned the sensational and in so doing deposed the intellectual minority and enthroned the unrefined majority.
Therein, for the intellectuals, lay utmost danger and deepest despair. They know that in the end, after all the imprecations had rung down around it, entertainment was less about morality or even aesthetics than about power—the power to replace the old cultural order with a new one, the power to replace the sublime with fun.”—Neal Gabler, Life the Movie: How Entertainment Conquered Reality, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1998, page 21.
Critical thinking tipsThink about thinkingLearn how to unlearnKnow the ‘what’ and the ‘who’Synthesis versus analysisWisdom versus knowledgeAcademia versus the mediaFacts versus judgmentsTruth as a thinking virtue Action versus reactionJustice as a social virtueResist appeals to prejudices Be prepared for different perspectivesDon’t believe everything you thinkLearn the habit of gathering and examining
evidence before forming conclusionsBe always aware of illusionsThink sometimes outside the box
Truth that Matters to Society
“Scientists must seek not just truth in general but truth that matters, and truths that matter not just to scientists but also to the larger society in which they live and work”
Philip Kitcher, “On the Autonomy of the Sciences,” Philosophy Today, 2004, pp. 51-57.
Consider the Big Picture
“Many people fall for mistaken common beliefs regarding their health because medicine today does not look at the human body as a whole. For many years there has been a trend for doctors to specialize, looking at and treating just one part of the body. We can’t see the forest for the trees. Everything in the human body is interconnected. Just because a component found in a food helps one part of the body function well, it does not mean that it is good for the entire body. When picking your food and drink, consider the big picture. You cannot decide whether a food is good or bad simply by looking at one ingredient found in that food.”
Hiromi Shinya, MD, The Enzyme Factor: Diet for the Future that wil.
LOUD is a media company that aims to evolve storytelling through innovative content. It intends to cultivate consciousness and empower individuals by challenging perspectives and stereotypes. LOUD's content features imperfect characters who must wrestle with choices and decisions in order to grow. The goal is to give voice to underrepresented groups and allow audiences to experience self-reflection. Key works discussed include the film trilogy The Royal Court Chronicles about attaining one's higher self through struggle, and the video game UGR which depicts the Underground Railroad to help audiences master their own challenges.
This document discusses the concept of truth from multiple perspectives:
- Truth can be known with varying degrees of certainty, from conclusive to elusive, and is sometimes missed due to wrong observations or paradigms.
- There are different aspects of truth, including objective historical truth about the past, empirical truth about the present, and statistical truth about predicting the future.
- In a "post-truth" era, appeals to emotion and belief often outweigh objective facts in shaping public opinion. Logical reasoning and coherent explanations of truth are sometimes rejected in favor of subjective perspectives.
- To determine truth reasonably, claims should be empirically adequate, logically consistent, and existentially relevant through personal experience or documentation.
How the law of attraction can ruin yourMatt Kendall
The document discusses the Law of Attraction, summarizing it as the belief that "like attracts like" and that positive thoughts can attract positive events or outcomes. It notes that while the concept is popular, there is no conclusive scientific evidence that it works. The document warns that the Law of Attraction is used by some to exploit and mislead people, and that an overly positive mindset can ignore challenges and problems in life. It recommends focusing on developing skills and taking control of what you can in life, rather than just wishing for things to happen.
The document discusses several popular notions of morality, including deontological ethics, utilitarianism, pragmatism, altruism, intrinsicism, subjectivism, collectivism, pacifism, humanism, anarchism, existentialism, and eudaimonism. Deontological ethics focuses on duty and moral obligation, while utilitarianism believes the moral worth of an action is determined by its contribution to overall utility and happiness. Pragmatism sees the function of thought as guiding action. [END SUMMARY]
This document provides a summary of Abhinav Tyagi's book "Politically Incorrect". It begins by categorizing people into creators, operators, mediators, and talkers based on their skills and professions. The book then discusses issues like the divide between the haves and have-nots, resources like water and energy, and systems like healthcare, education, and microfinance. It emphasizes the importance of the environment, governance reforms, political will, accountability, and developing value systems. The book aims to provide a holistic perspective on these global issues and inspire readers to contribute to building a more just and progressive world.
Constructive Theology in Deconstructive WineskinsTripp Fuller
The document discusses several major thinkers and their impacts on theology, including Darwin and his theory of evolution challenging biblical authority; Marx arguing that ideas are products of economics rather than causes; Foucault examining power/knowledge and regimes of truth; Lyotard declaring the death of metanarratives; Levinas prioritizing ethics and the relationship to the other; and Derrida deconstructing logocentrism and the privileging of presence over difference. Theology after these thinkers grapples with rethinking core doctrines like anthropology, Christology, and soteriology through constructive engagement with these challenging perspectives.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. Reality:
“Reality in everyday usage means everything that exists rather than they
are imagined to be”.
Mock Reality:
“Mock reality is something that is believed to be true or real but that is
actually false or unreal”.
REALITY VS MOCK REALITY
3.
4.
5. UNDERSTANDING OF WORLD COMES FROM
Sensations & Environment
Parents, Teachers, Professionals, Govt. Leaders
Studied, Tested, Published and Declared to be a fact
A book that society considers to be reliable?
Culture, Tradition & Religion’s Influence
Personal
Experience
Authorities
Factual
Evidence
References
Culture/
Tradition
8. PLATO’S THEORY OF FORMS
The Theory of Forms is a way of understanding reality. Plato argued that:
“What people see and experience in their daily lives is
actually just a representation of actual reality, which people
cannot access but which influences the world nonetheless”.