Reading a weather map slideshare
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This document provides instructions for reading a weather map and understanding key elements such as air pressure, wind direction and speed, temperature, and dew point. It explains that air pressure between 94.00 and 106.00 kPa is generally acceptable, how to convert between kPa and millibars, and that high pressure means dry weather while low pressure means stormy weather. It also outlines how to determine wind direction from the map and calculate speed using barbs, and how temperature and dew point are measured in degrees Celsius.
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Reading a Weather Map
This document provides instructions for reading a weather map and understanding key elements such as air pressure, wind direction and speed, temperature, and dew point. It explains that air pressure between 94.00 kPa and 106.00 kPa is generally acceptable, how to convert between kPa and millibars, and that changes in air pressure indicate incoming weather patterns. Wind direction is shown by the direction the point of the wind barbs face, and speed is represented by full and half barb increments of 10 and 5 knots respectively. Temperature and dew point are both measured in degrees Celsius.
Reading a Weather Map Station Model
This document provides instructions for reading a weather map and understanding key elements such as air pressure, wind direction and speed, temperature, and dew point. It explains that air pressure between 94.00 kPa and 106.00 kPa is generally acceptable, how to convert between kPa and millibars, and that changes in air pressure indicate incoming weather. It also outlines how to determine wind direction from arrows on the map and measure speed in knots using barbs. Temperature and dew point are both measured in degrees Celsius.
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The document provides information about different gases including oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and helium (He). It discusses which gases are important for plants (CO2), breathing (O2/CO2), combustion (O2), and balloons/dirigibles (He). The document also covers gas laws, properties of gases like pressure and volume, units of measurement, and how gases behave at different temperatures and pressures.
Atmospheric pressure
This document discusses atmospheric pressure and how it is measured. It defines atmospheric pressure as the force per unit area exerted by the entire air mass above a specified surface. Atmospheric pressure can be measured using a mercury barometer or an aneroid barometer. It describes how pressure decreases with increasing altitude and discusses standard atmospheric pressure units and how pressure varies globally and with weather patterns.
Air pressure
Here are the key steps to solve these atmospheric pressure and boiling point calculation problems:
1) H = 11(760 - 721) = 429 m
2) H = 4,070 m, P = 760 - (H/11) = 760 - (4,070/11) = 390 mm Hg
3) H = 2,376 m, B.P. = 100 - (760 - P)/27 = 100 - (760 - (760 - (H/11)))/27 = 100 - (760 - (760 - (2,376/11)))/27 = 95 °C
4) P = 625 mm Hg, H = 11(760 - P) = 11(
78239585 orals-met
1. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the earth's atmosphere. It is measured in hectopascals (hPa), with 1 hPa equal to 1 millibar.
2. Pressure gradient refers to the rate of change of pressure over distance and indicates how strongly winds will blow between areas of high and low pressure.
3. Dew point temperature is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor and fog can form. It is an important measurement for mariners to consider when deciding whether to ventilate cargo holds.
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The document discusses air pressure and winds, including how air pressure is measured, how it varies with altitude and due to other factors, the forces that affect wind including pressure gradients, Coriolis force and friction, different wind patterns at various altitudes and near the surface, how winds generate vertical air motion, and how wind is measured. It provides details on these topics over several sections and pages with diagrams.
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Reading a Weather Map
This document provides instructions for reading a weather map and understanding key elements such as air pressure, wind direction and speed, temperature, and dew point. It explains that air pressure between 94.00 kPa and 106.00 kPa is generally acceptable, how to convert between kPa and millibars, and that changes in air pressure indicate incoming weather patterns. Wind direction is shown by the direction the point of the wind barbs face, and speed is represented by full and half barb increments of 10 and 5 knots respectively. Temperature and dew point are both measured in degrees Celsius.
Reading a Weather Map Station Model
This document provides instructions for reading a weather map and understanding key elements such as air pressure, wind direction and speed, temperature, and dew point. It explains that air pressure between 94.00 kPa and 106.00 kPa is generally acceptable, how to convert between kPa and millibars, and that changes in air pressure indicate incoming weather. It also outlines how to determine wind direction from arrows on the map and measure speed in knots using barbs. Temperature and dew point are both measured in degrees Celsius.
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The document provides information about different gases including oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and helium (He). It discusses which gases are important for plants (CO2), breathing (O2/CO2), combustion (O2), and balloons/dirigibles (He). The document also covers gas laws, properties of gases like pressure and volume, units of measurement, and how gases behave at different temperatures and pressures.
Atmospheric pressure
This document discusses atmospheric pressure and how it is measured. It defines atmospheric pressure as the force per unit area exerted by the entire air mass above a specified surface. Atmospheric pressure can be measured using a mercury barometer or an aneroid barometer. It describes how pressure decreases with increasing altitude and discusses standard atmospheric pressure units and how pressure varies globally and with weather patterns.
Air pressure
Here are the key steps to solve these atmospheric pressure and boiling point calculation problems:
1) H = 11(760 - 721) = 429 m
2) H = 4,070 m, P = 760 - (H/11) = 760 - (4,070/11) = 390 mm Hg
3) H = 2,376 m, B.P. = 100 - (760 - P)/27 = 100 - (760 - (760 - (H/11)))/27 = 100 - (760 - (760 - (2,376/11)))/27 = 95 °C
4) P = 625 mm Hg, H = 11(760 - P) = 11(
78239585 orals-met
1. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the earth's atmosphere. It is measured in hectopascals (hPa), with 1 hPa equal to 1 millibar.
2. Pressure gradient refers to the rate of change of pressure over distance and indicates how strongly winds will blow between areas of high and low pressure.
3. Dew point temperature is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor and fog can form. It is an important measurement for mariners to consider when deciding whether to ventilate cargo holds.
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The document discusses air pressure and winds, including how air pressure is measured, how it varies with altitude and due to other factors, the forces that affect wind including pressure gradients, Coriolis force and friction, different wind patterns at various altitudes and near the surface, how winds generate vertical air motion, and how wind is measured. It provides details on these topics over several sections and pages with diagrams.
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Standard atmosphere
This document discusses the standard atmosphere and how atmospheric pressure varies with altitude. It provides information on how pressure decreases as altitude increases, dropping about 1.2 kPa for every 100 meters at low altitudes. The document also presents an equation called the barometric formula that relates atmospheric pressure, altitude, temperature, and other parameters in the troposphere. It includes a table with typical values for these parameters.
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General Atmospheric CirculationUnit 6bGeneral Ci
General Atmospheric
Circulation
Unit 6b
General Circulation of the Atmosphere
• Single-cell model (Hadley, 1735)
• Assumes:
– non-rotating earth
– uniform surface
• Low Pressure at Equator (warm air rising)
• High Pressure at Poles (cold air sinking)
• Creates a thermal convection cell
Three Cell Model
• Due to earth’s rotation and other
dynamic factors there are typically 3
primary cells
– Hadley Cell (tropics)
– Midlatitude Cell (Ferrel)
– Polar Cell (polar zones)
Three Cell Model
Hadley Cell
Primary High & Low Pressure Areas
Equatorial Low Pressure (ITCZ)
Subtropical High Pressure
Subpolar Low Pressure
Polar High Pressure
Equatorial Low Pressure
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
±10° N & S
Thermally-induced low pressure
Clouds and rain
Limited wind (doldrums)
Seasonal shift N-S
Subtropical High Pressure
• Dynamic high pressure
– subsiding air of Hadley Cell
– between 20° - 35° N & S
• Creates hot, dry air
– Clear skies, limited wind (horse latitudes)
– e.g., Bermuda High, Hawaiian High
• Strengthen/weaken seasonally
• Shift N & S with sun’s declination
Subpolar Low Pressure
• Dynamic low pressure
– air forced to rise
– along polar front
• Cool, moist, cloudy
• Frequent cyclonic storms
– e.g., Aleutian Low, Icelandic Low
• strengthen/weaken seasonally
General Circulation
(Side-View)
General Circulation – Surface Winds
Trade Winds (tropical)
Westerlies (midlatitudes)
Polar Easterlies
Trade Winds
Trade Winds (tropical)
– from subtropical highs to equatorial lows
– northeast trades & southeast trades
Westerlies
Westerlies (midlatitudes)
– from the subtropical highs to the subpolar lows (west à
east)
– tend to be wavy (meridional flow)
Polar Easterlies
Polar Easterlies
– from polar highs to subpolar lows
– variable, cold, dry winds
www.atmo.arizona.edu
General Circulation – Upper Air Flow
(geostrophic winds)
• Westerlies
– subtropics à poles
– occur as Rossby Waves Jet Streams
– areas of high wind velocity within the westerlies
• Subtropical Jet
– 20° - 50° N & S
– 10,000 – 15,000 m
• Polar Jet
– 30° - 70° N & S
– 8,000 – 12,000 m
Jet Stream
Rossby Waves
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a0
10900/a010902/
http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/wc
.notes/7.circ.atm/rossby_waves.htm
Local and Regional Winds
Ocean Circulation
Unit 6c
Local and Regional Winds
Land/Sea Breeze
Mountain/Valley Breeze
Katabatic Winds
Compressional Winds
Monsoons
Land/Sea Breeze
• thermal circulation
• best developed in summer
• land heats up during day, creates relative low
pressure forming sea breeze
• land cools off at night creates relative high pressure
forming land breeze
Mountain/Valley Breeze
• thermal circulation
• best developed in summer
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wind (valley breeze)
• slopes cool off at night causing a downslope wind
(mountain breeze)
Katabatic Wind
Cold downslope wind
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Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the weight of air above measured using instruments like barometers, and decreases with increasing altitude; wind is the horizontal movement of air caused by pressure differences and controlled by the pressure gradient force, Coriolis effect, and friction at the surface.
Gases pt.1
Pressure is force per unit area measured in pounds per square inch (psi) or pascals (Pa). Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of the individual gas partial pressures. Boyle's law describes the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at a constant temperature. Charles' law states that the volume of a gas increases or decreases proportionally with an increase or decrease in temperature when pressure is kept constant.
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Pressure is force per unit area measured in pounds per square inch (psi) or pascals (Pa). Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of the individual gas partial pressures. Boyle's law describes the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at a constant temperature. Charles' law states that the volume of a gas increases or decreases proportionally with an increase or decrease in temperature when pressure remains constant.
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This document discusses chilled beams and passive chilled beams. It provides information on:
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2) Calculations for determining heat transfer through radiation and convection, with an example provided. Radiation accounts for around 34% of heat transfer and convection 66% for the example beam.
3) How static and dynamic pressure affect air movement in a room, with dynamic pressure created by air velocity lowering static pressure and causing surrounding air to move towards the air jet.
Weather lesson
This document provides an overview of key weather concepts including:
1) It outlines the objectives of the weather lesson which are to learn about weather instruments, high and low pressures, winds, air masses, fronts, reading station models, and severe weather and clouds.
2) It describes different weather instruments and how barometric pressure is measured in millibars using isobars on weather maps.
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The two ideologies in conflict during the Cold War were:
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WWI, Interwar Years, WWII Review
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3) The emergence of totalitarian regimes in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union centralized power in dictators like Hitler and Stalin who were able to mobilize their nations for war.
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Political parties in Canada responded differently to address the hardships caused by the Great Depression:
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Make Germany Pay!
The document summarizes the key terms of the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany after World War 1. France wanted revenge on Germany and its complete disarmament. The US wanted peace and reduced arms while Britain wanted a stable Germany. Germany was forced to agree to territorial losses including colonies, a reduced military of 100,000 troops with no heavy weapons, paying reparations of 32 billion pounds, and accepting sole blame for WWI.
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4 other ways to influence the government
There are several ways for citizens and groups to influence government besides voting: contacting elected officials, joining like-minded groups, forming pressure/interest groups, using lobbyists and the courts, protests, civil disobedience, and influencing the media. Pressure groups specifically try to influence policy changes, and can include non-profits like Greenpeace or Amnesty International. Effective tactics include lobbying politicians, litigation, demonstrations, and generating media attention for their cause. However, well-funded groups can have disproportionate influence.
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Reading a weather map slideshare
- 1. Reading a Weather Map Predicting the Weather
- 2. Air Pressure • Generally acceptable pressure range is 94.00 kPa to 106.00 kPa • Add a 9 or 10 in front of the number and move the decimal two places to the left – ie. 9013 = 90.13 or 10013 = 100.13 • Which air pressure is acceptable?
- 3. Air Pressure • Even if you forget how to do this, you know that – “High means Dry” or – Low pressure is associated with really stormy weather • The circle tells you the fraction of cloud cover • You be the judge
- 4. Air Pressure • Converting kPa to millibars – Multiply by 10 – 100.13 kPa = 1001.3 mb
- 5. Air Pressure Change • If 013 translates to 100.13 kPa with 2 decimal places… – +08 becomes “an increase of 0.08 kPa” (notice, 2 decimal places)
- 6. Wind Direction and Speed • The point towards the circle in the same direction as the wind travels. – ie. Southwesterly • Wind speed shown by total barbs – Each barb = 10 knots – ½ barb = 5 knots – ie. 15 knots
- 7. Temperature • Measured in degrees Celsius – ie. 25°C
- 8. Dew Point • The temperature at which condensation will occur. – In other words, when clouds will form • Measured in degrees Celsius – ie. 19°C