9. Sun Northern Spring Southern Autumn JUNE DECEMBER 23.5 ° Northern Autumn Southern Spring Northern Summer Southern Winter Southern Summer Northern Winter
10. NORTHERN SUMMER SOUTHERN WINTER Same amount of heat energy spread over a much smaller area than: Heat Energy form the Sun
11. High Pressure Low Pressure P 1 P2 Distance Magnitude of the Pressure Gradient P1 - P2 Distance
41. Moisture Saturation Dewpoint is the temperature that you have to lower the atmosphere down to for it to become 100% saturated Calculate the base of cloud.
43. Clouds are divided into four basic groups, or FAMILIES do to their height range LOW CLOUDS MIDDLE CLOUDS HIGH CLOUDS CLOUDS WITH VERTICAL DEVELOPENT
69. Stationary Front When the opposing forces of two airmasses are relatively balanced The weather in a stationary front is usually a mixture of that found in both warm and cold fronts
88. * Don't know where they landed - didn't say! This is what can happen if "can do" takes over in common sense and flying through thunderstorms. 2 Navy T-38's land here* last night IFE, They flew through a hail storm. The pilots today thought that their maintenance guys were going to wave a magic wand and let them fly home .
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101. Is moist air, for the same temperature, less dense than dry air? Moist Air Vs Dry Air YES NO Moist air, for the same temperature, is 62% less dense than dry air.
102. 78% Nitrogen 4 to 1 = 5 molecules 20% Oxygen replaced by H 2 O Atomic Weight Hydrogen - 1 H 2 = 2 Oxygen - 16 O 2 = 32 Nitrogen - 14 N 2 = 28 DRY AIR O 2 = 32 X 1 = 32 32 + 112 = 144 N 2 = 28 X 4 = 112 MOIST AIR H 2 = 2 O = 16 16 + 2 = 18 X 5 = 90 DRY = 144 MOIST = 90 90 / 144 = 62%
150. “ METAR” The METAR uses ICAO (international civil aviation organization four-letter station identifiers that follow the type of report. IN the continuous US, the three-letter identifier is prefixed with K.
153. “ METAR” “ G”: denotes gusts “ KT”: denotes the use of knots for wind speed “ V”: denotes when wind direction is variable by 60 degrees or more “ VRB”: denotes when wind direction is variable and wind speed less then 6 knots “ PK WND”: denoted when facility have a wind recorder and a peak wind exists “ WSHFT”: denoted in the remarks section when a windshift occurs. A windshift is indicated by a change in wind direction of 45 degrees or more in less than 15 minutes with sustained winds of 10 knots or more. “ FROPA”: denotes that the wind shift was due to a frontal passage
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162. “ METAR” ** SKC will be reported at manual stations. The abbreviation CLR shall be used at automated stations when no clouds are detected below 12,000’**
163. CEILING Defined as the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena aloft reported as BROKEN or OVERCAST
164. “ METAR” AC-00-45E 2-1 Cloud bases are reported in hundreds of feet above ground level (AGL) Ceiling - lowest broken or overcast layer aloft or vertical visibility into an obscuration
165.
166.
167.
168. “ METAR” Celsius 100 32 21 16 15 0 -40 212 90 70 61 59 32 -40 Fahrenheit Dewpoint is the temperature at which air reaches a state where it can hold no more water. When the dewpoint is reached, the air contains 100% of the moisture it can hold at that temperature, and it is said to be saturated.
169.
170. “ METAR” Sea Level Pressure (SLP) Some Stations also include sea-level pressure which is different from altimeter. It is shown in the Remarks element as SLP being followed by the sea-level pressure in hectopascals, a unit of measurement equivalent to the millibar
171.
172. “ METAR” T 0150 0139 0 if temperature 0 °C or higher 1 if temperature below 0 °C 015.0 013.9
181. “ SD” Radar Weather Reports Jep 7-16 / AC 00-45E 3-6 SD KNPA 1935 LN 10 TRWX 86/40 164/60 12W C2430 MT 440 AT 159/65
182. “ SD” Radar Weather Reports Jep 7-16 / AC 00-45E 3-6 TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO Location and time UTC Echo pattern (LN LINE) (AREA) (CELL) Coverage, in tenths Type and intensity of weather
183. SYMBOL INTENSITY (-) Light (none) Moderate (+) Heavy (++) Very Heavy X Intense XX Extreme SYMBOL MEANING R Rain RW Rain shower S Snow SW Snow shower T Thunderstorm
184. “ SD” Radar Weather Reports Jep 7-16 / AC 00-45E 3-6 TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO Azimuth,referenced to true north, and range, in NM from the radar site. 86degrees/40 NM Dimension of echo pattern (20NM wide) Cell movement (240 degrees at 25 Kts) Max tops and location (57,000 159 degrees 65NM
185. TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO 40 NM 60 NM 20 NM wide 86 degrees 164 degrees Max top 57,000MSL 159 degrees 8/10
186. “ SD” Radar Weather Reports Jep 7-16 / AC 00-45E 3-6 GRB 1135 AREA 4TRW+ 9/100 130/75 50W C2425 MT 310 AT 45/47 AUTO ICT 1935 LN 9TRWX 275/80 210/90 20W C2430 MTS 440 AT 260/48 AUTO GGW 1135 AREA 3S- 90/120 150/80 34W MT100 AT 130/49
199. Heading And Precaution Sections SLCC FA 141045 SYNOPSIS AND CLDS/WX SYNOPSIS VALID UNTIL 150500 CLDS/WX VALID UNTIL 142300 . . . OUTLK VALID 142300-150500 ID MT NV UT WY CO AZ NM SEE AIRMET SIERRA FOR IFR CONDS AND MTN OBSCN. TSTMS IMPLY PSBL SVR OR GTR TURBC SVR ICG LLWS AND IFR CONDS. NON MSL HGTS ARE DENOTED BY AGL OR CIG.
200. Synopsis Section SYNOPSIS . . . HIGH PRES OVER NERN MT CONTG EWD GRDLY. LOW PRES OVR AZ NM AND WRN TX RMNG GENLY STNRY. ALF . . . TROF EXTDS FROM WRN MT INTO SRN AZ RMNG STNRY.
201. VFR Clouds And Weather Section ID MT FROM YXH TO SHR TO 30SE BZN TO 60SE PIH TO LKT TO YXC TO YXH. 70-90 SCT-BKN 120-150. WDLY SCT RW-. TOPS SHWRS 180. OTLK . . . VFR RMNDR AREA . . . 100-120. ISOLD RW- MNLY ERN PTNS AREA. OTLK . . . VFR . UT NV NM AZ 80 SCT-BKN 150-200. WDLY SCT RW-/TRW-. CB TOPS 450. OTLK . . . VFR
207. AIRMETS (WA) AC 00-45E 4-23 MODERATE Icing or Turbulence Sustained Winds Over 30 Knots Less than 1,000 ft. Ceiling or 3 miles Extensive Mountain Obscuration S = IFR Conditions T = Turbulence Z = Icing LIGHT AIRCRAFT
208. SIGMETS (WS) SEVERE Icing Extreme Turbulence, Duststorms, Sandstorms, Volcanic Eruptions N through Y (Except S, T, and Z)
230. Visibility reduced by smoke Visibility reduced by haze Widespread dust in suspension in the air, NOT raised by the wind at time of observation Dust or sand raised by wind at time of observation Well developed dust devil(s) within past hour Dust storm or sand storm within sight of or at station during past hour
231. Patches of shallow fog at station, NOT deeper than 6 feet on land Light fog More or less continuous shallow fog at station, NOT deeper than 6 feet on land Lightning visible, no thunder heard Thunder heard, but no precipitation at the station
232. Intermittent drizzle (NOT freezing),slight at time of observation continuous drizzle (NOT freezing),thick at time of observation slight freezing drizzle Moderate or thick freezing drizzle
233. Intermittent rain (NOT freezing),slight at time of observation Moderate or thick freezing rain Continuous fall of snowflakes, heavy at time of observation Moderate or heavy shower(s) of rain and snow mixed
241. Line or area movement is no longer indicated Change of intensity is no longer indicated Assume that all precipitation on this chart is reaching the surface
253. Outlook An “outlook” briefing will be provided when the proposed departure is 6 hours or more from the time of the briefing. Briefing will be limited to applicable forecast data needed for proposed flight.
254.
255.
256. TIBS AC 00-45E 1-5 Telephone Information Briefing Service
264. AWOS And ASOS Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS) JEPP 7-52
265.
266.
Editor's Notes
Sky cover is reported in eighths of the sky covered TCU - towering cumulus CB - cumulonimbus CEILING - lowest broken or overcast layer aloft or vertical visibility into an obscuration. AGL - clouds are reported height above ground level
Sky cover is reported in eighths of the sky covered TCU - towering cumulus CB - cumulonimbus CEILING - lowest broken or overcast layer aloft or vertical visibility into an obscuration. AGL - clouds are reported height above ground level
MIFG SHALLOW FOG SLP993 999.3 HECTOPASCALS 6//// An indeterminable amount of precipitation has occurred over the last 3 hours T01500139 15.0 C / 13.9 C 56012 atmospheric pressure lower since previous 3 hours 5 = element 6= Decreasing then steady; or decreasing more slowly 012 = 1.2 hectopascals
![Printed Weather Reports ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)