Ravindra type of network
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There are two types of data connections: point-to-point and multipoint. A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link between two devices, reserving the entire capacity for transmission between them. A multipoint connection is shared by more than two devices, with the capacity shared either spatially if used simultaneously or temporally if devices take turns.
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1. Data communication systems allow exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums like wires. They must reliably and accurately deliver data to intended recipients in a timely manner.
2. Communication can occur in simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex mode depending on whether devices can transmit and receive simultaneously or one at a time.
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Data communication and network
1. Introduction to Data Communication:
Data communication refers to the exchange of data between devices through a transmission medium such as cables, fiber optics, or wireless signals. The primary goal is to ensure the accurate and efficient transfer of data from one point to another. This process involves several key components:
Sender: The device that originates the message.
Receiver: The device that receives the message.
Transmission Medium: The physical path through which the message travels (e.g., twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, or air for wireless communication).
Message: The data being communicated, which can be in the form of text, numbers, images, audio, or video.
Protocol: A set of rules governing the data communication process, ensuring that the devices involved can interpret and understand the transmitted data correctly.
2. Types of Data Communication:
Simplex: Data flows in one direction only. Examples include keyboards and monitors.
Half-Duplex: Data flows in both directions, but not simultaneously. Walkie-talkies are a common example.
Full-Duplex: Data flows in both directions simultaneously, like in telephone conversations.
3. Network Fundamentals:
A network is a collection of interconnected devices that can communicate with each other. Networks can be categorized based on their size, range, and structure.
4. Types of Networks:
Local Area Network (LAN): Covers a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building. Typically uses Ethernet or Wi-Fi.
Wide Area Network (WAN): Spans a large geographic area, often a country or continent. The internet is the largest WAN.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Covers a larger geographic area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city.
Personal Area Network (PAN): A small network typically within the range of an individual, such as a Bluetooth connection between devices.
5. Network Topologies:
Bus Topology: All devices are connected to a single central cable.
Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub.
Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular fashion.
Mesh Topology: Devices are interconnected, with multiple paths for data transmission.
Hybrid Topology: A combination of two or more different topologies.
6. Protocols and Standards:
Protocols are rules that govern data communication. Some common protocols include:
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The fundamental suite for internet communications.
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring web pages.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.
Standards ensure interoperability between different devices and networks. Some key organizations that develop and maintain these standards include:
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
Network hardware
This document discusses different types of computer networks categorized by transmission technology and scale. It describes point-to-point links which connect two machines directly and broadcasting links which allow messages to be sent to all machines on the network. It then outlines different network scales including personal area networks (PANs) connecting devices near a person, local area networks (LANs) within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) spanning a city, and wide area networks (WANs) extending across countries using transmission lines and routers.
1536997963_ch2 optical network (1).ppt
The document provides an overview of optical networks and related concepts. It discusses:
1. Network terminology such as stations, nodes, trunks, and topologies.
2. Network categories including LANs, MANs, WANs, and undersea networks.
3. Network layers from the physical layer up to the transport layer.
4. The optical layer which provides lightpath services over physical links.
5. An introduction to SDH/SONET including applications, advantages, disadvantages, physical configuration, layers, transmission formats and speeds, optical interface specifications, and ring architectures.
1536997963_ch2 optical network.ppt
The document provides an overview of optical networks and related concepts. It discusses:
1. Network terminology such as stations, nodes, trunks, and topologies.
2. Network categories including LANs, MANs, WANs, and undersea networks.
3. Network layers from the physical layer up to the transport layer.
4. The optical layer which provides lightpath services over physical links.
5. An introduction to SDH/SONET including applications, advantages, disadvantages, physical configuration, layers, transmission formats and speeds, optical interface specifications, and ring architectures.
1536997963_ch2 optical network details...
This document provides an overview of optical networks and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) / synchronous optical network (SONET). It defines key network concepts such as stations, nodes, trunks, switching, routing, and topologies. It also describes different types of networks including local area networks, metropolitan area networks, access networks, wide area networks, and undersea networks. The document then discusses network layers, including the physical, data link, network, and transport layers. It provides an introduction to SDH/SONET including applications, advantages, disadvantages, physical configuration, layers, transmission formats and speeds, and optical interfaces.
BSNL TRAINNING
This document discusses various topics related to telecommunication networks including:
- Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing and how it increases network capacity.
- Broadband access and the convergence of voice, video, and data networks.
- Pulse code modulation and the basic requirements for PCM systems including filtering, sampling, quantization, encoding, and line coding.
- Leased lines and Multi-Line Leased Networks and how they provide dedicated connections between locations.
- Optical fiber cables and their advantages over other transmission medias like twisted pair and coaxial cables due to their high information carrying capacity and resistance to electromagnetic interference.
Unit 1.pdf
A computer network connects autonomous devices like computers, printers, and other devices to exchange data. Nodes are connected by communication channels like copper wires, fiber optics, or wireless links. A distributed system builds a software system on top of a network so that the existence of multiple computers is transparent to the user. To be effective, networks must meet performance, reliability, and security criteria. Common network applications include electronic messaging, directory services, information services, electronic data interchange, and teleconferencing. Networks can be classified based on their topology like mesh, star, tree, bus, and ring configurations. Local area networks connect devices within a single building or campus.
Networks classification
This presentation deals with the network classifications based on topologies, scale, architecture and transmission technology.
Chapter_1_Networking_Fundamentals.pptx
This document provides an overview of computer networking fundamentals. It defines a computer network as a set of connected computers that share information and resources. Local area networks (LANs) operate within a small area, while wide area networks (WANs) interconnect multiple LANs across a larger area. Networking devices like switches, routers, and firewalls help share information and hardware resources on a network, while ensuring security and reliability. The document also discusses topics like collision and broadcast domains, and common network topologies.
Similar to Ravindra type of network (20)
Computer Networks Unit 1 Introduction and Physical Layer
Computer Networks Unit 1 Introduction and Physical Layer
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Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
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一比一原版(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
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objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
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原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Ravindra type of network
- 1. TYPE OF NETWORK Name-Ravindra Kumar Paswan Roll No.20 Branch-Computer Err Section-A
- 2. Type of data connection Two types of connection Point to point connection Multipoint connection
- 3. Point to Point Connection A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link between two devices. The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission between those two devices. Most point-to-point connections use an actual length of wire or cable to connect the two ends, but other options, such as microwave or satellite links, are also possible. When you change television channels by infrared remote control, you are establishing a point-to- point connection between the remote control and the television's control system
- 4. Point to Point Connection
- 5. Multipoint Connection A multipoint(also called multidrop) connection is one in which more than two specific devices share a single link . In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially or temporally. If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a spatially shared connection. If users must take turns, it is a timeshared connection