4.
The telephone is a telecommunication device that is
used to transmit digitally.
Telecommunication networks carry information signals
among entities, which are geographically far apart.
The telecommunication links and switching were
mainly designed for voice communication.
The universal connectivity is realized when any entity
in one part of the world can communicate with any
other entity in another part of the world.
5.
The control of circuit switching systems is
accomplished remotely by a specific form of data
communication known as signaling.
Switching systems are connected with one another by
telecommunication channels known as trunks.
In some switching systems the signals for a call directly
control the switching devices.
In the early stages of development in
telecommunication, manual switching methods were
deployed.
But later on to overcome the limitations of manual
switching; automatic exchanges had developed.
6.
In telecommunications systems, trunking is the
aggregation of multiple user circuits into a single
channel.
Trunking theory was developed by Agner Krarup
Erlang.
In order to provide connectivity between all the users
full mesh network is build.
9.
Increase Network Capacity
Makes full use of the huge bandwidth (about 25 THz)
resource of fibers
Long-distance transmission.
Abundant service access types (such as SDH,ATM)
Working on Existing Fiber Infrastructure resulting
“Saving fiber resource”.
11.
Broadband Solutions represent the
convergence of multiple independent networks
including voice, video and data into a
single, unified, broadband network.
Broadband refers to high speed internet access.
12.
Bridge Mode : Requires only one desktop.
Always On Mode: More than one desktop.
13.
To cater to the increased demand of traffic between two
stations we resorted to the use of an increased number of
pairs on open wire alignment.
To exploit the available bandwidth of transmission media
such as open wire lines to provide more number of circuits
on one pair.
The technique used to provide a number of circuits using a
single transmission link is called Multiplexing
14.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) system is used to
transmit the spoken word in digital form.
PCM systems use TDM technique to provide a number
of circuits on the same transmission medium.
Basic Requirements for PCM System
Filtering
Sampling
Quantisation
Encoding
Line Coding
15.
A PON is a point-to-point and point-to-multipoint in
which empowered optical splitters are used to enable a
single optical fibre to serve multiple premises.
The basic elements in any PON system are:
• OLT
• ONU/ONT
• SPLITTERS
• NMS
16.
Minimizes fiber deployment in both the local exchange
and the local loop.
No need of installing multiplexers and demultiplexers
in the splitting locations.
Easy upgrades to higher bit rates or additional
wavelengths.
Requires less fiber
Efficient BW usage
17.
Failure of one ONT will not effect other ONT
Higher reliability for fiber
One common access network for all kind of
subscribers.
19. A leased circuit is a dedicated link provided between two
fixed locations for exclusive use of the customer.
Dedicated point to point line connecting the facilities of a
Customer ,telephone sets.
21.
MLLN is a fully managed Access Network which
allows operator to keep an end to end control over the
customer circuit.
MLLN is a next generation Digital Access Network
which provides solutions to all the Data Networking
and Voice requirements of the customer.
24.
•
Provisioning of Broadband Services: such as
Video request service,
Home study courses,
Medical facilities,
Train timetables, etc.
In High EMI Areas:
- Along railway track,
- Through power substations - can be
suspended directly from power line
towers, or poles.
