Radiography Anatomy of Skull
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Radiography Anatomy of skull bones with related pictures for better understanding of the human skull. .
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Computed tomography (CT) of the head is used to assess head injuries, headaches, dizziness, and symptoms of conditions like aneurysms, bleeding, strokes, and brain tumors. It can also help evaluate the face, sinuses, and skull. CT of the head uses X-rays to generate cross-sectional images of the head and brain which provide more detailed information than regular X-rays, particularly for soft tissues and blood vessels. Common protocols for head CT include non-contrast exams for conditions like trauma or stroke, as well as contrast-enhanced exams to evaluate tumors, aneurysms, or other conditions. Precautions are taken to minimize radiation exposure, especially for children.
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This document describes several common x-ray views of the skull:
- Occipitofrontal view shows the front and back of the skull. Petrous ridges should be superimposed in orbits.
- Caldwell's view shows superior orbital fissures and petrous ridges near orbit bottoms.
- Towne's view angles the beam below to show sella turcica in foramen magnum. Reverse Towne's is above.
- Lateral views superimpose floors of anterior and posterior cranial fossas and clinoid processes.
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- Common clinical indications that would warrant thoracic spine x-rays such as compression fractures or scoliosis.
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This document discusses techniques for visualizing soft tissues in radiography. Soft tissues have less differential attenuation compared to bones, making contrast reduced. Special techniques are needed to improve contrast and demonstrate soft tissues clearly. These include adjusting the kVp and adding filters to change image contrast. Using a normal or low kVp can help visualize certain soft tissues like adenoid and effusions more clearly. High kVp is useful for exams like BA enemas where thicker tissues are involved. Digital technology also helps improve soft tissue visibility compared to conventional radiography. Proper technique selection is important to optimize contrast and sharpness while reducing artifacts.
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- X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation produced when electrons are accelerated and decelerated. They can behave as waves or particles.
- In an x-ray tube, a high voltage is used to accelerate electrons towards a metal target, where x-rays are produced via braking radiation or characteristic radiation.
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Radiography Anatomy of Skull
- 2. SKULL
- 5. SKULL
- 6. Bones of Skull Frontal view Frontal view
- 9. A-Frontal bone B-Parietal and Temporal bone C-Occipital bone
- 11. TEMPORAL BONE
- 13. PARIETAL BONE
- 14. Occipital bone
- 15. Ethmoid bone
- 16. Sphenoid bone
- 18. Sella turcica
- 19. Foramen Magnum
- 20. SUTURE
- 21. FACE
- 23. Maxilla
- 24. Zygomatic bone
- 25. Lacrimal bone
- 26. Nasal bone
- 27. Mandible bone
- 30. Nasal conchae
- 31. Palantine bone
- 32. Ear Ossicles
- 33. Sinus The sinuses are small air pockets. The sinuses produce mucus, which is a thin and flowing liquid that protects the body by trapping and moving germs away. Sinuses becomes filled with fluid due to pathologies like blood in case of trauma or chronic infection , resulting in increased radio-opacity and decrease in radiography. 4 sinuses in skull
- 34. PARA NASAL SINUS 1. Maxillary (2) 2. Frontal (2) 3. Ethmoid 4. Sphenoid (1 or 2)
- 35. Image of face bones and sinus
- 38. Lateral view
- 40. Patient Preparation Inform the patient about the examination and ask the patient to restrict all the movements. Remove all the metallic objects from the skull region . Ask female patients to remove hair clips , bands and other stuff from skull before examination. Take details of dental filling so that it is not misunderstood as artifact or any pathology. Use foam pads in case of children or trauma cases.
- 41. Clinical Indication of Cranium Factures Neoplasm Paget’s Disease Pituitary Adenomas Mastoidits Sinusitis Multiple Myeloma Sclerosis Acoustic neuroma polyps
- 45. X-ray Image
- 46. The zygomatic arch fracture is easily seen on the OM30 (Occipito-Mental 30°) image
- 47. •1 - Orbital floor fracture •2 - Fracture of the lateral wall of the maxillary antrum •3 - Zygomatic arch fracture •4 - Widening of the zygomatico-frontal suture Tripod Facture
- 48. Blowout Facture Blowout fractures are caused by increased pressure in the orbit - the orbit gives way at its weakest point, which is the orbital floor The air/fluid level in the maxillary antrum is due to the presence of blood
- 49. Mandible Facture
- 50. Skull Radiography Parameters Position :- Erect , Supine , Lateral . Factors:- Kvp – 70-80 ,mAs- 20-30. Use of Grids , to enhance the images quality. Use of foam pads to support the patient. Collimation as per the requirement . SID = 40inch
- 51. Skull Radiography Skull AP View:-
- 53. Caldwell method
- 54. PA view
- 55. SMV
- 58. Water’s view
- 59. PA Axial Caldwell method
- 60. Lateral View for Nasal bones
- 61. Mastoid view
- 63. Reference Ken hub .com for anatomy. Bontrager’s Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy by Joh. Clark s Positioning in Radiography, 13e (2016). Pinterest for images .