Ionizing Radiation -How is Gray different from Sievert -Deterministic & Stochastic Radiation Risks -Air Kerma-Time, Distance and Shielding Principles -Dosimetry
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Ionizing Radiation -How is Gray different from Sievert -Deterministic & Stochastic Radiation Risks -Air Kerma-Time, Distance and Shielding Principles -Dosimetry
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Radiation safety precautions (General Principles, Power Plant Safety, Radionu...Sabir Rasheed
Radiation safety precaution. General Principles of Radiation Safety.
Aspects of shielding in diagnostic radiology.
Nuclear Power Plant Safety.
Specific Handling Precautions For Various Radionuclides.
Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, MDIRT Nchanj...Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
Radiation Protection; an overview of ionising radiations. Radiation measuring instruments. Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, credit to IAEA
Radiation is an energy emitted by a source. There are two types of radiation. One is Ionising radiation and other one is non ionising radiation X rays and gamma rays are used in medical and industrial radiography mainly to find the defects.
Radiation safety precautions (General Principles, Power Plant Safety, Radionu...Sabir Rasheed
Radiation safety precaution. General Principles of Radiation Safety.
Aspects of shielding in diagnostic radiology.
Nuclear Power Plant Safety.
Specific Handling Precautions For Various Radionuclides.
Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, MDIRT Nchanj...Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
Radiation Protection; an overview of ionising radiations. Radiation measuring instruments. Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, credit to IAEA
Radiation is an energy emitted by a source. There are two types of radiation. One is Ionising radiation and other one is non ionising radiation X rays and gamma rays are used in medical and industrial radiography mainly to find the defects.
Radiation Protection by Irum Khan (Medical Imaging Technologist)irumk746
Radiation Protection
Introduction:Since the announcement of the discovery of X Rays by Röntgen in December 1895, X-rays and the radiological techniques associated with their use have become increasingly central tools in medical diagnosis and management.
As a result of the growth in the usefulness of imaging, other, non-radiation-based, imaging techniques have been developed (e.g. ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging), and image-guided interventional means of treating patients have become common place. The benefits to patients from these methods of investigation and treatment have been immeasurable.
However, it would be unwise to imagine that no harm can come to patients from the use of radiation-based and other imaging techniques, or from interventional radiology procedures.
Radiation protection is a key aspect of maintaining the safety of patients and Radiation worker in diagnostic and interventional radiology.
Human Responses to Ionizing Radiation DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
1. Acute radiation syndrome
a. Hematologic syndrome
b. Gastrointestinal syndrome
c. Central nervous system syndrome
2. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Extremities
3. Hematologic depression
4. Cytogenetic damage
STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
. Leukemia
2. Other malignant disease
a. Bone cancer
b. Lung cancer
c. Thyroid cancer
d. Breast cancer
3. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Eyes
4. Shortening of life span
5. Genetic damage
EFFECTS OF FETAL IRRADIATION
Prenatal death
2. Neonatal death
3. Congenital malformation
4. Childhood malignancy
5. Diminished growth and development
Purpose Of Radiation Protection
The principle purpose of radiation protection are
To minimize patient exposure in medical diagnostic radiology
To ensure adequate protection of person operating or using x ray equipment.(Radiologist, Medical Imaging Technologist, Radiographer)
To ensure adequate protection of the general public in the vicinity areas where diagnostic procedure are in progress.
The three fundamental principles of radiation protection of patients are
Justification
Optimisation
The application of Dose Limit
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is responsible for the development of these principles.
Justification
The justification principle is anecdotally known as the benefit vs risk principle; that is, an individual's exposure to medical radiation should always have a greater benefit to the patient as to outweigh the negative consequences of the proposed examination. For example, the benefit in requesting a CT brain for a patient that has suffered significant head trauma generally outweighs any negative outcomes associated with that radiation exposure.
If the exposure has no justification then it should be avoided regardless of how small the dose might be.
The purpose of radiation protection is to provide an appropriate level of protection for humans without unduly limiting the beneficial actions giving rise to radiation exposure. Radiation protection is to prevent the occurrence of harmful deterministic effects and to reduce the probability of occurrence of stochastic effects (e.g. cancer and hereditary effects).The ICRP recommends, develops and maintains the International System of Radiological Protection, based on evaluation of the large body of scientific studies available to equate risk to received dose levels. The system's health objectives are "to manage and control exposures to ionising radiation so that deterministic effects are prevented, and the risks of stochastic effects are reduced to the extent reasonably achievable The ICRP's recommendations flow down to national and regional regulators, which have the opportunity to incorporate them into their own law; this process is shown in the accompanying block diagram. In most countries a national regulatory authority works towards ensuring a secure radiation environment in society by setting dose limitation requirements that are generally based on the recommendations of the ICRP.There are three basic principles of radiation protection: justification, optimization, and dose limitation. Justification involves an appreciation for the benefits and risks of using radiation for procedures or treatments. Physicians, surgeons, and radiologic personnel all play a key role in educating patients on the potential adverse effects of radiation exposure. The benefits of exposure should be well known and accepted by the medical community. Often, procedures that expose patients to relatively higher doses of radiation—for example, interventional vascular procedures—are medically necessary, and thus the benefits outweigh the risks. The As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle, defined by the code of federal regulations, was created to ensure that all measures to reduce radiation exposure have been taken while acknowledging that radiation is an integral part of diagnosing and treating patients. Any amount of radiation exposure will increase the risk of stochastic effects, namely the chances of developing malignancy following radiation exposure. These effects are thought to occur as a linear model in which there is no specific threshold to predict whether or not malignancy will develop reliably. For these reasons, the radiologic community teaches protection practices under the ALARA principle.The duration of radiation exposure, distance from the radiation source, and physical shielding are the key facets in reducing exposure. The exposure duration can be minimized in several ways. When exposing a patient to radiation, the technician or physician should preplan the required images to avoid unnecessary and redundant exposure. Magnification significantly increases the exposure to the patient; therefore, magnification should be used judiciously and gently.
Principle of Radiation Protection- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
Radiation protection is the science whose aim is to minimize the risks generated by the use of ionizing radiation. Briefly discusses The ICRP System of Radiological Protection, STRUCTURAL SHIELDING OF
IMAGING FACILITIES, APPLICATION OF INDIVIDUAL DOSE LIMTS, RADIATION EXPOSURE IN PREGNANCY, Diagnostic reference level, Personnel Protection in
Medical X-ray Imaging, Dose Optimization in CT, Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine.
It has been concluded that the management of radiation accidents is a very challenging process and that nuclear medicine physicians have to be well organized in.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
- Resources
Maximize Your Content with Beautiful Assets : Content & Asset for Landing Page pmgdscunsri
Figma is a cloud-based design tool widely used by designers for prototyping, UI/UX design, and real-time collaboration. With features such as precision pen tools, grid system, and reusable components, Figma makes it easy for teams to work together on design projects. Its flexibility and accessibility make Figma a top choice in the digital age.
Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
This study examines cattle rearing in urban and rural settings, focusing on milk production and consumption. By exploring a case in Ahmedabad, it highlights the challenges and processes in dairy farming across different environments, emphasising the need for sustainable practices and the essential role of milk in daily consumption.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
2. What Are X-rays?
1. A form of ionizing radiation
2. Ionizing radiation is radiation that produces positively and
negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter.
3. The production of these ions is the event that may cause injury in
normal biologic tissue.
2
3. Concept of Radiation Protection
• Ongoing responsibility of diagnostic imaging professionals to ensure
radiation safety during all medical radiation procedures
• Obligation is fulfilled by adhering to an established radiation protection
program.
3
• Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard
patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary
exposure to ionizing radiation.
• Unnecessary radiation
• Any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of
diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management of medical
needs.
• Any radiation exposure that does not enhance the quality of the study.
4. Introduction to Radiation Quantities and Units
of Measure
1. Exposure: amount of radiation produced in air when ionizing
radiation is present. Measured in coulomb per kilogram [C/kg], or
milliroentgen [mR]
2. Absorbed dose: the amount of energy that is deposited in a material
per unit mass of the material. Measured in milligray [mGy].
3. Effective dose: a quantity that is a measure of general harm in
humans. Measured in millisievert [mSv].
4
5. Justification and Responsibility for Imaging
Procedures
1. Benefit versus risk
2. Patient can elect to assume the
relatively small risk of exposure to
ionizing radiation.
1. To obtain essential diagnostic
medical information when illness or
injury occurs.
2. When a specific imaging procedure
for health screening purposes is
prudent.
3. Example: When women elect to
undergo screening mammography
to detect breast cancer in its early
stages.
5
6. Diagnostic Efficacy
1. The degree to which the
diagnostic study accurately
reveals the presence or
absence of disease in the
patient.
2. Maximized when essential
images are produced under
recommended radiation
protection guidelines
3. Provides the basis for
determining whether an
imaging procedure or practice
is justified
6
7. Cardinal Rules of Radiation Protection
1. The three basic principles of radiation protection
1. Time
2. Distance
3. Shielding
2. These principles can be applied to the
1. Patient
2. Radiographer
7
9. Patient Protection and
Patient Education
1. Educating patients about
imaging procedures helps to
ensure the highest quality of
service.
2. Use appropriate and effective
communication.
3. Answer questions about the
potential risk of radiation
exposure honestly
4. Inform patients of what needs to
be done, if anything, as a follow-
up to their examination
9
(A) Patient protection. (B) Radiographer protection. Medical
radiation exposure should always be kept as low as reasonably achievable
(ALARA) for the patient and for imaging personnel.
10. Risk of Imaging Procedure Versus Potential
Benefit
• Risk (in general terms)
• The probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity
• Risk (in the medical industry) with reference to the radiation sciences
• The possibility of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect after
irradiation
• Willingness to accept risk
• Perception that the potential benefit to be obtained is greater than the risk
involved.
10
11. Dose-Reduction Methods and Techniques
(Cont.)
• Filtration of the diagnostic
x-ray beam
• Removes nonuseful low-
energy photons from the
primary beam; filtration
primarily benefits the
patient
• Without proper filtration,
more nonuseful low-energy
photons would interact with
the patient’s body,
increasing scatter that could
possibly cause an increase in
the radiographer’s EqD
• Protective Apparel
.. 11
(A) A lead apron protects occupationally exposed personnel
from scattered radiation. (B) A lead mobile x-ray barrier of
0.5- or 1.0-mm lead equivalent provides protection from
scattered radiation. It may be used during special
procedures, in the operating room, and in cardiac units.
12. Patient Restraint
.. 12
(A) The radiographer should never stand in the primary (useful) beam to restrain
the patient. (B) A nonoccupationally exposed person restraining a patient during a
radiographic exposure should wear a lead apron, gloves, and thyroid shield and
stand outside the primary beam.
13. Protection for Pregnant Personnel
• Imaging department protocol
• Pregnant personnel should be able to continue performing their duties
without interruption of employment if they follow established radiation safety
practices.
• Policies for protecting pregnant personnel from radiation
• Voluntary “declaration” of the pregnancy
• Health care facility officially recognizes the pregnancy.
.. 13
14. Placement of Personnel Dosimeter
• During routine computed radiography,
digital radiography, or conventional
radiographic procedures
• When a protective apron is not being
worn, primary personnel dosimeter
should be attached to the clothing on
the front of the body at collar level.
• When a protective apron is used,
dosimeter should be worn outside the
apron at collar level on the anterior
surface of the body.
.. 14
15. Extremity Dosimeter
• A thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
ring badge is worn as a second monitor
when performing radiographic
procedures that require the hands to be
near the primary x-ray beam.
• Purpose of the extremity dosimeter
• Laser-etched cover contains identification
• Reusable TLD element of the dosimeter
.. 15
16. Record of Radiation Exposure
• Should be part of the employment record of all
radiation workers
• Values represent the average annual EfD to the whole
body
.. 16
17. Basic Principles of Radiation Protection for
Personnel Exposure Reduction (Cont.)
• Distance • Distance
.. 17
Figure 14-4. As the distance between the source of
radiation and any given measurement point increases,
radiation intensity (quantity) measured at that point
decreases by the square of the relative change in distance
between the new location and the old.
When the distance from a point source of radiation is
doubled, the radiation at the new location spans an area
four times larger than the original area. However, the
intensity at the new distance is only one fourth of the
original intensity.
18. Protection During Fluoroscopic Procedures
(Cont.)
• Bucky slot shielding device
• Of at least 0.25-mm lead equivalent
• Must automatically cover the Bucky slot
opening in the side of the x-ray table
during a standard fluoroscopic
examination when the Bucky tray is
positioned at the foot end of the table
• Protects radiologist and radiographer at
gonadal level
.. 18
To provide protection at the gonadal level for the fluoroscopist,
the Bucky slot shielding device should be at least 0.25-mm lead
equivalent.
19. Protection During C-Arm
Fluoroscopy (Cont.)
.. 19
Cross-table exposure during use of a C-arm fluoroscope. The exposure rate caused by scatter near the
entrance surface of the patient (the x-ray tube side) exceeds the exposure rate caused by scatter near the
exit surface of the patient (the image intensifier side). The location of lower potential scatter dose is on the
side of the patient away from the x-ray tube (i.e., the image intensifier side). (From Mark Rzeszotarski.)