Stealth Technology is totally based on the EM wave propagation and reflection.RADAR technology plays a major role in military and others.For an object to be discovered in the RADAR it must be able to reflect back the EM waves that hit it.So stealth technology is totally based on this concept.
This presentation is also useful for STEALTH TECHNOLOGY.This presentation inckludes the methods of reducing the area of an object in the RADAR i.e.,to disappear the object by not visible in the RADAR
SEMINAR CREDITS:
SANKOJU YASHWANTH
This presentation is interested with the Radar, Stealth Technology and Radar Absorption Materials.
The category of this presentation is Science and Engineering. Also it is important for the next generation of the Defense Technologies.
You can find the information about the these topic very easily.
Wikipedia is the base of the information.
If you have any questions, contact me. I would be happy to help.
If you like it, please would you like it and comment.
This presentation is interested with the Radar, Stealth Technology and Radar Absorption Materials.
The category of this presentation is Science and Engineering. Also it is important for the next generation of the Defense Technologies.
You can find the information about the these topic very easily.
Wikipedia is the base of the information.
If you have any questions, contact me. I would be happy to help.
If you like it, please would you like it and comment.
ATI's Radar Systems Analysis & Design using MATLAB Technical Training Short C...Jim Jenkins
This course provides a comprehensive description of radar systems analyses and design. A design case study is introduced and as the material coverage progresses throughout the course, and new theory is presented, requirements for this design case study are changed and / or updated, and the design level of complexity is also increased. This design process is supported with a comprehensive set of MATLAB-7 code developed for this purpose. By the end, a comprehensive design case study is accomplished. This will serve as a valuable tool to radar engineers in helping them understand radar systems design process. Each student will receive the instructor’s textbook MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design as well as course notes.
Tutorial Content
This tutorial provides a broad-based discussion of radar system, covering the following topics:
-Introduction to Radars in Military and Commercial Applications
-Radar System Block Diagram
-Radar Antennas (slotted waveguide array, planar array), Transmitter (magnetron, solid-state), Receiver, Pedestal and Radome
-Plot Extraction, Tracking Algorithms and Display
-Radar Range Equation, Detection Performance
-Wave Propagation and Radar Cross Section
-Emerging and Advanced Radar Systems (phased-array, multi-beam, multi-mode, FMCW, solid-state)
In the discussion, practical systems, technical specifications and data will be used to enhance learning.In addition, simulation results will also be used to present findings.
The objective of the tutorial session is to equip participants with solid understanding of radar systems for system level applications and prepare them for advanced and professional radar courses, projects and research.
This tutorial is designed and developed based on the following references:
[1] G. W. Stimson, Introduction to Airborne Radar Second Edition, Scitech Publishing, 1998.
[2] L. V. Blake, A Guide to Basic Pulse-Radar Maximum-Range Calculation, NRL Report 6930, 1969.
[3] K. H. Lee, Radar Systems for Nanyang Technological University, TBSS, 2014.
Non Linear Effects in Fiber Optic SystemsAtul Nanal
This is the presentation of my project thesis at Conslusion of my 2 year Mater of Technology course in Opto Electronics and Optical Communications at IIT Delhi
The project studied the effects of non linear effects of Self and Cross Phase Modulation in presence of Dispersion in an Optical Fiber.
Standard radar detection process requires that the sensor output is compared to a predetermined threshold. The
threshold is selected based on a-priori knowledge available and/or certain assumptions. However, any
knowledge and/or assumptions become in adequate due to the presence of multiple targets with varying signal
return and usually non stationary background. Thus, any predetermined threshold may result in either increased
false alarm rate or increased track loss. Even approaches where the threshold is adaptively varied will not
perform well in situations when the signal return from the target of interest is too low compared to the average
level of the background .Track-before-detect techniques eliminate the need for a detection threshold and provide
detecting and tracking targets with lower signal-to-noise ratios than standard methods. However, although trackbefore-
detect techniques eliminate
the need for detection threshold at sensor's signal processing stage, they often use tuning thresholds at the output
of the filtering stage .This paper presents a computerized simulation model for target detection process.
Moreover, the proposed model method is based on the target motion models, the output of the detection
process can easily be employed for maneuvering target tracking.
The attached narrated power point presentation describes the principle of working, various configurations, advantages, disadvantages and applications of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. The material will be useful to KTU final year B tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This powerpoint presentation is focused on microwave range engineering.
More over their is a video in between whose link is in description>>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFY0VWGGFtM&t=1s
ATI's Radar Systems Analysis & Design using MATLAB Technical Training Short C...Jim Jenkins
This course provides a comprehensive description of radar systems analyses and design. A design case study is introduced and as the material coverage progresses throughout the course, and new theory is presented, requirements for this design case study are changed and / or updated, and the design level of complexity is also increased. This design process is supported with a comprehensive set of MATLAB-7 code developed for this purpose. By the end, a comprehensive design case study is accomplished. This will serve as a valuable tool to radar engineers in helping them understand radar systems design process. Each student will receive the instructor’s textbook MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design as well as course notes.
Tutorial Content
This tutorial provides a broad-based discussion of radar system, covering the following topics:
-Introduction to Radars in Military and Commercial Applications
-Radar System Block Diagram
-Radar Antennas (slotted waveguide array, planar array), Transmitter (magnetron, solid-state), Receiver, Pedestal and Radome
-Plot Extraction, Tracking Algorithms and Display
-Radar Range Equation, Detection Performance
-Wave Propagation and Radar Cross Section
-Emerging and Advanced Radar Systems (phased-array, multi-beam, multi-mode, FMCW, solid-state)
In the discussion, practical systems, technical specifications and data will be used to enhance learning.In addition, simulation results will also be used to present findings.
The objective of the tutorial session is to equip participants with solid understanding of radar systems for system level applications and prepare them for advanced and professional radar courses, projects and research.
This tutorial is designed and developed based on the following references:
[1] G. W. Stimson, Introduction to Airborne Radar Second Edition, Scitech Publishing, 1998.
[2] L. V. Blake, A Guide to Basic Pulse-Radar Maximum-Range Calculation, NRL Report 6930, 1969.
[3] K. H. Lee, Radar Systems for Nanyang Technological University, TBSS, 2014.
Non Linear Effects in Fiber Optic SystemsAtul Nanal
This is the presentation of my project thesis at Conslusion of my 2 year Mater of Technology course in Opto Electronics and Optical Communications at IIT Delhi
The project studied the effects of non linear effects of Self and Cross Phase Modulation in presence of Dispersion in an Optical Fiber.
Standard radar detection process requires that the sensor output is compared to a predetermined threshold. The
threshold is selected based on a-priori knowledge available and/or certain assumptions. However, any
knowledge and/or assumptions become in adequate due to the presence of multiple targets with varying signal
return and usually non stationary background. Thus, any predetermined threshold may result in either increased
false alarm rate or increased track loss. Even approaches where the threshold is adaptively varied will not
perform well in situations when the signal return from the target of interest is too low compared to the average
level of the background .Track-before-detect techniques eliminate the need for a detection threshold and provide
detecting and tracking targets with lower signal-to-noise ratios than standard methods. However, although trackbefore-
detect techniques eliminate
the need for detection threshold at sensor's signal processing stage, they often use tuning thresholds at the output
of the filtering stage .This paper presents a computerized simulation model for target detection process.
Moreover, the proposed model method is based on the target motion models, the output of the detection
process can easily be employed for maneuvering target tracking.
The attached narrated power point presentation describes the principle of working, various configurations, advantages, disadvantages and applications of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. The material will be useful to KTU final year B tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This powerpoint presentation is focused on microwave range engineering.
More over their is a video in between whose link is in description>>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFY0VWGGFtM&t=1s
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Aircraft Stealth Technology is the tech part of an airplane most students get curious about. Stealth is the technology with help of which we can hide an airplane from enemy's eye and radar both. The scientific name for stealth technology is low observatory, which incorporates several concepts into one technology. Stealth is nothing new, it has been used since caveman years with covering up in leaves, but it is now used in military aviation. Stealth does not always refer to just radar there are other forms of detections such as heat signatures. check other aspect by <a>read more</a>
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
2. Contents
Introduction
Reduction
Methods of reduction
Purpose shaping
Active Cancellation
Radar absorbent material
Plasma based RCS reduction
Optimization methods
RCS of antenna
Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion and scope
References
Yashwanth RCS Reduction 2
3. Brief Intro
• Radar cross-section (RCS) is a measure of how detectable an object is with a
radar. A larger RCS indicates that an object is more easily detected.
• An object reflects a limited amount of radar energy back to the source. The
factors that influence this include:
• The material of which the target is made;
• The absolute size of the target;
• The relative size of the target (in relation to the wavelength of the illuminating
illuminating radar);
• The incident angle (angle at which the radar beam hits a particular portion of
of target which depends upon shape of target and its orientation to the radar
radar source);
• The reflected angle (angle at which the reflected beam leaves the part of the
the target hit, it depends upon incident angle);
• The polarization of transmitted and the received radiation in respect to the
orientation of the target Yashwanth RCS Reduction 3
4. Reduction
• RCS reduction is chiefly important in stealth technology for aircraft, missiles, ships, and other military
vehicles. With smaller RCS, vehicles can better evade radar detection, whether it be from land-based
installations, guided weapons or other vehicles. Reduced signature design also improves platforms'
overall survivability through the improved effectiveness of its radar counter-measures.
• Several methods exist. The distance at which a target can be detected for a given radar configuration
varies with the fourth root of its RCS.Therefore, in order to cut the detection distance to one tenth, the
RCS should be reduced by a factor of 10,000. Whilst this degree of improvement is challenging, it is
often possible when influencing platforms during the concept/design stage and using experts and
advanced computer code simulations to implement the control options
Yashwanth RCS Reduction 4
5. Methods of Reduction
• Purpose Shaping
• Active Cancellation
• Radar absorbent material
• Plasma based RCS reduction
• Optimization methods
Yashwanth RCS Reduction 5
6. Purpose Shaping
• With purpose shaping, the shape of the target’s reflecting surfaces is designed such that they reflect
energy away from the source. The aim is usually to create a “cone-of-silence” about the target’s direction
of motion. Due to the energy reflection, this method is defeated by using Passive (multistatic) radars.
• Purpose-shaping can be seen in the design of surface faceting on the F-117A Nighthawk stealth fighter.
This aircraft, designed in the late 1970s though only revealed to the public in 1988, uses a multitude of
flat surfaces to reflect incident radar energy away from the source.
• Yue suggests that limited available computing power for the design phase kept the number of surfaces to
a minimum. The B-2 Spirit stealth bomber benefited from increased computing power, enabling its
contoured shapes and further reduction in RCS. The F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II continue the
trend in purpose shaping and promise to have even smaller monostatic RCS.
Yashwanth RCS Reduction 6
7. Active Cancellation
• With active cancellation, the target generates a radar signal equal in intensity but opposite in phase to the
predicted reflection of an incident radar signal (similarly to noise canceling ear phones).
• This creates destructive interference between the reflected and generated signals, resulting in reduced
RCS. To incorporate active cancellation techniques, the precise characteristics of the waveform and angle
of arrival of the illuminating radar signal must be known, since they define the nature of generated
energy required for cancellation.
• Except against simple or low frequency radar systems, the implementation of active cancellation
techniques is extremely difficult due to the complex processing requirements and the difficulty of
predicting the exact nature of the reflected radar signal over a broad aspect of an aircraft, missile or other
target
Yashwanth RCS Reduction 7
8. Radar absorbent material
• Radar absorbent material (RAM) can be used in the original construction, or as an addition to highly
reflective surfaces. There are at least three types of RAM: resonant, non-resonant magnetic and non-
resonant large volume.
• Resonant but somewhat 'lossy' materials are applied to the reflecting surfaces of the target. The
incident radar energy is reflected from the outside and inside surfaces of the RAM to create a
destructive wave interference pattern.
• Non-resonant magnetic RAM uses ferrite particles suspended in epoxy or paint to reduce the
reflectivity of the surface to incident radar waves.
• Large volume RAM is usually resistive carbon loading added to fiberglass hexagonal cell aircraft
structures or other non-conducting components.
Yashwanth RCS Reduction 8
9. Plasma based RCS reduction
• Plasma stealth is a proposed process to use ionized gas (plasma) to reduce the RCS of an aircraft.
Interactions between electromagnetic radiation and ionized gas have been extensively studied for many
purposes, including concealing aircraft from radar as stealth technology.
• Various methods might plausibly be able to form a layer or cloud of plasma around a vehicle to deflect or
absorb radar, from simpler electrostatic or radio frequency (RF) discharges to more complex laser
discharges. It is theoretically possible to reduce RCS in this way, but it may be very difficult to do so in
practice.
Yashwanth RCS Reduction 9
10. Optimization methods
• Thin non-resonant or broad resonance coatings can be modeled with a Leontovich impedance boundary
condition (see also Electrical impedance). This is the ratio of the tangential electric field to the tangential
magnetic field on the surface, and ignores fields propagating along the surface within the coating. For an
isotropic surface the ideal surface impedance is equal to the 377 ohm impedance of free space.
• To calculate the radar cross-section of such a stealth body, one would typically do one-dimensional
reflection calculations to calculate the surface impedance, then two dimensional numerical calculations
to calculate the diffraction coefficients of edges and small three dimensional calculations to calculate the
diffraction coefficients of corners and points.
• Optimization is in the reverse order. First one does high frequency calculations to optimize the shape and
find the most important features, then small calculations to find the best surface impedances in the
problem areas, then reflection calculations to design coatings.
Yashwanth RCS Reduction 10
11. RCS of antenna
• For the case of an antenna the total RCS can be divided into two separate components as Structural Mode
RCS and Antenna Mode RCS. The two components of the RCS relates to the two scattering phenomena
that takes place at the antenna.
• When an electromagnetic signal falls on an antenna surface, some part of the electromagnetic energy is
scattered back to the space. This is called structural mode scattering.
• The remaining part of the energy is absorbed due to the antenna effect. Some part of the absorbed energy
is again scattered back into the space due to the impedance mismatches, called antenna mode scattering.
Yashwanth RCS Reduction 11
12. Advantages Disadvantages
• Survival of stealth vehicle
• Attacking is a benefit by this
process
• Invincible to the RADARs by
avoiding the damage of
counterfeits
• RADAR’s of multiple types can
easily detect the stealth
• Not easy to implement
• Optimized by boundary
conditions
• Difficult to expect and identify
the properties of the waves of
RADAR
Yashwanth RCS Reduction 12
13. Conclusion and Scope
This Radar Cross section reduction is mostly useful
in the times of wars and as it is very difficult to
implement there are less number of vehicles which
are made of stealth technology
Effective measures of RADARs has always been a
work in the research industries like
DRDO,ECIL,BEL etc,.
RADAR technology must be improved in our country
in our fighter jets to improve defence skills so that
defeating the F-15 fighter jets of Pakistan can much
easier
Development in Electronics and Communication
department is necessary for our country
Yashwanth RCS Reduction 13
14. References
• Skolnick, M.I., Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw-Hill, 1980.
• Knott, Eugene; Shaeffer, John; Tuley, Michael (1993). Radar Cross
Section, 2nd ed. Artech House, Inc. p. 231. ISBN 0-89006-618-3.
• F-22 Raptor Stealth GlobalSecurity.org
• Bill Sweetman, Unconventional Weapon: What we learned about
stealth technology from the combat career of the F-117,
Smithsonian Air & Space Magazine, 01 January 2008
• Radar Cross Section Measurements (8-12 GHz)
• Ship RCS Table
• www.radartutorial.eu (Effektive Rückstrahlfläche (RCS); German)
• M. Skolnik: Introduction to radar systems. 2nd Edition, McGraw-
Hill, Inc., 1980, p. 44
• C.A., Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, John Wiley & Sons,
1989. Yashwanth RCS Reduction 14