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Stratification Chapter 7 Rev 10-13
Stratification refers to systematic inequalities between groups that arise from social processes and relationships. There are different ways to measure social class, including socioeconomic status measures like education, income, and occupation used by functionalist sociologists, and ownership of production means used by conflict sociologists. Stratification creates a social hierarchy with unequal access to resources and social worth.
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Stratification Chapter 7 Rev 10-13
- 1.
- 2. What Is Stratification? Stratificationrefers to systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships. 2
- 5. What is themeaning of the word ―class‖
- 7. The United Stateshas some vertical social mobility, but not as much as several nations in Western Europe.
- 8. Functionalist sociologists relyon measures of socioeconomic status (SES), such as education, income, and occupation, to determine someone’s social class. Source: Data from General Social Survey, 2008.
- 9. Conflict sociologists preferdifferent, though still objective, measures of social class that take into account ownership of the means of production and other dynamics of the workplace.
- 10. What are differentways status can be measured? http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/national/20050515_CLASS_GRAPHIC/
- 11.
- 12. Social Stratification A relativelyfixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth. In a sports organization: ◦ Owners control the resources of the teams. ◦ Players earn high salaries, yet do not control the team resources. ◦ Sponsors provide the resources. ◦ Fans provide revenue.
- 13. Diverse Sources of Stratification Race,class, and gender are overlapping systems of stratification. Class position is manifested differently, depending on race and gender. Example: A Black middle-class man who is stopped by police when driving through a White middle-class neighborhood may feel his racial status is his most outstanding characteristic, but his race, class, and gender always influence his life chances.
- 14. Forms of Stratification Theestate system is a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility. The caste system is a system of stratification based on hereditary notions of religious and theological purity and generally offers no prospects for social mobility. The class system is an economically based system of stratification with somewhat loose social mobility based on roles in the production process rather than individual characteristics. 14
- 15. Social Mobility The estatetax in the United States is related to the issue of stratification because it goes to the heart of questions about how to promote business growth, how wealth should be distributed, how to encourage meritocracy, and how to build a more equitable society. 15
- 16. Functional and ConflictTheories of Stratification Inequality Motivates people to fill Functionalism positions that are needed for the survival of the whole. Results when those with the Conflict Theory most resources exploit others.
- 17. Infographic, CEO Compensation,1978-2008 Figure 7.2 CEO Compensation, 1978–2008 You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
- 18. Functional and ConflictTheories of Stratification Class Structure Functionalism Conflict Theory Differentiation is essential for a cohesive society. Different groups struggle over resources and compete for social advantage.
- 19. Functional and ConflictTheories of Stratification Life chances Those who work hardest Functionalism and succeed have greater life chances. The most vital jobs in Conflict Theory society are usually the least rewarded.
- 20. How Is AmericaStratified Today? The income gap between high-income and low-income individuals has increased dramatically over the last 30 years. One out of two people are living in or heading to poverty in the United States 20
- 21. Social Stratification Why IsThere Inequality? The Class Structure of the United States Diverse Sources of Stratification Poverty
- 22. Figure 7.3 AverageCEO Pay versus Production Worker Pay, 1970–2002 You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
- 23. Infographic, CEO Compensation,1978-2008 Figure 7.2 CEO Compensation, 1978–2008 You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
- 24. Inequality in theUnited States Nearly 1 in 6 children in the U.S. live poverty: ◦ 30% of African American children ◦ 29% of Hispanic children ◦ 12% of Asian American children ◦ 9.4% of White non-Hispanic children
- 25. Inequality in theUnited States 15% of the U.S. population has no health insurance. The average cost of a day’s stay in the hospital is $1, 217—two weeks’ pay for the average worker
- 26. Inequality in theUnited States 1% of the U.S. population controls 38% of the total wealth in the nation. The bottom 20% owe more than they own. CEOs of major companies earn an average of $13.1 million dollars per year. Workers earning the minimum wage make $10,712 per year, if they work 40 hours a week for 52 weeks per year and hold only one job.
- 27. The Laddered Modelof Stratification
- 28. The Double DiamondModel of Stratification
- 29. Median Income byRace and Household Status
- 30. Wealth and Income Wealthis the monetary value of everything one owns, minus debt. ◦ It is calculated by adding all financial assets and subtracting all debts. Income is the amount of money brought into a household from various sources during a given period.
- 31. Distribution of Wealthand Income The wealthiest 1% own 38% of all net worth; the bottom 80% control only 17%. The top 1% also owns almost half of all stock; the bottom 80% own only 4% of total stock holdings.
- 32. The Tax Burden:For Whom?
- 33. Poverty Among theOld and Young
- 34. Defining Social Mobility Socialmobility is a person’s movement over time from one class to another. Social mobility can be up or down, although the American dream emphasizes upward movement. Mobility can also be either intergenerational, occurring between generations; or intragenerational, occurring within a generation.
- 35. Table 7.1 RelativeSocial Prestige of Selected U.S. Occupations You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
- 36. Social Mobility Mobility isa collective effort that involves kin and sometimes community. Upward Mobility ◦ People who are upwardly mobile are often expected to distance themselves from their origins. Downward Mobility ◦ As income distribution is becoming more skewed toward the top, many in the middle class are experiencing mobility downward.
- 37. Globalization and Sweatshops Supportingthe Brands You Love: Two Views http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2sW2wt3nLU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9a_D-azUogg
- 38.
- 39. Who are thePoor? In 2002, there were 34.6 million poor people in the U.S. The poor: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 31% of Native Americans 24% of African Americans 22% of Hispanics 10% of Asians and Pacific Islanders 10% of Whites U.S. Poverty Rate Climbed To 15.1 Percent in 2011, Total Number Hit All-Time Record Total Population - 312,000,000 – 47,000,00 in poverty
- 40. How do wecompare to the world. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpKbO6O3O3M
- 41. The lines atthe local food bank.
- 42. Who are theHomeless? A 2001 survey of 27 cities found that the homeless population is: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 50% African American 35% White 12% Hispanic 2% Native American 1% Asian
- 43. Who are theHomeless? Battered women Elderly Disabled Mentally Ill (20-25%) Veterans AIDS victims
- 44. What do youthink are the Reasons for Homelessness? Unemployment and/or eviction Reductions in federal support for affordable housing Eroding work opportunities Inadequate housing for lowincome people
- 45. What do youthink are the Reasons for Homelessness Reductions in public assistance Inadequate health care Domestic violence Addiction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E -naXAOUslM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I Cx3AfSlc-w&feature=related
- 46. Explanations of Poverty Cultureof poverty - poverty is a way of life that is transferred from generation to generation. Structural causes of poverty poverty is caused by economic and social transformations taking place in the U.S.
- 47. Arguments Against ―The Cultureof Poverty‖ Fewer than 5% of the poor are chronically poor. 41% of the able-bodied poor work. The pattern of ―welfare cycling‖ is promoted by wages too low to support a family.
Editor's Notes
- #3 Social stratification is a characteristic of society; it persists over generations, and it is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared by members of society. In a stratified society, groups at the top of the hierarchy have greater access to goods and services in a society than members of groups at the bottom.
- #4 Poll Title: What is your approximate social class by household family income. http://www.polleverywhere.com/multiple_choice_polls/FKpAFETUsacjAr7
- #5 Poll Title: What is your family's ocupational prestige score http://www.polleverywhere.com/multiple_choice_polls/X3fEYQ78zdD8Oud
- #6 about social and/or economic position?… about income?… about education?… about prestige?… about power and control?… about one's culture?… about taste and lifestyle, regardless of income?… about one's race, religion, or ethnicity?… about one's job?… about one's self-image and attitude about the world?
- #10 conflict sociologists delineate social class on the basis of several factors, including the ownership of the means of production, the degree of autonomy workers enjoy in their jobs, and whether they supervise other workers or are supervised themselves
- #15 The estate system is a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility that is best exemplified in the social organization of feudal Europe and the pre–Civil War American South.The caste system is a system of stratification based on hereditary notions of religious and theological purity and generally offers no prospects for social mobility. The varna system in India is the most common example of a caste system today.The class system is an economically based system of stratification characterized by somewhat loose social mobility and categories based on roles in the production process rather than individual characteristics.
- #21 Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USCurrency_Federal_Reserve.jpg