This presentation helps you understand the nature of the TOS and Objective -type tests. This will also help you remember some guidelines in making the said test questions. Namaste
Running head CURRICULUM INCEPTION 1CURRICULUM INCEPTION 8.docxtodd271
Running head: CURRICULUM INCEPTION 1
CURRICULUM INCEPTION 8
Curriculum Inception for School District of Philadelphia
Instructor: Calvin Moore
Cheanel Nolden
January 17, 2019
Curriculum Inception for School District of Philadelphia
Description of the School District
The School District of Philadelphia is a school district that covers the area of Pennsylvania. Since 2012, the district has been ranked the largest school district in the state of Pennsylvania since it serves a proximately 143,800 students. The district is often under the control of the School Reform Commission. The School District of Philadelphia is situated in the consolidated city county of Philadelphia, which is in the south eastern part of Philadelphia. In 2014, the city county hosted approximately 1,560000 residents, according to a survey undertaken by the United States Census Bureau. Philadelphia performed poorly in comparison to Pennsylvania with respect to higher education achievements for the last 10 years. The county city inhabitants had bachelor’s degree or higher at a rate of 23 percent compared to state residents at 34 percent. The average household income for the county city residents is approximately $37,190- compared to the state, which has an average of $52,359. The poverty rate was 26 percent in the city, and 20.3 percent in the state respectively.
Currently, there are approximately 1.45 million people residing w8ithin the confines of the school; district geographical boundaries. This figure is anticipated to reduce to about 1.4 million by 2020. The male to female ratio is 46.5 percent to 53.5 percent and is not projected to change any soon. With respect to racial composition, whites who are non-Hispanics, and to a lesser degree, African Americans are projected to decrease in population in the next five years. Individuals with Hispanic ethnicity and heritage are anticipated to have the highest increase in population by 1.6 percent points in 2020. The forecasted enrollment of students is expected to decline by a proximately 10000 students in the next decade in district operated public school enrollments. This decline is attributed to reduction in birth rates and expansions f school choice in the District. The overall enrollment for school age children is expected to undergo a slight reduction. Further, the parochial and private school enrollment will slightly reduce.
The School District of Philadelphia has the capacity to enroll more than 227000 students. Presently, the district serves approximately 154000 students in districts operated schools. This means that about 70000 in excess seats are still needed. The elementary utilization is about 80 percent, while middle and high school utilization is about 60 percent. Furthermore, the charter school enrollment is anticipated to increase by approximately 9000 from 2010 to 2015. The school district of Philadelphia is committed to offering the greatest educational experience for all students who are en.
This presentation helps you understand the nature of the TOS and Objective -type tests. This will also help you remember some guidelines in making the said test questions. Namaste
Running head CURRICULUM INCEPTION 1CURRICULUM INCEPTION 8.docxtodd271
Running head: CURRICULUM INCEPTION 1
CURRICULUM INCEPTION 8
Curriculum Inception for School District of Philadelphia
Instructor: Calvin Moore
Cheanel Nolden
January 17, 2019
Curriculum Inception for School District of Philadelphia
Description of the School District
The School District of Philadelphia is a school district that covers the area of Pennsylvania. Since 2012, the district has been ranked the largest school district in the state of Pennsylvania since it serves a proximately 143,800 students. The district is often under the control of the School Reform Commission. The School District of Philadelphia is situated in the consolidated city county of Philadelphia, which is in the south eastern part of Philadelphia. In 2014, the city county hosted approximately 1,560000 residents, according to a survey undertaken by the United States Census Bureau. Philadelphia performed poorly in comparison to Pennsylvania with respect to higher education achievements for the last 10 years. The county city inhabitants had bachelor’s degree or higher at a rate of 23 percent compared to state residents at 34 percent. The average household income for the county city residents is approximately $37,190- compared to the state, which has an average of $52,359. The poverty rate was 26 percent in the city, and 20.3 percent in the state respectively.
Currently, there are approximately 1.45 million people residing w8ithin the confines of the school; district geographical boundaries. This figure is anticipated to reduce to about 1.4 million by 2020. The male to female ratio is 46.5 percent to 53.5 percent and is not projected to change any soon. With respect to racial composition, whites who are non-Hispanics, and to a lesser degree, African Americans are projected to decrease in population in the next five years. Individuals with Hispanic ethnicity and heritage are anticipated to have the highest increase in population by 1.6 percent points in 2020. The forecasted enrollment of students is expected to decline by a proximately 10000 students in the next decade in district operated public school enrollments. This decline is attributed to reduction in birth rates and expansions f school choice in the District. The overall enrollment for school age children is expected to undergo a slight reduction. Further, the parochial and private school enrollment will slightly reduce.
The School District of Philadelphia has the capacity to enroll more than 227000 students. Presently, the district serves approximately 154000 students in districts operated schools. This means that about 70000 in excess seats are still needed. The elementary utilization is about 80 percent, while middle and high school utilization is about 60 percent. Furthermore, the charter school enrollment is anticipated to increase by approximately 9000 from 2010 to 2015. The school district of Philadelphia is committed to offering the greatest educational experience for all students who are en.
An Investigation into the Relationship between Scientific Attitudes of VIII C...iosrjce
In this study the investigator tries to understand measure and identify the relationship between
scientific attitude and achievement level of science in VIII class Urdu medium minority students. It also
proposes to study the influence of some of the personal and demographic variables and identify the causes for
variations in scientific attitude and the level of attainment they reach in science education with different family
backgrounds. By studying these factors it may be possible to improve the standards in science education by
adopting innovations in Science Teaching and suggest remedial measures so as to bring uniformity in science
education at secondary level Urdu medium students on par with other media pupil.
Correlation of Teaching Competencies among Science and Non Science Majors and...ijtsrd
The respective roles of teachers and students in teaching and learning science have become at present on of the most important domain of science education. Thus this study was conducted to determine the teaching competency of science and non science teachers in teaching science and how it is related to student's level of mastery of science concepts in selected public secondary school in Northern Samar. This study also tried to find out the significant relationship between the teaching competence of the respondents and the student's level of mastery of science. The significant difference between the teaching competence of science and non science majors was also determined in this study as well as the significant difference in the level of mastery of science concepts between students under a science major and those who are under non science teachers. Each geographical area of Northern Samar was represented the pacific area the central area and the balicuatro area. The respondents of the study included the science and non science teachers of the said schools, chosen randomly through fishbowl method, and the students under these teachers which were chosen through random sampling method. This study utilized the descriptive correlational research design and questionnaire as its main instrument. The level of competency of teachers was found to be “highly competent†in terms of their teaching skills, classroom management and majority indicated “competent†in terms of knowledge. On the other hand, a majority of the students were found to be “low†in terms of their level of mastery in science concepts. A significant relationship was indicated between the teaching competency of teachers and student's level of mastery. Similarly, a significant relationship was found out on the test of difference between the teaching competence of science and non science majors in teaching science subjects as well as to the level of mastery of science concepts between students under science and non science major teachers. Rita D. Gordo "Correlation of Teaching Competencies among Science and Non - Science Majors and the Level of Mastery among Students in Selected Public Secondary Schools in Northern Samar, Philippines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46446.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/46446/correlation-of-teaching-competencies-among-science-and-non--science-majors-and-the-level-of-mastery-among-students-in-selected-public-secondary-schools-in-northern-samar-philippines/rita-d-gordo
Home Environment and Academic Performance of Junior High School Students in t...ijtsrd
The study focused on the home environment that affects academic performance of the junior high school students. This was conducted among junior high school students in the first District of Northern Samar. This was conducted within the third quarter of the school year 2018 2019. Findings showed that more than one half of the parents have no time in helping their children in their academic activities. In terms of family income, majority of the students belong to the families whose income is less than Php10,000. In terms of the school environment, results showed that students find it not supportive to their learning. The time devoted by the mother and father to their children, the number of siblings, peer behaviour and teacher behaviour significantly correlated student’s academic performance. The findings of this study will serve as an input in improving the learning environment of the students to improve their academic performance. Melagrosa U. Saludaga-de Asis "Home Environment and Academic Performance of Junior High School Students in the First District of Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47957.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/47957/home-environment-and-academic-performance-of-junior-high-school-students-in-the-first-district-of-northern-samar/melagrosa-u-saludagade-asis
G11-2Describe how a change in the exchange rate affected your fiJeanmarieColbert3
G11-2
Describe how a change in the exchange rate affected your firm. Explain what happened to your price and quantity. How can you profit from future shifts in the exchange rate? How do you predict future changes in the exchange rate?
Running head: Introduction and Literature Review 1
Introduction and Literature Review 8
The Motivation of Students Towards Science Learning
Annette Williams
ECE660: Action Research and Inquiry in Education
Instructor Dr. Krummick
January 27, 2020
INTRODUCTION
The future professional role would be an early childhood educator to teach both Science and English. This would educate students through lectures and hand-on learning with adherence to the curriculum. The setting would be the classroom whereby it would ensure that there is a happy environment for all students. It would be good to act as a role model and a mentor by encouraging students to learn and ensuring that they do not face challenges such as depression or discrimination which would inhibit their learning. This would ensure that interacting with students more often and learn about their families. Maintaining good relationships with their families and having frequent communication would be a good way to understand any challenges the students could be facing. The current experience is helping kindergarten students learn social studies while the previous experience in helping students complete their homework. The future goal is to help improve the performance of students in science. Comment by Juliet Krummick: perfect
The purpose of the study is to find various ways in which students could be motivated during the learning of science. The student outcomes that need influence are their knowledge and skills in science and their attitude towards learning the subject. Assessments have shown that some students lack sufficient knowledge in science. The performance of students in science is also an area of interest to be influenced because it also determines whether or not the students are engaged in learning. Students are expected to obtain a positive attitude toward science learning. They should achieve good grades to show that they understand the topics at hand.
The fact that many students lose interest in learning science as they progress to higher levels shows that they are not engaged enough during the initial years of science learning specifically in first grade. Decreased motivation leads to lower grades in science (Uhm et al, 2018). Teachers do not put much emphasis on the teaching of science because they dedicate most of their time to reading within the researcher’s school. Students, therefore, lose interest in learning science because they are not fully engaged in learning by their teachers.
Teachers should ensure that they motivate students to learn. The provision of autonomy support to students enhances their motivation in learning. Student-teacher relationships are important in optimizing student motivation. "Educators and parent ...
This presentation describes the process of photosynthesis on plants. In order for plants to grow, they need inputs of Carbon dioxide (CO2), water and energy. The chemical process by which plants use these resources to manufacture glucose, the building blocks of plants, is called photosynthesis.
This activity intends to engage students explore and identify the different ethno-botanical plants found along the area of Malumpati Cold Spring Resort and Bugang River. It is also a review of how the people in Pandan – particular residents near the place – used plants or the benefits, economic importance and value of plants in their way of living. In addition, students will enhance their skills necessary to make quality observations (drawing and writing). They will practice written observations of simple objects and see if other students can guess the object. This activity can be done individually or in pairs
Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mangroves at Katunggan it IbajayASU-CHARRM
The Katunggan it Ibajay (KII) Eco Park is home to one of the most diverse mangrove forests in the Philippines. It is a 44.22 hectares protected park in the town of Ibajay in Aklan which boasts a total of 28 true species of mangroves or 80 percent out of the total 35 Philippine mangrove species. The forest is also a home to some species of birds and other wildlife like mud lobsters, fiddler crabs, mudskippers and other fauna. Recent studies have been conducted in the area which includes the identification of mollusk species, behaviours and activities of fiddler crabs. However, there is a lack of information on studies regarding Carbon storage and sequestration potential of mangrove species in KII.
Therefore, considering the vital role of mangrove species there is a need to conduct this study to provide a wide array of information about the total C-stock and sequestration potential of selected mangrove species in KII. Likewise, it will help local folks, LGU-officials and future researchers to increase their awareness to protect and preserve KII Eco-Park; to help reduce increasing negative impact of global warming in the environment.
Disasters and Ecosystem: Philippine SettingASU-CHARRM
NSTP Lecture-Presentation (May 22, 2015)
An overview of the link between ecosystem and disaster on the preparedness, prevention & mitigation measures that environment can offer us before, during and after disaster happens.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE IN SCIENCE OF FOURTH YEAR STUDENTS IN THE NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST (NAT)
1. FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE IN SCIENCE OF FOURTH YEAR
STUDENTS IN THE NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST (NAT)
A Research Proposal
KENNETH D. BARRIENTOS
Researcher
2015
2. 2
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Education has been the primary focus of different governments for
centuries. In the Third World setting, governments work hard to make sure that
their universities, colleges, and basic education centers continue to provide a
mechanism that can make its citizens intellectually capable, so as to contribute to
the national economy. In fact, education is the primary vehicle by which
economically and socially marginalized adults and children can lift themselves
out of poverty and obtain the means to participate fully in their communities
(Hardcastle as cited by Victorino, 2011)
Consequently, science is included as a core element in elementary and
secondary levels despite conceptual complexity and high cost of implementation.
The inclusion of science in school curricula aimed that all citizens need to
achieve a degree of “scientific literacy” to enable them to participate effectively as
citizens in modern societies. Science allows students to explore their world and
discover new things. It is also an active subject, containing activities such as
hands-on- labs and experiments which makes science well-suited to active
younger children (Batomalaque as cited by Barredo, 2013).
But with the problems persisting today in Philippine educational system,
our stand for functional literacy to empower learners is at stake. The scarcity of
teachers, poor classrooms, and dearth of instructional materials, low student
achievement and increasing number of out-of-school children hamper our
3. 3
learners to be active makers of meaningful life. The Trends in Mathematics and
Science Survey (TIMSS) alone which was conducted five years ago revealed
unsatisfactory results; the Philippines ranked 41st in Math and 42nd in Science
out of 45 countries that were tested (Manila Times 2004). Hence, the above
accounts provide a framework of information into this study that will look into the
factors that affect National Achievement Test result of Libertad National High
School in science.
National Achievement Test was originally designed and administered for
Grade Six and Fourth Year Students. This examination is designed to determine
the students’ academic strengths and weaknesses through the five key-major
subjects: Mathematics, Science, English, and Filipino, HeKaSi (Heograpiya,)
Kasaysayan at Sibika in elementary and Araling Panlipunan in high school.
Ratings obtained from NAT for Grade VI and Fourth Year serves also as a tool to
measure the school’s competency and effectiveness as well as the students’
aptitude and mastery towards the basic learning areas (DepEd, 2011).
High school students from all over the Philippines take NAT as part of their
curricular requirement, including the Libertad National Vocational School in the
District of Libertad in the Division of Antique. Libertad National Vocational School
is one of the long-established high schools in the town. It is located in Barangay
Poblacion, Libertad, Antique. It envisioned to passionately loving their country
and whose values and competencies enable them to realize their full potential
and contribute meaningfully to building the nation.
4. 4
However, LNVS students’ performance in the National Achievement Test
showed that Science continues to be the most difficult field of study among them.
The result indicated that students have performed way below par in the national
achievement tests for three consecutive years.
It is for these reasons that the researcher aims to look into the factors that
affect students' performance in the National Achievement Test specifically in the
area of Science so that favorable adjustments could be facilitated.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the factors affecting low performance in the
National Achievement Test in Science among fourth year students of Libertad
National Vocational School, S.Y. 2011-2014.
Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the personal profile of the students in terms of age, sex, family
size, and family monthly income?
2. What are the factors that affect NAT performance in Science of the
respondents in terms of internal factors (teachers, school facilities, &
family) and external factors (technology/media, extracurricular activities, &
study habits)?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the respondents
and performance in National Achievement Test?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the factors and performance in
National Achievement Test?
5. 5
Null Hypothesis
1. There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents
and performance in National Achievement Test?
2. There is no significant relationship between the factors and performance
in National Achievement Test?
Conceptual Framework
The researcher utilized the independent-dependent variable model used in
behavioral sciences (Figure 1). The terms "dependent variable" and
"independent variable" are used in similar but subtly different ways in statistics
and social sciences as part of the standard terminology in those subjects. They
are used to distinguish between two types of quantities being considered,
separating them into those available at the start of a process and those being
created by it, where the latter (dependent variables) are dependent on the former
(independent variables) (Victorino, 2011).
In the context of the study, the identified independent variables will be the
internal and external factors that may have or may not have an effect to the
awareness, knowledge, attitude, skills, and practice of the students. In
piecemeal, the inputs are the data aimed by the researcher to gather. These
constitute personal profile, family background, and environmental factors such as
technology, media, and study habits, among others. The results of the recent
national achievement test are also a unit of analysis in the research. This is the
dependent variable—the outcome effected by the existing condition. The study
variables will be taken into account by the researcher by analyzing them
6. 6
correlatively in an independent-dependent variable fashion. In this manner, the
researcher will be able to determine the extent of independent variables affects
the academic performance as far as the national achievement test is concerned.
Furthermore, interpreting the results of this study will guide the School
Administration of Libertad National High School in its efforts towards the
improvement of the quality of education and to provide appropriate intervention
for the students.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework showing the relationship of the independent
and dependent variables
Personal Profile
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Family size
4. Family monthly
income
Factors
Internal Factors
1. Teachers
2. School facilities
3. Family
External Factors
1. Technology/Media
2. Extracurricular
activities
3. Study habits
National Achievement
Test Performance in
Science Subject
7. 7
Significance of the Study
People who work with the students should clearly understand the nature of
the learner in order to be more effective in their dealings with them and with their
problems. With these findings, it is hoped that a vivid picture of their nature,
needs and aspirations can be seen and therefore become foundations for a good
teacher-student relationship. The findings of this study will be of great value to
the following:
School Administrators. The findings of the study will guide the
administrators or their educational planners in adopting policies and programs
thru the Guidance and Counseling Department on how to go about students,
family problems in order to achieve success in their academic performance. It will
also help them plan appropriate interventions to fit student’s needs, especially to
students with learning difficulty and provide necessary instructional aides to uplift
quality education in public schools.
Teachers. The teachers will be benefited from this study because they
can improve their management and instruction giving emphasis on the
significance of learning no matter what the student's status is. It will also aid
instructors in establishing better rapport with students which can ultimately lead
to students' better performance, love and appreciation for their studies.
Parents. The parents will profit from this study, since parents will be
aware of the problems of their children and the effects of these on their academic
performance. It will help them to speak for their children and motivate them in
their studies in order to achieve higher academic performance. It would also help
8. 8
parents to become aware of their responsibility not only on the financial aspect
but as well as on the moral aspect.
Students. It is hoped that through this study, the students will be given
appropriate and enough attention and motivation in the academe. Awareness of
self, including one's weaknesses, can lead to self-improvement. Such awareness
enables one to identify the cause(s) of maladjusted behaviors.
Future Researchers. This study will serve as a basis for future
researchers to undergo similar studies so that the problem of family environment
in relation to academic performance would be seriously dealt with in all aspects
of society.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study is limited to the personal profile and factors affecting the
performance of fourth year students in Science on the National Achievement
Test at Libertad National Vocational School under scrutiny. There will be 96
students who will be selected to be respondents of the study. Data will be
gathered using an administered questionnaire .This will be carried out from June
to July 2015.
Definition of Terms
For better understanding of the study, the following terms were
operationally defined:
Personal profile. It refers to the information to be gathered with respect to
age, sex, family size, and family monthly income of the respondents.
9. 9
Internal Factors. As used in the study, these are the attributes that may
or may not affect the NAT performance of students such as teacher’s instruction,
school facilities, and motivational practices of the parents.
External Factors. As used in the study, these are the attributes including
technology/media, extracurricular activities, and study habits of the students at
Libertad National High School.
National Achievement Test (NAT) Performance. It refers to the
student's performance in the Science subject during National Achievement Test
from S.Y. 2011-2014. This is obtained by computing the Mean Percentage Score
(MPS) of the students per section.
10. 10
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the reviews which are related to the study taken
from books, journals and internet sources. There are two topics that will be
discussed in this review: (1) Philippine Educational System and (2) Factors
Affecting Students’ Academic Performance. These topics were chosen to
substantiate/strengthen the result and findings of the study.
Philippine Educational System
Education is a primary human right that every child is entitled to it. It is
imperative to our progress as individuals and as societies; it helps pave the way
to a booming and creative future. When we guarantee the accessibility to a
rights-based, quality education that is rooted in gender equality, we create a
ripple effect of opportunity that impacts generations to come.
Ultimately, teaching is about engaging and guiding students to learning.
The nature of the students in a classroom is, hence, a major preoccupation on
the part of the teacher. Seen another way, the nature of student population is a
major mediating variable in any connections between policy and teaching
(Biddle, 2001).
In the Philippine setting, the 1987 Constitution mandates the right to
quality basic education. Section 2, Article XIV of the Charter contains the ten
fundamental aims of education in the Philippines (Constitution of the Philippines,
1987). It states that:
11. 11
“The State shall:
1. Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate,
and integrated system of education relevant to the needs
of the people and society;
2. Establish and maintain a system of free public education
in the elementary and high school levels. Without limiting
the natural rights of parents to rear their children,
elementary education is compulsory for all children of
school age;
3. Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants,
student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives
which shall be available to deserving students in both
public and private schools, especially to the under-
privileged;
4. Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning
systems, as well as self-learning, independent, and out-of-
school study program, particularly those that respond to
community needs; and
5. Provide adult citizens, the disabled and out-of-school
youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and
other skills.”(Constitution of the Philippines, 1987).
Furthermore, Section 3 of the said Article in the Constitution has laid down
the general purpose and goals of education in the Philippines. It states that the
12. 12
education sector (along with other government agencies) has the task of
contributing to the achievement of national development goals espoused in the
country’s development plan.
But in spite of a constitutional mandate, the budget allocation on education
is far lower than required in the Philippines. The impact of economic crisis and
the pressures of increasing population are forcing parents to send their children
to overcrowded and ill-equipped public educational institutions (Mydans as cited
by Victorino, 2011).
A report published at the New York Times proved that education in the
Philippines is depleting. The educational system in the Philippines is often
criticized because of the politics of globalization. The educational system in the
country is based on a globalized economy where nearly ten per cent of the
overall population studies to work beyond the shores of the native land
(Meinardus as cited by Victorino, 2011).
At last count, more than 17 million students are enrolled in this country's
public schools. At an annual population growth rate of 2.3 per cent, some 1.7
million babies are born every year. In a short time, these individuals will claim
their share of the limited educational provisions. In a nutshell, we can say that
there are too little resources for too many students. Many attempts to change
education by revising the authorized curriculum have not been successful, mainly
because innovations are not always implemented extensively or effectively in
classrooms. In fact, because of widespread reliance on textbooks as a basic
13. 13
teaching resource, textbooks often constitute the ultimate content of the
curriculum, which should not be the case (Victorino, 2011).
Factors Affecting Students’ Academic Performance
Education can become a shared experience in the context of a learning
community resulting in significant public benefits. It plays a vital role in the
development of human capital and is linked with an individual’s well-being and
opportunities for better living. It ensures the acquisition of knowledge and skills
that enable individuals to increase their productivity and improve their quality of
life. This increase in productivity also leads towards new sources of earning
which enhances the economic growth of a country (Saxton, 2000; Battle & Lewis,
2002).
The students’ performance varies anytime and educators, trainers, and
researchers have long been interested in exploring variables contributing
effectively for quality of performance of learners. These variables are inside and
outside school that affect students’ quality of academic achievement. These
factors may be termed as student factors, family factors, school factors and peer
factors (Crosnoe et al as cited by Farooq et al., 2011).
In this context, the following variables included in the study are further
discussed and supported by the reviews:
Socio-Demographic and Economic Status. Socioeconomic status is
one of the most researched and debated factor among educational professionals
that contribute towards the academic performance of students. The most
prevalent argument is that the socioeconomic status of learners affects the
14. 14
quality of their academic performance. Most of the experts argue that the low
socioeconomic status has negative effect on the academic performance of
students because the basic needs of students remain unfulfilled and hence they
do not perform better academically. The low socioeconomic status causes
environmental deficiencies which results in low self esteem of students (Adams
as cited by Farooq et al., 2011).
Moreover, the SES can be deliberated in a number of different ways; it is
most often calculated by looking at parental education, occupation, income, and
facilities used by individuals separately or collectively. Parental education and
family SES level have positive correlations with the student’s quality of
achievement. The students with high level of SES perform better than the middle
class students and the middle class students perform better than the students
with low level of SES. It is also observed that the economically disadvantaged
parents are less able to afford the cost of education of their children at higher
levels and consequently they do not work at their fullest potential (Garzon, 2006;
Rouse & Barrow, 2006).
These factors is also testified by the study conducted by Farooq et al.
(2011) The results of the study revealed that socio-economic status (SES) and
parents’ education have a significant effect on students’ overall academic
achievement as well as achievement in the subjects of Mathematics and English.
The high and average socio-economic level affects the performance more than
the lower level. It is very interesting that parents’ education means more than
15. 15
their occupation in relation to their children’s academic performance at school. It
was found that girls perform better than the male students.
Internal Factors
School-Related Factors. The school has also been a contributing factor
towards students’ achievement it could either be the teacher, his/her peers and
the school facilities. The teachers, for instance, should look into the multi-faceted
relationship of pupils with them as teachers, and with their parents and peers,
because this relationship influences their learning, daily styles life, and even their
self perception. The students’ problems affect not only their daily interactions, but
also their goals in life. The teachers have a vast and broad opportunity for
inspiring the youth to learn and to grow, and be worthy members of society. They
can use personal approaches that create a conducive-environment for learning.
They can make the students' life miserable or joyous, can torture or inspire,
humiliate or induce humor, hurt or heal. It is imperative, then, to love the teaching
profession which may not be financially rewarding, but the dedication in molding
the youth and services the nation, is invaluable (Victorino, 2011).
The teacher should be concerned with other things, other than the
preoccupation with students’ classroom experiences, teaching methods, and
enrichment of subject-matter content. This is so because teaching is a
personalized matter. No factor is as vital to the students’ welfare as the impact of
the teachers upon the total development of the students. Since teaching is a
multi-tech job, the teachers need help in the task of making students become
responsive, well-adjusted individuals. One such help concerns looking into
16. 16
students' problems, for this is an avenue by which the teacher can understand
the students better. Obviously, such an understanding will facilitate the teaching-
learning process (Victorino, 2011).
In a study made by Blancia (2003), found out that the academic
performance of chemistry students is significantly influenced by the following
factors: teaching competence, attitude of teacher work and students, library
facility, educational attainment of parents, parents' attitude towards studies of
their children and attitudes of towards their studies.
In addition, the condition of school facilities has a measurable effect over
and above socioeconomic conditions on student achievement and teacher
experience/turnover. Most significantly, for every 10% reduction in the percent of
portable facility /student, test scores increased by 11 points and for every 10%
increase in deferred maintenance, average test scores decreased by 0.61 points.
Likewise, it has also been observed that there is a significant relationship
between building condition and test scores. Additionally, at least 75% of
principals indicated that the adequacy of the school facility impacted teacher
attitudes, teacher recruitment and retention, student behavior, and parent and
community attitudes and support (Stevenson, 2001; Sheets, 2009).
Nevertheless, extracurricular activities have shown significant effect on the
performance of students. Wang and Shiveley (2009) reported that students
achieved much higher rates of retention and graduation, maintained better GPAs,
and had higher good standing rates when they engaged in any of the activities
within the scope of this study, which included serving as a Board Member of ASI,
17. 17
becoming an Orientation Leader, taking a job as Residence Hall Associate, or
holding a leadership position in an on-campus club. However, another study
seemed to suggest that participation in sports, fraternities, and sororities could
either enhance or decrease student academic motivation (Van Etten et al., 2008).
Family. The family also performs the functions of biological maintenance.
The human infant is born helpless and the parents fill the roles of protector,
provider and guardian. They look after the infant's physical and material needs,
giving it sustenance, nourishment and protection. From the family, the infant and,
later the child, draws security, affection and guidance and learns tenderness,
sympathy, understanding, and generalized love. The child is affected either
directly or indirectly by the kind of home into which he is born and reared. An
individual acquires the habits of thought, speech action that are characteristics of
the other members of the family in their relationship with him. Parental attitude
toward the child is important. Rejection or over protection of the child by their
parents interferes with their satisfaction of his need either for emotional security
or for wholesome independence. A child, who shows evidence of having problem
at school, usually has problem at home. The insecurities and frustration that
originate in the home carry over into school and sometimes assume such
proportions that they block all academic progress. A child who is worried and
unhappy has not zest for learning (Victorino, 2011).
White (2001), states that the influence of an ill-regulated family is
disastrous to all society. It accumulates in a tide of evil that affects families,
communities and governments. No member of the family shall feel his influence.
18. 18
The expression of the countenance has an influence for good or evil. His words,
his actions, his attitudes towards are unmistakable. White expounds that the
sphere of the mother may be humble. Her influence limited with the father's is
abiding as eternity. The mother's influence is an unceasing influence. If it is on
the side of right, her children's characters will testify to her earnestness and
worth. The availability of reading materials, the comfort in the home particularly
during times when assignments are being done will stimulate them to do their
school requirements. Further, the financial and moral support of the family also
has positive effects on the students' grades in school. Students who are
financially supported by parents promptly prepare their projects and
assignments. Financial problems oftentimes hinder students to prepare projects
and other requirement, thus affecting academic performance in school. This may
even lead to discouragement and loss of interest in their studies.
Technology and Media. The social media has become one of the most
important communication means in recent times. However, social networking
exist so as to provide communication among people regardless of the distance,
making it open to people easily share information, files and pictures and videos,
create blogs and send messages, and conduct real-time conversations. These
systems are referred to as social, simply because they allow communication with
buddies and coworkers so easily and effectively. It also strengthens the ties
between people of those systems. The favorite in the realm of internet sites are
Facebook, Twitter and others. These websites and social forums are way of
communication directly with other people socially and in media. They are playing
19. 19
a large and influential role decision-making in the occasions from the global world
economically, politically, socially and educationally.
Researchers have argued that in teaching and learning the integration of
media to facilitate the process is widely encouraged especially in relation to
improving final results of scholars Students ought to be given careful scrutiny to
check their use of the tools they feel at ease and acquainted with which they feel
are viable in accomplishing academic tasks. In connection with this, the social
affordances of utilizing social networking may not be provided in a single
particular social technology but instead within the mixture of several social
technologies (McLoughlin and Lee, 2008).
According to Khan (2009), Facebook users often time experience poor
performance academically. Similarly, Englander et al. (2010) posited that social
media is negatively associated with academic performance of student and is a lot
more momentous than its advantages. Internet addiction consequently gave rise
in internet usage within the last couple of decades. Hence, Karpinski &
Duberstein (2009) recommended that addicted users prefer using internet setting
back their personal and professional responsibilities which ultimately leads to
poor academic performance.
Moreover, Karpinski & Duberstein (2009) pointed out that Facebook users
devoted lesser time to their studies in comparison to nonusers did and
subsequently had lower GPAs. The same author also mentioned that among
various unique distractions of every single generation, Facebook remains a major
distraction of current generation. Impairment of educational performance and
20. 20
internet dependency are correlated by utilizing synchronous communication
programs including internet sites and forums.
There are benefits and risks associated with using any social network.
There have been reports regarding its effect on students’ academic performance.
Some researchers investigated the end result of social networking usability
among College students’ and with their academic performance. They found a
poor effect and influence when the media is overuse in such a way that do not
academically improve learning or its process. While, other researchers examined
this same problem but found either no significant relationship between using
social networking and student academic performance or really a factor in
students’ academic performance (Pasek & Hargittai, 2009; Wang et al. as cited
by Al-Rahmi and Othman, 2013).
Therefore, related literature and studies cited in this study provided the
researcher a bulk of information, which helped in the assessment of the
relationship of family and environment to academic performance. The reviewed
studies further convinced the researcher on her stand that giving more attention
and understanding to a student's family and environment may create a lighter
school environment thus enhancing the student's performance in class and
develop better individuals. They served as a guide and provided directions as to
how the researcher will conduct her study.
21. 21
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This section presents the methods used in gathering the data among the
respondents. It includes research design, locale of the study, respondents,
sample size, sampling technique, research instrument, data gathering procedure
and data analysis.
Research Design
The study will employ the descriptive correlational method of research.
This method will determine qualitatively the characteristics of the respondents
and its significant relationship towards the performance of the fourth year
students of Libertad National Vocational School during the National Achievement
Test. According to Creswell (2002), correlational research is a descriptive type of
research which aims to describe what exists at the moment (conditions,
practices, processes, structures etc.) and determine the nature, degree and
direction of relationships between variables or using these relationships to make
predictions.
Locale of the Study
This study will be conducted at Libertad National Vocational School
situated at Barangay Poblacion, Libertad, Antique. It has a total land area of 5.13
ha (51,353 sq.m) and caters a total of 674 students.
22. 22
Respondents of the Study
A total of 96 fourth year students will be chosen from the three sections of
LNVS namely: Diamond, Emerald and Ruby. This will constitute the study
participants from the total population of 126 students; inasmuch as the objectives
of the study revolved on the students per se and the factors surrounding their
academic behavior and performance. They will be chosen using Stratified Radom
Sampling.
Sample Size
The sample size will be the 96 fourth year students of LNHS (Table 1).
The researcher used Sloven’s Formula to determine the sample size of the
subjects. The formula is computed as follows:
n = N / (1 + Ne2
)
Where:
n = sample size
N = population size
e = margin of error (0.05)
Table 1. Sample size of the study
Section Population Sample size
IV-Diamond 42 32
IV-Emerald 42 32
IV-Ruby 42 32
Total 126 96
23. 23
Sampling Technique
The survey will make use of stratified random sampling technique to
determine a reliable representation of the student samples per section.
Stratification is the process of dividing members of the population into
homogeneous subgroups before sampling (Victorino, 2011).
In order to ensure reliability of respondents’ selection and avoid bias, the
researcher will also employ proportionate sampling and simple random sampling
with random start through a lottery method. This will assure that all fourth year
students per section have equal chances of being selected to become a study
participant.
Research Instrument
A self-administered questionnaire will be utilized to elicit information
among the respondents. This instrument will aid in the effective analysis and
categorization of concepts found in the cleanup of the data. It contains two major
parts: Part I will solicit the personal profile of the respondents and Part II will
identify the factors that affect performance of fourth year students in Science on
the National Achievement Test.
Further, instrument to be used will be validated through a pre-test survey
among the 10 selected students in the campus who will not be included in the
study. This will guarantee that entries in the questionnaire are correct.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher will seek permission and approval from the School
Principal of Libertad National Vocational School to conduct the study. Upon the
24. 24
approval, the researcher will then conduct data gathering activities among the
respondents, explain its purpose, administer the questionnaires and retrieve
them afterwards. Data to be collected will be tallied, processed and analyzed.
Data Analysis
The researcher expects to extract two types of data from the data
gathering namely nominal and interval data. These data will be used to answer
the objectives of the study. Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the
qualitative and quantitative data such as frequency count, percentage, rank and
mean. While, in determining the relationship between and among variables,
correlational statistics will be used using Cramer’s V.
According to Garson (2012), Cramer’s V (φc) is a statistic measuring the
strength of association or dependency between two (nominal) categorical
variables in a contingency table and is computed by the formula:
Where:
is the phi coefficient.
is derived from Pearson's chi-squared test
is the grand total of observations and
being the number of columns.
being the number of rows.
25. 25
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