Data Collection and AnalysisPurpose Summarize and appraise.docxwhittemorelucilla
Data Collection and Analysis
Purpose:
Summarize and appraise an article for bias and validity in a collaborative environment.
As you provide input to your peers, be sure to state a rationale for your claims.
Identify and discuss the following:
dependent variable(s) and the instrument(s) used to measure them.
how the data for the dependent variable(s) were collected.
the intervention and procedures for delivering it.
the key results for the study, including any p-values, reported.
the conclusions the researchers drew.
Appraise and debate the quality of the data collection methods and determine whether the conclusions of the study were supported by the statistical results. Consider the following questions:
Were the measurement instruments reliable and valid? Why or why not?
Was treatment fidelity for the intervention ensured? Why or why not?
Were the conclusions of the study were supported by the statistical results, as indicated by the variable values and the p-values if reported?
.
1. What is the independent variable 2. What is the depend.docxgasciognecaren
1. What is the independent variable?
2. What is the dependent variable?
3. Which one of the research designs below enables use to determine cause and effect?
A. correlational B. descriptive C. experimental D. A & C
4. The "scientific method" refers to
A. historical, social-cultural, and ethical contexts in which science takes place.
B. the specific procedures, measurements, and instruments used by psychologists to conduct research.
C. an abstract concept that describes the logic and methods used to answer questions.
D. the development of psychophysical methods for measuring thought processes.
5. In a study that investigates the effects of two different doses of a drug on memory performance, memory
performance represents the ____ variable and doses of the drug represent the ____variable.
A. correlational; confounding
B. experimental; control
C. dependent; independent
D. independent; dependent
6. When the three requirements for causal inference are met, an experiment is said to be
A. balanced.
B. internally valid.
C. an independent groups design.
D. held constant.
7. The extent to which findings from a study can be used to describe different populations, settings, and conditions is referred to as
A. sampling.
B. internal validity.
C. external validity.
D. the multimethod approach.
8. The statement of a research hypothesis includes
A. an explanation for why a particular behavior is under investigation.
B. a predicted outcome and an explanation for the outcome.
C. an overview of previous research findings regarding the topic.
D. all of these
9. You are investigating how sleep affects memory. You assign half of your participants to sleep for 8 hours and half to sleep for 4 hours. You then have participants complete a questionnaire asking them to recall how many times their parents brought them to the zoo as a child. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning this experiment?
A. The independent variable is recall.
B. The dependent variable is recall.
C. The independent variable is amount of sleep.
D. Sleep is expected to affect memory.
10. What does an Institutional Review Board (IRB) do?
A. Makes sure a proposed study is ethical
B. Makes sure a study was conducted according to the plan
C. Makes sure a study will employ a method that produces quality data
D. A & C
11. A researcher computes an inferential statistic to test the difference between mean scores for an experimental group and a control group. The probability of the obtained statistical value for the t-test is .025, which is less than the alpha level of significance (p < .05). The researcher should
A. reduce the alpha level of significance to .025 to form a definite conclusion.
B. accept the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental and control groups because the probability is so small; thus, the independent variable had no effect.
C. reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental and control.
Running head DATA ANALYSIS PLAN 1DATA ANALYSIS PLAN.docxtodd271
Running head: DATA ANALYSIS PLAN
1
DATA ANALYSIS PLAN
6
Data Analysis Plan
Columbia Southern University
PUH 6301 Public Health Research
February 25, 2020
Data Analysis Plan
Checking for Data Accuracy
Data accuracy checking will incorporate various measures for efficacy. The first method will include using reliable data sources. The data sources are critical to successful data collection as well as further analysis. Therefore, I will ensure the credibility and reliability of the systems as well as personnel responsible for information and data generation. Another significant measure will be aligning the key parameters and factors. It entails analyzing and sifting through the features that contribute to data communication, by figuring out the most relevant parameters that are needed for the performance report of the specific operations or developing the feasibility (Cole & Trinh, 2017). Then, I will design a set of essential and basic parameters and formulate a plan for the data collection.
Equally, maintaining neutrality is essential for checking data accuracy since claims and exaggerations create a negative balance to data sets. Therefore, by ascertaining that data is neutral, it becomes easy to justify the completeness of data. Importantly, I will use computerized and automated programs. There is always room for more mistakes as well as a human error with the use of manual mechanisms during information recording and data entry (Cole & Trinh, 2017). Besides, there can be higher risks of inaccuracy and compromised data entries based on personal favors and biases that wholly affect data results and inferences, leading to loss of portability and efficacy of data accuracy and analysis. However, the data collection through automated and smart systems makes it easier for focusing on parameters and factors, while the system records accurate data and real-time in a perfect manner.
Level of Measurement
The important level of measurement for my research project is the nominal level of measurement. The measurement is essential to the research since it uses elements such as letters, words, numbers, and alpha-numeric (Ekinci, 2017). In the research, the hypothesis is establishing the difference in performance between private and public schools. Specifically, the hypothesis is “private schools perform better than public schools.” Therefore, one of the elements will be a comparison of performance by gender. In this case, female students will be classified as F and male students will be classified as M. The nominal level of measurement is equally essential in this research since it only possess the description of the character meaning the unique label for identifying values to subjects. In this case, it is used to identify male and female students and utilizes a one-on-one correlation between the objects and letters assigned. Therefore, the letters are merely for identifying the gender of the students and not their capabilities in the learning .
62.When researchers, clients, and stakeholders work together in .docxJospehStull43
62.
When researchers, clients, and stakeholders work together in the research project, the form of research being conducted is likely to be
a.
Systemic action research
b.
Practitioner action research
c.
Participatory action research
d.
Stakeholder action research
63.
Verbal and nonverbal interactions between two or more persons and their interactions around an issue are focused on in
a.
First person practice
b.
Second person practice
c.
Third person practice
d.
First and third person integration
64.
Declaring the focus or intent of a group or an occasion is known as
a.
Framing
b.
Advocating
c.
Illustrating
d.
Inquiring
65.
The degree to which those involved in the action research process are energized to help facilitating lasting social change is known as
a.
Democratic validity
b.
Process validity
c.
Catalytic validity
d.
Dialogical validity
66.
When a researcher works with direct observation of a child with autism, asks parents to complete a behavior rating scale, and interviews a teacher about the child, the researcher is using
a.
Tripartite methodology
b.
Participant-observer methodology
c.
Unnecessary means of data collection
d.
Triangulation
67.
There are multiple motives for conducting program evaluation. Of the following, which is the primary reason for conducting program evaluation?
a.
Managed care has significantly reduced the amount of time clients can be in services
b.
It is ethically responsible for best practice in counseling
c.
Provides evidence for new or continued funding sources
d.
Counselors are afforded research and publication opportunities
68.
Which of the following is true?
a.
Outcome evaluation is concerned with changes that occurred in participants
b.
Process evaluation focuses on making value judgments about the totality of the program
c.
Outcome evaluation is concerned with delivery of the program
d.
Process evaluation is concerned with changes that occurred in participants
69.
The starting point for any program evaluation is
a.
Developing a research instrument
b.
Collecting data
c.
Talking with stakeholders about their perceptions
d.
Determining needs based on the mission statement of the program
70.
Which of the following is true regarding the differences between program evaluation and research?
a.
The control of research is dispersed among stakeholder
b.
Program evaluation is more generalizable than research
c.
Research is more subjective
d.
Program evaluation make value judgments about the worth of a program
71.
Program evaluation models that depend on identified objectives and quantitative data are considered
a.
Numerical models
b.
Consumer oriented models
c.
Expertise approaches
d.
Utilitarian models
72.
When the program evaluation is conducted to determine how well the aims of the program have been achieved, it is known as
a.
Management-oriented model
b.
Objectives -oriented model
c.
Contextual-oriented model
d.
Consumer-oriented model
73.
The .
Data Collection and AnalysisPurpose Summarize and appraise.docxwhittemorelucilla
Data Collection and Analysis
Purpose:
Summarize and appraise an article for bias and validity in a collaborative environment.
As you provide input to your peers, be sure to state a rationale for your claims.
Identify and discuss the following:
dependent variable(s) and the instrument(s) used to measure them.
how the data for the dependent variable(s) were collected.
the intervention and procedures for delivering it.
the key results for the study, including any p-values, reported.
the conclusions the researchers drew.
Appraise and debate the quality of the data collection methods and determine whether the conclusions of the study were supported by the statistical results. Consider the following questions:
Were the measurement instruments reliable and valid? Why or why not?
Was treatment fidelity for the intervention ensured? Why or why not?
Were the conclusions of the study were supported by the statistical results, as indicated by the variable values and the p-values if reported?
.
1. What is the independent variable 2. What is the depend.docxgasciognecaren
1. What is the independent variable?
2. What is the dependent variable?
3. Which one of the research designs below enables use to determine cause and effect?
A. correlational B. descriptive C. experimental D. A & C
4. The "scientific method" refers to
A. historical, social-cultural, and ethical contexts in which science takes place.
B. the specific procedures, measurements, and instruments used by psychologists to conduct research.
C. an abstract concept that describes the logic and methods used to answer questions.
D. the development of psychophysical methods for measuring thought processes.
5. In a study that investigates the effects of two different doses of a drug on memory performance, memory
performance represents the ____ variable and doses of the drug represent the ____variable.
A. correlational; confounding
B. experimental; control
C. dependent; independent
D. independent; dependent
6. When the three requirements for causal inference are met, an experiment is said to be
A. balanced.
B. internally valid.
C. an independent groups design.
D. held constant.
7. The extent to which findings from a study can be used to describe different populations, settings, and conditions is referred to as
A. sampling.
B. internal validity.
C. external validity.
D. the multimethod approach.
8. The statement of a research hypothesis includes
A. an explanation for why a particular behavior is under investigation.
B. a predicted outcome and an explanation for the outcome.
C. an overview of previous research findings regarding the topic.
D. all of these
9. You are investigating how sleep affects memory. You assign half of your participants to sleep for 8 hours and half to sleep for 4 hours. You then have participants complete a questionnaire asking them to recall how many times their parents brought them to the zoo as a child. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning this experiment?
A. The independent variable is recall.
B. The dependent variable is recall.
C. The independent variable is amount of sleep.
D. Sleep is expected to affect memory.
10. What does an Institutional Review Board (IRB) do?
A. Makes sure a proposed study is ethical
B. Makes sure a study was conducted according to the plan
C. Makes sure a study will employ a method that produces quality data
D. A & C
11. A researcher computes an inferential statistic to test the difference between mean scores for an experimental group and a control group. The probability of the obtained statistical value for the t-test is .025, which is less than the alpha level of significance (p < .05). The researcher should
A. reduce the alpha level of significance to .025 to form a definite conclusion.
B. accept the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental and control groups because the probability is so small; thus, the independent variable had no effect.
C. reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental and control.
Running head DATA ANALYSIS PLAN 1DATA ANALYSIS PLAN.docxtodd271
Running head: DATA ANALYSIS PLAN
1
DATA ANALYSIS PLAN
6
Data Analysis Plan
Columbia Southern University
PUH 6301 Public Health Research
February 25, 2020
Data Analysis Plan
Checking for Data Accuracy
Data accuracy checking will incorporate various measures for efficacy. The first method will include using reliable data sources. The data sources are critical to successful data collection as well as further analysis. Therefore, I will ensure the credibility and reliability of the systems as well as personnel responsible for information and data generation. Another significant measure will be aligning the key parameters and factors. It entails analyzing and sifting through the features that contribute to data communication, by figuring out the most relevant parameters that are needed for the performance report of the specific operations or developing the feasibility (Cole & Trinh, 2017). Then, I will design a set of essential and basic parameters and formulate a plan for the data collection.
Equally, maintaining neutrality is essential for checking data accuracy since claims and exaggerations create a negative balance to data sets. Therefore, by ascertaining that data is neutral, it becomes easy to justify the completeness of data. Importantly, I will use computerized and automated programs. There is always room for more mistakes as well as a human error with the use of manual mechanisms during information recording and data entry (Cole & Trinh, 2017). Besides, there can be higher risks of inaccuracy and compromised data entries based on personal favors and biases that wholly affect data results and inferences, leading to loss of portability and efficacy of data accuracy and analysis. However, the data collection through automated and smart systems makes it easier for focusing on parameters and factors, while the system records accurate data and real-time in a perfect manner.
Level of Measurement
The important level of measurement for my research project is the nominal level of measurement. The measurement is essential to the research since it uses elements such as letters, words, numbers, and alpha-numeric (Ekinci, 2017). In the research, the hypothesis is establishing the difference in performance between private and public schools. Specifically, the hypothesis is “private schools perform better than public schools.” Therefore, one of the elements will be a comparison of performance by gender. In this case, female students will be classified as F and male students will be classified as M. The nominal level of measurement is equally essential in this research since it only possess the description of the character meaning the unique label for identifying values to subjects. In this case, it is used to identify male and female students and utilizes a one-on-one correlation between the objects and letters assigned. Therefore, the letters are merely for identifying the gender of the students and not their capabilities in the learning .
62.When researchers, clients, and stakeholders work together in .docxJospehStull43
62.
When researchers, clients, and stakeholders work together in the research project, the form of research being conducted is likely to be
a.
Systemic action research
b.
Practitioner action research
c.
Participatory action research
d.
Stakeholder action research
63.
Verbal and nonverbal interactions between two or more persons and their interactions around an issue are focused on in
a.
First person practice
b.
Second person practice
c.
Third person practice
d.
First and third person integration
64.
Declaring the focus or intent of a group or an occasion is known as
a.
Framing
b.
Advocating
c.
Illustrating
d.
Inquiring
65.
The degree to which those involved in the action research process are energized to help facilitating lasting social change is known as
a.
Democratic validity
b.
Process validity
c.
Catalytic validity
d.
Dialogical validity
66.
When a researcher works with direct observation of a child with autism, asks parents to complete a behavior rating scale, and interviews a teacher about the child, the researcher is using
a.
Tripartite methodology
b.
Participant-observer methodology
c.
Unnecessary means of data collection
d.
Triangulation
67.
There are multiple motives for conducting program evaluation. Of the following, which is the primary reason for conducting program evaluation?
a.
Managed care has significantly reduced the amount of time clients can be in services
b.
It is ethically responsible for best practice in counseling
c.
Provides evidence for new or continued funding sources
d.
Counselors are afforded research and publication opportunities
68.
Which of the following is true?
a.
Outcome evaluation is concerned with changes that occurred in participants
b.
Process evaluation focuses on making value judgments about the totality of the program
c.
Outcome evaluation is concerned with delivery of the program
d.
Process evaluation is concerned with changes that occurred in participants
69.
The starting point for any program evaluation is
a.
Developing a research instrument
b.
Collecting data
c.
Talking with stakeholders about their perceptions
d.
Determining needs based on the mission statement of the program
70.
Which of the following is true regarding the differences between program evaluation and research?
a.
The control of research is dispersed among stakeholder
b.
Program evaluation is more generalizable than research
c.
Research is more subjective
d.
Program evaluation make value judgments about the worth of a program
71.
Program evaluation models that depend on identified objectives and quantitative data are considered
a.
Numerical models
b.
Consumer oriented models
c.
Expertise approaches
d.
Utilitarian models
72.
When the program evaluation is conducted to determine how well the aims of the program have been achieved, it is known as
a.
Management-oriented model
b.
Objectives -oriented model
c.
Contextual-oriented model
d.
Consumer-oriented model
73.
The .
1. In general, when selecting factors for a study, you want to be su.docxvannagoforth
1. In general, when selecting factors for a study, you want to be sure of which of these?
a. they have been investigated before
b. they are available to investigate
c. they are not of interest to you
d. they do not lead to another question
2. Identify and select the correct order of steps in scientific inquiry.
a. formulating a hypothesis, collecting relevant information, testing the hypothesis,
working with the hypothesis
b. reconsidering the theory, asking new questions, identifying the important factors,
collecting relevant information
c. asking the question, identifying the important factors, asking new questions, testing
the hypothesis
d. asking new questions, reconsidering the theory, working with the hypothesis, testing
the hypothesis
3. Nonexperimental research methods consist of which of the following?
a. test causal relationships between variables
b. only describe characteristics of existing phenomenon
c. can be descriptive, historical or correlational
d. examine factors that are not related
4. Hannah assigns children to different teaching method groups and tests their math performance
after six weeks. This is an example of what type of research?
a. descriptive
b. historical
c. experimental
d. uncontrolled
5. Which of the following methods provides information about past trends?
a. historical
b. correlational
c. experimental
d. descriptive
6. Matthew thinks that there is a relationship between parenting style and self-esteem in
children. Which research method should he use?
a. correlational
b. quasi-experimental
c. descriptive
d. historical
7. When variables compete to explain the same effects, what are they sometimes called?
a. contradictory
b. intertwining
c. confounding
d. interdependent
8. What is another term for the independent variable?
a. treatment variable
b. dependent variable
c. control variable
d. factorial variable
9. What type of variable masks the true relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
a. extraneous variable
b. moderator variable
c. control variable
d. neutral variable
10. Why is a null hypothesis said to be implied?
a.lt's always directly tested.
b. It's never directly tested.
c. You do not need to test it to know that it is false.
d. It is stated in a question form.
11. The interpretation of "differences are significant" means that the differences found are __________ _
a. probably not due to chance
b. due to chance
c. creative outcomes
d. not dictated by the hypothesis
12. The best dependent variable is defined by which of the following characteristics?
a. independent of any other variable in the same study
b. sensitive to changes in the treatment
c. can be manipulated by the researcher
d. interacts with the independent variable
13. Which of the following is a good way to find a research topic?
a. personal experience
b. getting an idea from your advisor
c. looking for the next step in the research process
d. All of the above.
14. Which type of source is NOT typically included in a li.
1)One of the major strengths of developing theory through Ground.docxlindorffgarrik
1)
One of the major strengths of developing theory through Grounded Theory methodology is
a)
the discovery of action and process.
b)
existing theory drives the research process.
c)
data serve as one important source for theory formulation, but not central to the research process.
d)
the exclusive use of focus groups as the primary data gathering technique.
2)
Which of the following is true about the literature review in grounded theory?
a)
It is exhaustive
b)
It develops an interest in the topic and stimulates questions
c)
It helps build an argument for hypotheses and lay the foundation for the study
d)
All of the above are true
9.
The constant comparative process suggests that
a.
researchers compare their findings to the body of published research within the focus of study.
b.
continually seeking outside sources ensures that objectivity is preserved during the research process.
c.
checking out a research idea with other ideas that have been researched prevents duplication of findings.
d.
emerging themes are held up to the data to strengthen validity of the findings.
10.
ALL BUT WHICH of the following are true about theory
a.
It provides a basis for action
b.
It is applicable only within the context of the particular research study
c.
It accounts for consistency and variation
d.
It has both explanatory and predictive power
11.
Grounded theory utilizes focus coding
a.
To help develop categories based on emerging themes
b.
Which is the same as selective coding
c.
Enables the researcher to reduce the number of categories
d.
All of the above
e.
a & c
12.
Which of the following most accurately represents how objectivity is viewed through the Grounded Theory approach?
a.
The researcher influences what is observed.
b.
The job of the researcher is to organize and accurately render the participants’ story which is also shaped by the researcher’s experience.
c.
Objectivity is maintained through reflexivity.
d.
A and B.
e.
All of the above.
13.
ALL BUT WHICH of the following are true regarding Grounded Theory
a.
It is a systematic quantitative methodology
b.
It emphasizes the generation of theory from data during the research process
c.
Data collection occurs prior to determining the theoretical foundation of the study
d.
All of the above are true
14.
With regard to the method of inquiry and theory,
a.
Theory is used deductively to test hypotheses in qualitative methodology
b.
Theory is used inductively and starts with a general area of interest in qualitative methodology
c.
The assumption in Grounded Theory is that researchers and what they study mutually influence one another
d.
All of the above
15.
Which of the following research ideas would be best suited to the use of Grounded Theory?
a.
Relationship between birth order and treatment for depression
b.
The efficacy of a program to increase undergraduate retention rates
c.
The impact of years of clinical experience on measures of compassio.
Quantitative Article Analysis WorksheetAnalyze and critique a qu.docxamrit47
Quantitative Article Analysis Worksheet
Analyze and critique a quantitative nursing research article from a nursing research journal published within the past 5 years. Include 3 scholarly references—the article, the text, and one outside source. Use the Guidelines for Quantitative Nursing Research Critique to complete the following steps:
1. State the purpose of the study and identify the problem.
2. Analyze the literature review.
3. Analyze the study framework or theoretical perspective.
4. Identify, describe, and critique for appropriateness any research objectives, questions, or hypothesis.
5. Identify, describe, and critique—conceptually and operationally—the major study variables.
6. Identify and critique the attributes and demographic variables.
7. Describe and critique the research design.
8. Describe and critique the sample and setting.
9. Describe and critique the measurement instrument used in the study.
10. Describe and critique the procedures for data collection
11. Describe and critique the statistical analysis.
12. Describe and critique the researcher’s interpretation.
Assignment (Part A - individual), total marks = 60
Due Date: 19th September
Question 1
(Marks: 28)
On 31 May 2012 Interactive Ltd had a cash balance as per company records of $10
949 debit. The bank statement from Community Bank on that date showed a credit
balance of $15 569.20. A comparison of the statement with the cash account
revealed the following facts:
1. The statement included a debit entry of $120 for the printing of additional
company cheques.
2. Cash sales of $1672.30 on 12 May were deposited in the bank. The cash
receipts journal entry and the deposit slip were incorrectly made for
$1692.30. The bank credited Interactive Ltd for the correct amount.
3. Unpresented cheques at 31 May totalled $2552.50, and outstanding deposits
were $1672.30.
4. On 18 May Interactive Ltd issued cheque no. 1181 for $1370 to M. Helms on
account. The cheque, which cleared the bank in May, was incorrectly
journalised and posted by Interactive Ltd for $1730.
5. A $6000 note receivable was collected by the bank for Interactive Ltd on 31
May plus $160 interest. The bank charged a collection fee of $40. No interest
has been accrued on the note.
6. Included with the cheques paid was a cheque issued by Teller Pty Ltd to P.
Jonet for $1200 that was incorrectly charged to Interactive Ltd by the bank.
7. On 31 May the bank statement showed a dishonoured cheque of $1400 that
had been issued by W. Hoad, a customer, to Interactive Ltd.
Required
(a) Prepare the bank reconciliation as at 31 May 2012.
(b) Prepare the necessary adjusting entries as at 31 May 2012.
Question 2 (Marks: 14)
At 30 June 2012, the trial balance of Gleason Ltd contained the following amounts
before adjustme ...
Critical Review of Published ArticlesAccording to the syllabus, .docxfaithxdunce63732
Critical Review of Published Articles
According to the syllabus, MGMT 650 students are
… required to complete a critical review of one research orientated journal article. The article will be selected by the student with approval of the instructor from peer-reviewed journals in an area of interest to the student. The article reviewed will use descriptive statistics that the student has been exposed to in the first 4 - 6 weeks of this course. Students will choose articles to review from UMUC’s library resources.
For the article, students may select a topic of their interest. The empirical research article, “Academic procrastination and statistics anxiety” used for Sessions 1 and 2 Discussion assignments (see Conferences section), is an example of a descriptive statistical research article. In addition, the students are encouraged to use UMUC’s Library to locate an empirical research article. Finally, the instructor of the course must approve the article. Students should upload the pdf version of the article in the Workbook section of the online class.
Empirical Research Articles
If you never read an empirical research article, the following web sites will help you to understand the difference between a primary empirical research article and a secondary article:
1. http://www.nsu.edu/library/pdf/EmpiricalResearch.pdf
2. http://www.up.edu/showimage/show.aspx?file=12944
APA Writing Style
To help with the organization of the critique information in the 5- to 7-page report, the students are required to use APA format 6th edition with headings and subheadings.
Critique Report Format
The critique report format was adapted from the University of Michigan web site: http://open.umich.edu/sites/default/files/Topic8Assignment-CritiqueArticle.pdf.
1. Title page, which includes (a) title of the empirical research article and author’s name(s), (b) your name, (c) Turnitin reliability index score, (d) running head with continuous page numbers, and (e) date. The title page does not count towards the 5- to 7-pages for the critique report.
2. Problem statement and purpose (Answer the following questions; however, do not write the questions in the report.) In addition, from the empirical research report, include the page number(s) to answers the questions:
a. What were the purpose and/or problem of the research study?
b. What are the independent and dependent variables of the study? Correctly, identify the independent and dependent variables.
3. Review of literature and theoretical framework (Answer the following questions; however, do not write the questions in the report.) In addition, from the empirical research report, include the page number(s) to answers the questions:
a. What concepts/theories are included in the review? Please explain them.
b. Did the author discuss the independent and dependent variables? If so, provide examples from the literature review.
4. Hypotheses and/or research questions (Answer the following questions; however, do not wr.
Running head UNDERSTANDING STATISTICAL CONCEPTS1UNDERSTANDING.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: UNDERSTANDING STATISTICAL CONCEPTS1
UNDERSTANDING STATISTICAL CONCEPTS22
Final Exam
Focus of the Final Exam
The purpose of the Final Exam is to assess your understanding of the main statistical concepts covered in this course and to evaluate your ability to critically review a quantitative research article. The exam will consist of two parts: Part I includes three essay questions and Part II includes a research critique. All of your responses should be included in a single Word document for submission.
Please include the following general headings for each section of the written exam within your Word document:
Part I: Essay Questions
1. Essay 1
2. Essay 2
3. Essay 3
Part II: Research Study Critique
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Your complete Word document must include a title page with the following:
1. Student’s name
2. Course name and number
3. Instructor’s name
4. Date submitted
Part I: Essay Questions
There are three essay questions in this section. You must answer all three questions. The length of each essay should be one to two double-spaced pages (excluding title and reference pages). Use 12-point font and format your paper with regular 1-inch margins. Do not include the essay prompt in your document. It will not count toward the length requirement for your essays.
Essay 1
A group of researchers conducted an experiment to determine which vaccine is more effective for preventing getting the flu. They tested two different types of vaccines: a shot and a nasal spray. To test the effectiveness, 1000 participants were randomly selected with 500 people getting the shot and 500 the nasal spray. Of the 500 people were treated with the shot, 80 developed the flu and 420 did not. Of the people who were treated with the nasal spray, 120 people developed the flu and 380 did not. The level of significance was set at .05. The proportion of people who were treated with the shot who developed the flu = .16, and the proportion of the people who were treated with the nasal spray was .24. The calculated p value = .0008.
For this essay, describe the statistical approaches (e.g., identify the hypotheses and research methods) used in this excerpt from a research study. Interpret the statistical results and examine the limitations of the statistical methods. Finally, evaluate the research study as a whole and apply what you have learned about hypothesis testing and inferential statistics by discussing how you might conduct a follow-up study.
Your essay must address the following points:
· Describe the research question for this experiment.
· What were the null and alternative hypotheses?
· Were the results of this test statistically significant?
· If so, why were they significant?
· Would the researchers reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
· Do the results provide sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis?
· Was the sample appropriate for this study? Explain your answer.
...
1. In general, when selecting factors for a study, you want to be su.docxvannagoforth
1. In general, when selecting factors for a study, you want to be sure of which of these?
a. they have been investigated before
b. they are available to investigate
c. they are not of interest to you
d. they do not lead to another question
2. Identify and select the correct order of steps in scientific inquiry.
a. formulating a hypothesis, collecting relevant information, testing the hypothesis,
working with the hypothesis
b. reconsidering the theory, asking new questions, identifying the important factors,
collecting relevant information
c. asking the question, identifying the important factors, asking new questions, testing
the hypothesis
d. asking new questions, reconsidering the theory, working with the hypothesis, testing
the hypothesis
3. Nonexperimental research methods consist of which of the following?
a. test causal relationships between variables
b. only describe characteristics of existing phenomenon
c. can be descriptive, historical or correlational
d. examine factors that are not related
4. Hannah assigns children to different teaching method groups and tests their math performance
after six weeks. This is an example of what type of research?
a. descriptive
b. historical
c. experimental
d. uncontrolled
5. Which of the following methods provides information about past trends?
a. historical
b. correlational
c. experimental
d. descriptive
6. Matthew thinks that there is a relationship between parenting style and self-esteem in
children. Which research method should he use?
a. correlational
b. quasi-experimental
c. descriptive
d. historical
7. When variables compete to explain the same effects, what are they sometimes called?
a. contradictory
b. intertwining
c. confounding
d. interdependent
8. What is another term for the independent variable?
a. treatment variable
b. dependent variable
c. control variable
d. factorial variable
9. What type of variable masks the true relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
a. extraneous variable
b. moderator variable
c. control variable
d. neutral variable
10. Why is a null hypothesis said to be implied?
a.lt's always directly tested.
b. It's never directly tested.
c. You do not need to test it to know that it is false.
d. It is stated in a question form.
11. The interpretation of "differences are significant" means that the differences found are __________ _
a. probably not due to chance
b. due to chance
c. creative outcomes
d. not dictated by the hypothesis
12. The best dependent variable is defined by which of the following characteristics?
a. independent of any other variable in the same study
b. sensitive to changes in the treatment
c. can be manipulated by the researcher
d. interacts with the independent variable
13. Which of the following is a good way to find a research topic?
a. personal experience
b. getting an idea from your advisor
c. looking for the next step in the research process
d. All of the above.
14. Which type of source is NOT typically included in a li.
1)One of the major strengths of developing theory through Ground.docxlindorffgarrik
1)
One of the major strengths of developing theory through Grounded Theory methodology is
a)
the discovery of action and process.
b)
existing theory drives the research process.
c)
data serve as one important source for theory formulation, but not central to the research process.
d)
the exclusive use of focus groups as the primary data gathering technique.
2)
Which of the following is true about the literature review in grounded theory?
a)
It is exhaustive
b)
It develops an interest in the topic and stimulates questions
c)
It helps build an argument for hypotheses and lay the foundation for the study
d)
All of the above are true
9.
The constant comparative process suggests that
a.
researchers compare their findings to the body of published research within the focus of study.
b.
continually seeking outside sources ensures that objectivity is preserved during the research process.
c.
checking out a research idea with other ideas that have been researched prevents duplication of findings.
d.
emerging themes are held up to the data to strengthen validity of the findings.
10.
ALL BUT WHICH of the following are true about theory
a.
It provides a basis for action
b.
It is applicable only within the context of the particular research study
c.
It accounts for consistency and variation
d.
It has both explanatory and predictive power
11.
Grounded theory utilizes focus coding
a.
To help develop categories based on emerging themes
b.
Which is the same as selective coding
c.
Enables the researcher to reduce the number of categories
d.
All of the above
e.
a & c
12.
Which of the following most accurately represents how objectivity is viewed through the Grounded Theory approach?
a.
The researcher influences what is observed.
b.
The job of the researcher is to organize and accurately render the participants’ story which is also shaped by the researcher’s experience.
c.
Objectivity is maintained through reflexivity.
d.
A and B.
e.
All of the above.
13.
ALL BUT WHICH of the following are true regarding Grounded Theory
a.
It is a systematic quantitative methodology
b.
It emphasizes the generation of theory from data during the research process
c.
Data collection occurs prior to determining the theoretical foundation of the study
d.
All of the above are true
14.
With regard to the method of inquiry and theory,
a.
Theory is used deductively to test hypotheses in qualitative methodology
b.
Theory is used inductively and starts with a general area of interest in qualitative methodology
c.
The assumption in Grounded Theory is that researchers and what they study mutually influence one another
d.
All of the above
15.
Which of the following research ideas would be best suited to the use of Grounded Theory?
a.
Relationship between birth order and treatment for depression
b.
The efficacy of a program to increase undergraduate retention rates
c.
The impact of years of clinical experience on measures of compassio.
Quantitative Article Analysis WorksheetAnalyze and critique a qu.docxamrit47
Quantitative Article Analysis Worksheet
Analyze and critique a quantitative nursing research article from a nursing research journal published within the past 5 years. Include 3 scholarly references—the article, the text, and one outside source. Use the Guidelines for Quantitative Nursing Research Critique to complete the following steps:
1. State the purpose of the study and identify the problem.
2. Analyze the literature review.
3. Analyze the study framework or theoretical perspective.
4. Identify, describe, and critique for appropriateness any research objectives, questions, or hypothesis.
5. Identify, describe, and critique—conceptually and operationally—the major study variables.
6. Identify and critique the attributes and demographic variables.
7. Describe and critique the research design.
8. Describe and critique the sample and setting.
9. Describe and critique the measurement instrument used in the study.
10. Describe and critique the procedures for data collection
11. Describe and critique the statistical analysis.
12. Describe and critique the researcher’s interpretation.
Assignment (Part A - individual), total marks = 60
Due Date: 19th September
Question 1
(Marks: 28)
On 31 May 2012 Interactive Ltd had a cash balance as per company records of $10
949 debit. The bank statement from Community Bank on that date showed a credit
balance of $15 569.20. A comparison of the statement with the cash account
revealed the following facts:
1. The statement included a debit entry of $120 for the printing of additional
company cheques.
2. Cash sales of $1672.30 on 12 May were deposited in the bank. The cash
receipts journal entry and the deposit slip were incorrectly made for
$1692.30. The bank credited Interactive Ltd for the correct amount.
3. Unpresented cheques at 31 May totalled $2552.50, and outstanding deposits
were $1672.30.
4. On 18 May Interactive Ltd issued cheque no. 1181 for $1370 to M. Helms on
account. The cheque, which cleared the bank in May, was incorrectly
journalised and posted by Interactive Ltd for $1730.
5. A $6000 note receivable was collected by the bank for Interactive Ltd on 31
May plus $160 interest. The bank charged a collection fee of $40. No interest
has been accrued on the note.
6. Included with the cheques paid was a cheque issued by Teller Pty Ltd to P.
Jonet for $1200 that was incorrectly charged to Interactive Ltd by the bank.
7. On 31 May the bank statement showed a dishonoured cheque of $1400 that
had been issued by W. Hoad, a customer, to Interactive Ltd.
Required
(a) Prepare the bank reconciliation as at 31 May 2012.
(b) Prepare the necessary adjusting entries as at 31 May 2012.
Question 2 (Marks: 14)
At 30 June 2012, the trial balance of Gleason Ltd contained the following amounts
before adjustme ...
Critical Review of Published ArticlesAccording to the syllabus, .docxfaithxdunce63732
Critical Review of Published Articles
According to the syllabus, MGMT 650 students are
… required to complete a critical review of one research orientated journal article. The article will be selected by the student with approval of the instructor from peer-reviewed journals in an area of interest to the student. The article reviewed will use descriptive statistics that the student has been exposed to in the first 4 - 6 weeks of this course. Students will choose articles to review from UMUC’s library resources.
For the article, students may select a topic of their interest. The empirical research article, “Academic procrastination and statistics anxiety” used for Sessions 1 and 2 Discussion assignments (see Conferences section), is an example of a descriptive statistical research article. In addition, the students are encouraged to use UMUC’s Library to locate an empirical research article. Finally, the instructor of the course must approve the article. Students should upload the pdf version of the article in the Workbook section of the online class.
Empirical Research Articles
If you never read an empirical research article, the following web sites will help you to understand the difference between a primary empirical research article and a secondary article:
1. http://www.nsu.edu/library/pdf/EmpiricalResearch.pdf
2. http://www.up.edu/showimage/show.aspx?file=12944
APA Writing Style
To help with the organization of the critique information in the 5- to 7-page report, the students are required to use APA format 6th edition with headings and subheadings.
Critique Report Format
The critique report format was adapted from the University of Michigan web site: http://open.umich.edu/sites/default/files/Topic8Assignment-CritiqueArticle.pdf.
1. Title page, which includes (a) title of the empirical research article and author’s name(s), (b) your name, (c) Turnitin reliability index score, (d) running head with continuous page numbers, and (e) date. The title page does not count towards the 5- to 7-pages for the critique report.
2. Problem statement and purpose (Answer the following questions; however, do not write the questions in the report.) In addition, from the empirical research report, include the page number(s) to answers the questions:
a. What were the purpose and/or problem of the research study?
b. What are the independent and dependent variables of the study? Correctly, identify the independent and dependent variables.
3. Review of literature and theoretical framework (Answer the following questions; however, do not write the questions in the report.) In addition, from the empirical research report, include the page number(s) to answers the questions:
a. What concepts/theories are included in the review? Please explain them.
b. Did the author discuss the independent and dependent variables? If so, provide examples from the literature review.
4. Hypotheses and/or research questions (Answer the following questions; however, do not wr.
Running head UNDERSTANDING STATISTICAL CONCEPTS1UNDERSTANDING.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: UNDERSTANDING STATISTICAL CONCEPTS1
UNDERSTANDING STATISTICAL CONCEPTS22
Final Exam
Focus of the Final Exam
The purpose of the Final Exam is to assess your understanding of the main statistical concepts covered in this course and to evaluate your ability to critically review a quantitative research article. The exam will consist of two parts: Part I includes three essay questions and Part II includes a research critique. All of your responses should be included in a single Word document for submission.
Please include the following general headings for each section of the written exam within your Word document:
Part I: Essay Questions
1. Essay 1
2. Essay 2
3. Essay 3
Part II: Research Study Critique
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Your complete Word document must include a title page with the following:
1. Student’s name
2. Course name and number
3. Instructor’s name
4. Date submitted
Part I: Essay Questions
There are three essay questions in this section. You must answer all three questions. The length of each essay should be one to two double-spaced pages (excluding title and reference pages). Use 12-point font and format your paper with regular 1-inch margins. Do not include the essay prompt in your document. It will not count toward the length requirement for your essays.
Essay 1
A group of researchers conducted an experiment to determine which vaccine is more effective for preventing getting the flu. They tested two different types of vaccines: a shot and a nasal spray. To test the effectiveness, 1000 participants were randomly selected with 500 people getting the shot and 500 the nasal spray. Of the 500 people were treated with the shot, 80 developed the flu and 420 did not. Of the people who were treated with the nasal spray, 120 people developed the flu and 380 did not. The level of significance was set at .05. The proportion of people who were treated with the shot who developed the flu = .16, and the proportion of the people who were treated with the nasal spray was .24. The calculated p value = .0008.
For this essay, describe the statistical approaches (e.g., identify the hypotheses and research methods) used in this excerpt from a research study. Interpret the statistical results and examine the limitations of the statistical methods. Finally, evaluate the research study as a whole and apply what you have learned about hypothesis testing and inferential statistics by discussing how you might conduct a follow-up study.
Your essay must address the following points:
· Describe the research question for this experiment.
· What were the null and alternative hypotheses?
· Were the results of this test statistically significant?
· If so, why were they significant?
· Would the researchers reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
· Do the results provide sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis?
· Was the sample appropriate for this study? Explain your answer.
...
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
quiz.pptx
1. 1. A hypothesis is:
A. Necessary for quantitative research
B. An educated guess or a presumption based on the review of the
research literature
C. The definition of one variable
D. Written in the form of a question
E. Used when conflicting results are found in the research literature
2. 2. Quantitative research relies on deductive reasoning. This
means that:
A. A theory emerges from the data collected
B. A theory is the basis of the propositions tested in the study
C. A theory determines how data are collected
D. Theory is not relevant
3. 3. Quantitative research uses:
A. Measurement and observation to represent communication as
amounts, frequencies, degrees, values, or intensity
B. Measurement and observation to represent the complexity of
interaction
C. Statistics to represent communication phenomena as amounts,
frequencies, degrees, values, or intensity
D. Statistics to determines data collection methods
4. 4. An operationalization is:
A. Key to developing a hypothesis or research question
B. The same as a conceptual scheme
C. Exactly how a variable is observed and measured
D. Needed only for the independent variable
E. Needed only for the dependent variable
5. 5. The hypothesis, “Nurses’ communication of role expectations to
parents will increase satisfaction with nursing care,” is an example
of a:
A. Directional hypothesis
B. Nondirectional hypothesis
C. Null hypothesis
D. Research question
6. 6. A null hypothesis:
A. The hypothesis presented in the research study
B. The implicit complementary statement to a research question
C. Tested by the statistical test
D. Represented by the symbol H1
E. What the researcher wants to prove
7. 7. A variable:
A. Can be identified as independent or dependent
B. Is the same as the operationalization
C. Only appears in a hypothesis
D. Consists of only one level
E. Is tested by the statistical test
8. 8. The independent variable:
A. Is sometimes called the criterion or outcome variable
B. Is presumed to be the cause of change in the dependent
variable
C. Is not expected to vary
D. Does not need to be identified in a research question
9. 9. Reliability:
A. Is the opposite of validity
B. Is achieved when researchers are consistent in their use of data
collection procedures
C. Is achieved when participants react similarly to data collection
procedures
D. Is achieved when researchers using the same measure get similar
results
E. All except A
10. 10. Validity is achieved when:
A. Researchers are consistent in their use of data collection
procedures
B. The measurement does what it is intended to do
C. Reliability is achieved
D. The independent variable does not vary
E. Researchers using a different number of questions ask participants
about the same variable
11. Writing Activity
Write a narrative text
about a time in your life
when you experienced an
emotion strongly. Try to
give as much detail as
possible.