Running head: DATA ANALYSIS PLAN 1 DATA ANALYSIS PLAN 6 Data Analysis Plan Columbia Southern University PUH 6301 Public Health Research February 25, 2020 Data Analysis Plan Checking for Data Accuracy Data accuracy checking will incorporate various measures for efficacy. The first method will include using reliable data sources. The data sources are critical to successful data collection as well as further analysis. Therefore, I will ensure the credibility and reliability of the systems as well as personnel responsible for information and data generation. Another significant measure will be aligning the key parameters and factors. It entails analyzing and sifting through the features that contribute to data communication, by figuring out the most relevant parameters that are needed for the performance report of the specific operations or developing the feasibility (Cole & Trinh, 2017). Then, I will design a set of essential and basic parameters and formulate a plan for the data collection. Equally, maintaining neutrality is essential for checking data accuracy since claims and exaggerations create a negative balance to data sets. Therefore, by ascertaining that data is neutral, it becomes easy to justify the completeness of data. Importantly, I will use computerized and automated programs. There is always room for more mistakes as well as a human error with the use of manual mechanisms during information recording and data entry (Cole & Trinh, 2017). Besides, there can be higher risks of inaccuracy and compromised data entries based on personal favors and biases that wholly affect data results and inferences, leading to loss of portability and efficacy of data accuracy and analysis. However, the data collection through automated and smart systems makes it easier for focusing on parameters and factors, while the system records accurate data and real-time in a perfect manner. Level of Measurement The important level of measurement for my research project is the nominal level of measurement. The measurement is essential to the research since it uses elements such as letters, words, numbers, and alpha-numeric (Ekinci, 2017). In the research, the hypothesis is establishing the difference in performance between private and public schools. Specifically, the hypothesis is “private schools perform better than public schools.” Therefore, one of the elements will be a comparison of performance by gender. In this case, female students will be classified as F and male students will be classified as M. The nominal level of measurement is equally essential in this research since it only possess the description of the character meaning the unique label for identifying values to subjects. In this case, it is used to identify male and female students and utilizes a one-on-one correlation between the objects and letters assigned. Therefore, the letters are merely for identifying the gender of the students and not their capabilities in the learning .

1. Running head: DATA ANALYSIS PLAN
1
DATA ANALYSIS PLAN
6
Data Analysis Plan
Columbia Southern University
PUH 6301 Public Health Research
February 25, 2020
Data Analysis Plan
Checking for Data Accuracy
Data accuracy checking will incorporate various measures for
efficacy. The first method will include using reliable data
sources. The data sources are critical to successful data
collection as well as further analysis. Therefore, I will ensure
the credibility and reliability of the systems as well as
personnel responsible for information and data generation.
Another significant measure will be aligning the key parameters
and factors. It entails analyzing and sifting through the features
that contribute to data communication, by figuring out the most
relevant parameters that are needed for the performance report
of the specific operations or developing the feasibility (Cole &
Trinh, 2017). Then, I will design a set of essential and basic
parameters and formulate a plan for the data collection.
Equally, maintaining neutrality is essential for checking data

2. accuracy since claims and exaggerations create a negative
balance to data sets. Therefore, by ascertaining that data is
neutral, it becomes easy to justify the completeness of data.
Importantly, I will use computerized and automated programs.
There is always room for more mistakes as well as a human
error with the use of manual mechanisms during information
recording and data entry (Cole & Trinh, 2017). Besides, there
can be higher risks of inaccuracy and compromised data entries
based on personal favors and biases that wholly affect data
results and inferences, leading to loss of portability and efficacy
of data accuracy and analysis. However, the data collection
through automated and smart systems makes it easier for
focusing on parameters and factors, while the system records
accurate data and real-time in a perfect manner.
Level of Measurement
The important level of measurement for my research project is
the nominal level of measurement. The measurement is essential
to the research since it uses elements such as letters, words,
numbers, and alpha-numeric (Ekinci, 2017). In the research, the
hypothesis is establishing the difference in performance
between private and public schools. Specifically, the hypothesis
is “private schools perform better than public schools.”
Therefore, one of the elements will be a comparison of
performance by gender. In this case, female students will be
classified as F and male students will be classified as M. The
nominal level of measurement is equally essential in this
research since it only possess the description of the character
meaning the unique label for identifying values to subjects. In
this case, it is used to identify male and female students and
utilizes a one-on-one correlation between the objects and letters
assigned. Therefore, the letters are merely for identifying the
gender of the students and not their capabilities in the learning
process.

3. Besides, the nominal level of measurement is essential in the
research since it does not involve quantitative variables.
Specifically, the research looks at the degree of performance
across each school based on three selected items. 1= Higher
Performance, 2= Moderate Performance, 3= Poor Performance.
The number still, is only a representation of tags and not a
value. Therefore, the nominal level measurement will apply to
the different research elements applied in the research while
comparing performance results between public and private
schools (Ekinci, 2017).
Dependent Variables
I will collect dependent variables since performance can be
influenced by a lot of factors. The dependent variable, in this
case, is performance and is influenced by an independent
variable such as curriculum. Learners have a similar curriculum,
but performance will change based on the dependent factors
(Ekinci, 2017). In this way, one of the variables I will collect
concerning performance is how much study time is allocated for
students in private schools versus those in public schools.
Getting a difference in this variable will highlight the factors
that contribute to the difference in performances. Also, I will
look at the qualification of tutors among the schools.
Specifically, it will involve looking at the institution with the
most qualified personnel. In this way, it becomes easier to
establish the impact of tutors on student’s performance in these
different learning settings.
Besides, another important dependent variable I will measure is
the availability of learning resources in public and private
schools. It entails the identification of the learning institution
with most resources as well as the least resources. Usually,
schools with more resources will have better performances.
Besides, another dependent variable to measure will include the

4. social backgrounds of learners in each institution. Poor social
background is associated with deprived learning incentives that
generally affect student’s performance. Overall, by focusing on
performance as the dependent variable, there are correlated
variables that will result for investigation in the research.
T-test
The statistical test I would use it a T-test. It is important since
it will be used as an inferential statistic to determine the
important distinction between the means of two classes (the
schools), which may be related to given features. The t-test is
used to test the hypotheses and allows the testing of the
assumption appropriate to the population (Schabenberger &
Gotway, 2017). The t-test will take a sample from every two
sets as well as ascertaining the problem statement by assuming
that the null hypotheses are equal. Therefore, based on the
relevant formulas, specific values are compared and calculated
against the average values, and the hypothesis is rejected or
accepted accordingly (Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017).
Therefore, this statistical analysis is essential since the
outcomes of the test produce at-value. The t-value is compared
alongside the value acquired from the critical value table. The
comparison helps in the determination of the outcomes of the
changes only on the variation, and whether the dissimilarity is
outside the chance range (Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017).
Hence, the t-test questions whether variations between the
groups correspond to the true difference in the research or a
worthless random difference. Besides, the t-test works when
there is one independent variable with two categories, and there
accompanying one dependent variable. Besides, the independent
variable for the t-test is nominally scaled as established on the
level of measurement.
Consulting an Expert

5. I will consult an expert since data analysis, specifically on the
t-test. The data analysis and comparison of results should have
higher accuracy, implying the involvement of an expert would
be necessary. Besides, the expert can be essential in choosing
the right data accuracy measure. Overall, an expert would be
useful in the data analysis process by identifying the usefulness
of the variable measurement and the level of measurements
based on the research hypothesis. In most cases, an expert can
offer an alternative research approach that fits the hypothesis
based on the established variables and measurements mentioned
(Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017). Importantly, the expert is a
guide towards remaining on the correct track in data analysis,
since he or she can offer the correct insights when there are
errors or omissions in a section of the analysis.
References:
Cole, A. P., & Trinh, Q. D. (2017). Secondary data analysis:
techniques for comparing interventions and their
limitations. Current opinion in urology, 27(4), 354-359.
Ekinci, Y. (2017). Measurement of variables. Research methods
for leisure, recreation and tourism, (Ed. 2), 77-95.
Schabenberger, O., & Gotway, C. A. (2017). Statistical methods
for spatial data analysis. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Assignment 1
Please read ALL directions below before starting your
assignment. You may find it helpful to print a copy and cross
off or highlight as you complete each expectation. Good luck!
HRMN300 Assignment 1 – Spring 2020
INSTRUCTIONS:
· Please submit your assignment as an attachment in your
assignments folder.

6. · Your assignment cannot be accepted via messages, email or
conferences.
· You must submit to the assignment link by the due date stated
in the syllabus for credit. A missing assignment will be assigned
a 0.
· Respond to all four questions below on a new, blank word
processing document (such as MS Word).
· Develop each answer to the fullest extent possible, discussing
the nuances of each topic and presenting your arguments
logically.
· In addition, include citations from the class content resources
in weeks 1- 4 to support your arguments.
· Each answer should be robust and developed in-depth.
· You are expected to demonstrate critical thinking skills, as
well as an understanding of the issues identified. Some
questions may also require personal reflection and practical
application. Your responses will be evaluated for content as
well as grammar and punctuation.
· All writing must be your original work. PLEASE do not copy
or quote anything. Sources are just that, a reference. Once you
locate the information, read and interpret the data. What does it
mean to you? Type your own thoughts and own words. Then,
include in-text citations to support your ideas.This is not a
research paper.
FORMAT:
· Include a Cover Page with Name, Date, and Title of
Assignment.
· Do not include the original question, only the question
number.
· Each response should be written in complete sentences,
double-spaced and spell-checked. Use 12-point Times New
Roman font with 1-inch margins on all sides. Include page
numbers according to APA formatting guidelines.
· In addition, you will want to include citations in APA format
at the end of each answer. Include a minimum of 3 references
for each answer.

7. Question 1:
How are motivation and engagement related to employee
retention? What is the difference between job satisfaction and
employee engagement? What factors (personal, organizational)
might contribute to job satisfaction and engagement? Explain
your answer.
Question 2:
Discuss how an organization’s culture can impact policies and
behaviors related to diversity and multiculturalism. How can
HR influence organizational culture to support diversity and
multiculturalism? In your response, discuss at least 3 policies
or practices that HR can propose and how they should be
communicated to senior leaders.
Question 3:
Select three functional areas of HR (i.e. recruiting, selection,
training and development, compensation etc.) and, for each one,
discuss how that function supports the HR and organizational
strategy. Provide specific examples of goals and outcomes that
support organizational success.
Question 4:
Think about a job where you have been employed for many
years. What factors influenced your job satisfaction? What
factors influenced your decision to stay and why? Consider a
job where you had a short tenure. What factors influenced your
job dissatisfaction? What factors contributed to your
resignation and what factors could have made you stay? Which
were within the organization’s control?

8. Assignment 1
Please read ALL directions below before starting your
assignment. You may find it
helpful to print a copy and cross off or highlight as you
complete each
expectation. Good luck!
HRMN300 Assignment 1
–
Spring 2020
INSTRUCTIONS:
·
Please
submit your assignment as an attachment in your assignments
folder.
·
Your assignment cannot be accepted via messages, email or
conferences.
·

9. You must submit to the assignment link by the due date stated
in the
syllabus for credit.
A missing assignment will
be assigned a 0
.
·
Respond to all four questions below on a new, blank word
processing
document (such as MS Word).
·
Develop each answer to the fullest extent
possible, discussing the nuances
of each topic and presenting your arguments logically.
·
In addition, include citations
from the class content resources in weeks 1
-
4
to support your arguments.
o

10. Each answer should be robust and developed in
-
depth.
o
You ar
e expected to demonstrate critical thinking skills, as well as an
understanding of the issues identified. Some questions may also
require personal reflection and practical application. Your
responses
will be evaluated for content as well as grammar and pun
ctuation.
o
All writing must be your original work.
PLEASE do not copy or quote
anything
.
Sources are just that, a reference. Once you locate the
information, read and interpret the data. What does it mean to
you?
Type your own thoughts and own words. Then,
include in
-
text
citations to support your ideas.
This is not a research paper.

11. FORMAT:
o
Include a Cover Page with Name, Date, and Title of
Assignment.
o
Do not include the original question, only the question number.
o
Each response should be written in
complete sentences
, double
-
spaced
and spell
-
checked. Use 12
-
point Times New Roman font with 1
-
inch margins
on all sides. Include page numbers according to APA formatting
guidelines.
o
In addition, you will want to include
citations in APA format
at the end of
each answer.

12. Include a minimum of 3 references for each answer.
Assignment 1
Please read ALL directions below before starting your
assignment. You may find it
helpful to print a copy and cross off or highlight as you
complete each
expectation. Good luck!
HRMN300 Assignment 1 – Spring 2020
INSTRUCTIONS:
assignments
folder.
ssignment cannot be accepted via messages, email or
conferences.
in the
syllabus for credit. A missing assignment will be assigned a 0.
nk word
processing
document (such as MS Word).
the nuances
of each topic and presenting your arguments logically.
in weeks 1- 4
to support your arguments.
o Each answer should be robust and developed in-depth.
o You are expected to demonstrate critical thinking skills, as
well as an
understanding of the issues identified. Some questions may also
require personal reflection and practical application. Your

13. responses
will be evaluated for content as well as grammar and
punctuation.
o All writing must be your original work. PLEASE do not copy
or quote
anything. Sources are just that, a reference. Once you locate the
information, read and interpret the data. What does it mean to
you?
Type your own thoughts and own words. Then, include in-text
citations to support your ideas. This is not a research paper.
FORMAT:
o Include a Cover Page with Name, Date, and Title of
Assignment.
o Do not include the original question, only the question
number.
o Each response should be written in complete sentences,
double-spaced
and spell-checked. Use 12-point Times New Roman font with 1-
inch margins
on all sides. Include page numbers according to APA formatting
guidelines.
o In addition, you will want to include citations in APA format
at the end of
each answer. Include a minimum of 3 references for each
answer.
1
Running Head: FAMILY DIET RESEARCH
6
FAMILY DIET RESEARCH
Family Diet Research
Columbia Southern University

14. PUH 6301 Public Health Research
February 27, 2020
Family Diet Research
Part 1
In today's families, we have experienced many cases among
families that can be linked to nutrition. I set up a study focusing
on determining the relationship that exists between family and
nutrition. Going deep into the areas including breastfeeding and
baby healthcare and the social benefits of family settings and
concerns on home eating habits and home-cooked meals. Our
expectation is based on the family setting and all the nutrition-
based links and practices that may exist. Our society today is
faced with many diseases that are linked to food and drinks
consumed. Hence research on this sector
Collection of figures and numbers in the family on their
conditions and cases of the nutrition-based disease. Quantitative
data made of figures of family members and their state in terms
of any nutrition-based ill health will need to be collected (Moon
et.at 2017). The size of the family and the number of people
will also be quantified to help in the study. For useful research
on this concern, we will collect data in figures. Data will give a
more accurate determination of conclusions concerning the
topic of study. Numbers will provide a better understanding of
the actual situation in the research area of families (Moon et.at
2017).
To exhaustively collect the required information, randomized
family interviews were chosen to be collected. Interviews
provide flexibility to the interviewers. It is to interact much
with maximum data. Interviews will also give better response
and more valid information in comparison to mailed
questionnaires and other data collection methods. It is better to
conduct thorough research hence the reason for using
interviews. Matters concerning families and are always subject
to the privacy, and people hate to share in-depth information,
especially when dealing with health, nutrition, and family

15. concerns. Face to face interviews will play a significant role in
this task. Winning trust is required since this topic is
susceptible. This can only be achieved by using face to face to
win the interviewee's trust easily (Moon et.at 2017).
One problem when conducting this research will be time. To
avoid time wastage, our interview will involve all the family
members at a go. However, some matters will require one on
one interviews, especially about issues that should not include
young children. Therefore, a fast interview should be conducted
on the general family then break down to the parents. General
discussion will cover all matters that the children can handle
since some information is too sensitive to them. On putting the
interview question, extra precaution shall be taken on the items
that should be asked in this case. The study population will be
a random twenty homesteads in the area. A family, according to
our research, will be all persons in that house at the time of
conducting the research. The research will involve all the
family in the house at the time of the field research (Moon et.at
2017).
Part 2
This is research on the families to identify the link between
family and cases of nutrition and nutrition-related disease. The
study will cover all areas from the standard type of food
consumed by the family to the water and all other snacks and
fruits consumed by the family. Also, for families that have
small breastfeeding kids and families who have patients within
the family. The research generally intends to find the
relationship between nutrition and family health. Our focus will
be on eating habits, types of food consumed, and cases of food
and nutrition-related diseases (Campbell & Campbell, 2016) On
those that have babies and sick family members, we intend to
determine the composition of food they consume every day.
This research conducted because of the many upcoming issues
of malnutrition and food-related diseases. This is to determine
the links to come up with a solution on how to deal with it.
The research participation will take three nights. We shall

16. research in the evening when all the members are home. To
exhaustively collect all the information, a maximum of two
hours for each family shall be taken. A minimum of seven
families will be cover each day for the three nights. To avoid
sampling bias, a border in which the research will cover shall be
drawn (Campbell & Campbell, 2016). All families that will fall
within that area will stand a chance of being interview. No
form on which family will be interviewed or which will be left
behind. This simple random sampling within the drawn border
will be the most effective. All the families will the research
zone will be selected by chance.
To conduct a successful interview, the nature and types of
questions will matter. All questions asked must be relevant and
understandable. As the plan is to split the family into two, the
relevancy of the question will be taken keenly. All questions
must be credential and free of any form of prejudice (Campbell
& Campbell, 2016).
General family questions
1. How would you describe the family diet?
2. What are some of the best meals and the worse meal the
family members like? How is the eating habits in term quality
when dealing with the food?
3. What does a healthy diet look like to you?
4 How many fruits and vegetables do the family take in a day?
What are some of the common fruits the family eats?
5 Do we have a member that always complains about the food
and why? How is the family reaction to help?
Questions to ask the parents
1. What is the definition of a balanced diet and eating healthy?
2. Has there been any form of diet deficiency in the family?
3. Is there anyone in the family taking medications or food
supplements?
4. Does the family have any strict dietary specifications?
5. What are the challenges of maintaining an excellent
nutritional aide in the family?
References

17. Campbell, T. C., & Campbell II, T. M. (2016). The China
Study: Revised and Expanded Edition: The Most Comprehensive
Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and the Startling
Implications for Diet, Weight Loss, and Long-Term Health.
BenBella Books, Inc..
Moon, J. H., Roh, E., Oh, T. J., Kim, K. M., Moon, J. H., Lim,
S., ... & Choi, S. H. (2017). Increased risk of metabolic
disorders in healthy young adults with family history of
diabetes: from the Korea National Health and Nutrition
Survey. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 9(1), 16.
Running head: OBESITY AND HEALTHY EATING
1
OBESITY AND HEALTHY EATING
4
Obesity and Healthy Eating
Columbia Southern University
PUH 6301- Public Health Research
February 16, 2020
Obesity and Healthy Eating
Three types of Research Design and Methods of Data collection
The research design refers to a set of methods and processes
utilized in the collection and analysis of variables specified in
the research problem. There are various types of research
design, including experimental, comparative, observational,
survey and case study. The three main models relevant to the
study of obesity and healthy eating are case study, comparative
and observational research designs. A case study refers to a
research strategy applied to investigate a phenomenon within a
real-life context. Case studies consider an in-depth investigation
of a particular individual, group or an event to explore the
causes of underlying principles (Hopwood, 2004). Comparative

18. research, on the other hand, refers to a design utilized primarily
in the social sciences to make comparisons of an issue across
various nations or cultures. Besides, an observational study is a
research technique that entails the direct examination of
phenomena in their natural setting. In this research, I will use a
mixed method of data collection. Obesity and healthy habits is a
sensitive and essential topic that requires both the statistical
data and opinions of people on the causes of the condition and
perspectives of individuals on what some have done to help
address the situation (Hopwood, 2004).
The reason for Choosing the Approach
The mixed method of data collection is vital since it will help in
the collection of both the numerical data and people's opinions.
The quantitative techniques offer objective measurements,
statistical, mathematical, and numerical analysis of the
information obtained, and this will involve data collection using
questionnaires, and surveys or through various computational
techniques (Gill, & Chadwick, 2008). On the other hand, the
qualitative methods such as interviews, focus groups and visual
analysis will get used to collect opinions of individuals. The
technique is essential to understand the underlying reasons and
views. Thus, in addition to the statistical and numerical
illustrations, the method will offer insights into the problems
and aid in developing ideas or hypothesis for potential
quantitative research (Gill, & Chadwick, 2008). This is the
reason mixed research would be vital in this study.
The tool used in Data Collection and why it will get used
Since the research entails using a mixed method of data
collection, it will also use various tools to collect data. The
various tools will include the surveys, questionnaires to collect
the quantitative data and interviews and visual analysis to
gather qualitative analysis. The interviews help best understand

19. and explore the research subjects, experiences and opinions, and
aid retrieves in-depth information (Gill, & Chadwick, 2008).
Surveys, on the other hand, will be integral to reach out to a
large population and this will ensure a more accurate sample to
collect targeted results to help draw conclusions and make vital
decisions on the research subjects.
How to ensure internal and external validity in the Research
Project
Internal and external validity represents the concepts that offer
a reflection of whether or not the results of a research project
are trustworthy and meaningful or not. The internal validity
relates to the manner or how well a study has been conducted
while the external validity refers to how applicable the findings
are to the real world (McDermott, 2011). The two concepts can
be ensured through a focus on the accuracy and string research
methods, control of the extraneous variables, elimination of the
alternative explanations and also ensuring that the conclusions
are warranted.
References
Gill, P., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Methods of data collection in
qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. British dental
journal, 204(6), 291-295.
Hopwood, N. (2004). Research design and methods of data
collection and analysis: researching students' conceptions in a
multiple‐method case study. Journal of Geography in Higher
Education, 28(2), 347-353.
McDermott, R. (2011). Internal and external validity.
Cambridge handbook of experimental political science, 27-40.
Running head: ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH

20. 1
ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH
5
Ethical Issues in Research
Columbia Southern University
PUH 6301 Public Health Research
February 11, 2020
Ethical Issues in Research
Ethical issues that could occur in my research study of obesity
and healthy eating include the general safety of the people used
in conducting the research,advocating for the sale of healthy
foods and avoiding snacks and general issues of governance
against the whole topic of research (Whitaker, 1997). As
regards the general safety of the people involved in the
research, the ethical issues that could occur are unconsciously
body shaming the people involved in the research. An example
is if the research targets a group of people that would be most
likely considered obese then chances are high that it may
expose them to even more body shaming. It also works
negatively for their self esteem and may affect the research
results (Whitaker, 1997).
The other psychological aspect of body shaming that may
occur in thus regard is segregative discrimination (Pi-
Sunyer,1993). If the experiment involves different groups of
people with different body sizes,you may find the group that has
the socially accepted body size,which is in most cases skinny
body types, start to shame the other group of people.The actual
act of separating them for research can also affect them
negatively. The solution would be to have the experiment done
in a way that each group does not know about the other one (Pi-
Sunyer,1993).
The psychological aspect of body shaming is a serious
ethical issue that arises when doing research on on obesity and
healthy ageing.This is even more crucial for ladies who are
subjected to various aspects of body shaming due to their obese
conditions and strive therefore to achieve a perfect look. The

21. society through empowering men has led them to impose strict
conditions for the so called ‘beautiful’ physique that the modern
woman should have.This has led to an emergence of a huge
cosmetics surgery industry and countless other women suffering
daily psychological torture among other effects. A non-intrusive
or private way of doing the research would therefore be more
suitable (Macdiarmid, 2013).
Another ethical issue that could occur during this
research is advocating for the sale of healthy products while
using unhealthy products to carry out research.The research
critics could argue that the basis of the research is to advocate
for healthy ageing and healthy food options,but the actual
research process can involve consumption of snacks to highlight
how they affect the human body. This would be a serious ethical
issue that could present itself and if not handled well could lead
to people avoiding the research altogether. The obese generation
is the largest consumers of unhealthy snacks from the snack
industry, and statistics show that it is one of the most profitable
industries in America today (Whitaker, 1997). The normal
working class citizen is most likely to eat a snack as opposed to
a healthy food option like a fruit and the fact that there exists a
Macdonald’s food store at almost every street corner in America
does not help only adds to the problems of the snacking culture.
The ethical issues that would present themselves in
this case is critics saying that the snack producing companies
are an integral part of the American economy (Pi-Sunyer,1993).
This could be because the companies pay their taxes well and
have corporate social responsibility projects. They would also
add that they do their part to solve the problem of
unemployment, which is an important part of development. This
is overlooked by the research and would be a serious issue of
contention. The result might even include actual resistance by
government or governing authorities against carrying out the
research. The experiments involved should therefore advocate
for the safety of the individuals involved by making the subjects
consume only healthy foods (Pi-Sunyer,1993). This is due to

22. mainstream media propagating the narrative of unhealthy foods
being cool for the mass population
References
Macdiarmid, J. I. (2013). Is a healthy diet an environmentally
sustainable diet?. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , 72 (1),
13-20.
Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1993). Medical hazards of obesity. Annals of
internal medicine, 119(7), 655-660.
Whitaker, R. C., Wright, J. A., Pepe, M. S., Seidel, K. D., &
Dietz, W. H. (1997). Predicting obesity in young adulthood
from childhood and parental obesity. New England journal of
medicine, 337(13), 869-873.
Running head: OBESITY AND HEALTHY AGING
1
OBESITY AND HEALTHY AGING
4
Obesity and Healthy Aging
Columbia Southern University
PUH 6301 Public Health Research
February 2, 2020
Obesity has currently become a significant health problem, and
it is common amongst older age groups. The research topic in
this paper is about how and to what extent obesity affects
healthy aging. Various research articles have linked obesity to
quick aging due to increased abdominal obesity. Obesity is a
condition of serious concern among the elderly since it causes
early death due to severe complications in human health
Salvestrini, & Lorenzini (2019). To access the peer-reviewed
journal articles, sources, and databases like the US National

23. Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health and Frontiers
were useful. Common keywords used in research about obesity
and healthy aging include “healthy aging, obesity, health
consequences, socially functional, and mental well-being, and
the aging process among the elderly.” These keywords were
essential in accessing the peer-reviewed journal articles from
online databases that can be used in research about obesity and
healthy aging.
Analysis of the articles
The first peer-reviewed article by Jura & Kozak (2016) covers
the condition of obesity and the related consequences to aging.
Authors view obesity as a serious issue of concern amongst the
aging population because it is associated with increased
abdominal obesity that contributes to insulin resistance and
metabolic syndrome. The authors state that recent advancements
in public health care and medical science have led to a
significant extension of life expectancy, and the ability to stay
longer for people aged above 65 years has risen. To counter the
issue of obesity that shortens life expectancy, the healthcare
industry should first consider addressing other chronic diseases
that are age-related like stroke, diabetes, and heart attacks. As
such, changes in lifestyle for the aging population as they enter
retirement is deemed to cause severe positive energy balance
state and consequently accumulation of excess fat tissue that
leads to the development of many elderly-associated diseases
like obesity and cardiovascular disease.
The other journal article by Rao & Wendy (2018) is quantitative
research on obesity and its impact on healthy aging based on the
social, mental well-being, and functional factors. Primary
research conducted by the authors of this article demonstrates
that participants reported to be adversely affected by the
condition of obesity. Those with obesity reported a lower multi-
morbidity rate when compared to those living without obesity.

24. The findings of this study depict that sexes amongst the aging
Canadian population were not impacted independently because
everyone was at risk of developing the ailment. As such, they
both reported functional impairments in health. In this regard,
obesity has an adverse impact on the aging process of an
individual.
The last research article by Salvestrini, & Lorenzini (2019)
validates the statement that ‘obesity may accelerate the aging
process.’ The authors mentioned some pathophysiological
changes that are influenced by obesity among the elderly. The
fact that obesity is contributing to increased death rates is
validated using the prevalent issues of disability. Currently,
obesity is expanding at a very worrying rate amongst adults and
the elderly due to the changing lifestyles and dieting styles.
Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and
work disability hence contributing to poor health status and
morbidity rates.
In conclusion, the above peer-reviewed articles have
demonstrated in-depth research conducted by professional
researchers to discuss how and to what extent obesity affects
healthy aging. Obesity is a condition of serious concern among
the elderly since it causes early death due to severe
complications in human health. Obesity is a risk factor for other
chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and
diabetes that accelerate the aging process and death rate.
References
Jura, M., & Kozak, L. P. (2016). Obesity and related
consequences to aging. Age, 38(1), 23. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5005878/
Rao & Wendy, T. (2018). Original quantitative research Obesity
and healthy aging: social, functional and mental well-being
among older Canadians. Health promotion and chronic disease
prevention in Canada: research, policy and practice, 38(12),

25. 437. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6329578/
Salvestrini, V., & Lorenzini, A. (2019). Obesity may accelerate
the aging process. Frontiers in endocrinology, 10, 266.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00266
Running head:OBESITY AND HEALTHY AGEING
OBESITY AND HEALTHY AGEING
2
Obesity and Healthy Ageing
Columbia Southern University
PUH 6301 Public Health Research
January 28, 2020
Obesity and Healthy Ageing
Forest Hill, Toronto is one of the most affluent neighbourhoods
of the Canadian city, offering unique scenery and filled with
expensive mansions. It is not all rosy however, since at least a
third of all children who go to school are obese. Obesity is the
existence of excess fats in one’s body,and this is an issue of
health concern since statistics show that the average Canadian
has at least three times more calorie intake than is
recommended by health authorities and most of it can be
attributed to unhealthy food choices (Burwell, 2016). This is
similar to most other modern countries today and is the story of
the urban North American adult.The average person living in
the city and having poor dietary habits is not uncommon, and
this is partly due to mainstream media propagating the narrative
of unhealthy foods being cool for the mass population (Pi-
Sunyer, 1993). The topic for my research therefore was obesity
and its relation to unhealthy ageing with the research question
being how and to what extent does obesity affect healthy
ageing?
I chose this topic because obesity is a serious health issue in the

26. modern world today. According to Whitaker (1997) , at least
97 million people in America are battling obesity and its
effects.The result is an entire population in future that is
characterized by unhealthy ageing.Its connection to adult life
and childhood however draws some interesting findings.It is a
well known fact for example that obesity at childhood can most
likely cause obesity in adulthood. However the aspect of how a
child becomes obese as a result of one or both parents being
obese is unknown. In his article, research was conducted to
understand what is the link between obesity during the subject’s
young adult life and the genetic link to one’s parents. It was
concluded as part of its results that there is a low risk for
children under the age of three to become obese if they did not
have any obese parent (Whitaker, 1997). However among older
children they might most likely be obese in adulthood if one
was obese in childhood. This was regardless of the fact that
none of the parents may be obese.
Poor food choices have contributed to a large part of the urban
adult and youth population being obese, as stated above. The
average resident of the city is most likely to ask for a burger
instead of a fruit, and this is where the problem lies. The
medical hazards of obesity are highlighted (Pi-Sunyer, 1993).
The potential dangers of obesity are highlighted as insulin
resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased
levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased
levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. It is also
mentioned as being linked with the disease of the gallbladder
and various types of cancer.The other diseases linked with
obese conditions in the article are sleep apnea, chronic hypoxia
and hypercapnia, and degenerative joint disease. When it comes
to coronary heart disease, obesity is termed as independent risk
factor (Pi-Sunyer, 1993). The article further mentions that when
fats are stored or concentrated in one place, this is likely to
occur.

27. Macdiarmid (2013) on the other hand looks into another aspect
of healthy dieting, which is if the diet itself is environmentally
sustainable.It highlights the fact that at times, the food that may
be termed as healthy or having the right calorie intake may not
necessarily have low levels of greenhouse gas emissions. The
article combines the two concepts of environmental and health
impact which is a huge factor in food sustainability.
References
Burwell, S. (2016) United to Reduce Childhood Obesity in
North America. Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan
American Journal Of Public Health, 40(2), 78–79. Retrieved
from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm
&AN=27982360&site=eds-live
Macdiarmid, J. I. (2013). Food systems: Healthy diet sustains
the environment too.(Report)(Author abstract). Nature, (7556),
287. https://doi.org/10.1038/522287b
Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1993). How Should We Reduce Obesity in
America? [Ashland, Oregon]: National Issues Forums Institute.
Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&
AN=1362437&site=eds-live
Whitaker, R. C. (1997). Predicting obesity in young adulthood
from childhood and parental obesity. New England journal of
medicine , 337(13), 869-873.