1. SISTEMANG HARANA
Suggested tune: Harana by Parokya ni Edgar
Sa siyensya, may sistema
Sa paglutas ng problema
Dapat tukuyin kung ano itong
Mga problemang nakagulo
Identification ang tawag sa phase na ito.
Formulate hypothesis
Generate ka na ng list
Sunod-sunod subukin itesting, observing
At sa bawat trial nito
Tignan mo ang epekto
Kung iyan nga ang dahilan o cause nito
Conclusion, recommendation ang direksyon
2. SISTEMANG HARANA
Suggested tune: Harana by Parokya ni Edgar
Sa siyensya, may sistema
Sa paglutas ng problema
Dapat tukuyin kung ano itong
Mga problemang nakagulo
Identification ang tawag sa phase na ito.
Formulate hypothesis
Generate ka na ng list
Sunod-sunod subukin itesting, observing
At sa bawat trial nito
Tignan mo ang epekto
Kung iyan nga ang dahilan o cause nito
Conclusion, recommendation ang direksyon
4. The purpose of any scientific inquiry is to add to
a body of knowledge that helps explain, predict,
or control events of interest in the domain.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
5. Quantitative approach
designs and examines
social phenomena through
quantifiable evidence, and
often relies on statistical
analysis of many causes to
create valid and reliable
general claims.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
6. The overall goal of quantitative research is
to convey numerically what is being
seen in the research and to arrive at
specific and observable conditions.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
20. VARIABLES AC C . TO VALUES
C ategorical Variable
These are variables whose
data are non-numeric and
whose observation vary in
kind but not in degree.
1.1. Qualitative Variable or
21. VARIABLES AC C . TO VALUES
C ategorical Variable
Examples:
sex- male or female
religion- Roman C atholic, Isla, etc
civil status- single, married
1.1. Qualitative Variable or
22. VARIABLES AC C . TO VALUES
C ontinuous Variable
These are variables whose data
are counts or numerical
measurements and whose
observations vary in magnitude
1.2. Quantitative Variable or
23. VARIABLES AC C . TO VALUES
C ontinuous Variable
Examples:
age, income, number of
children, height, weight
1.2. Quantitative Variable or
24. VARIABLES AC C . TO VALUES
C ontinuous Variable
Two types of Q uantitative Variable
1. Discrete Variables
2 . C ontinuous Variables
1.2. Quantitative Variable or
25. VARIABLES AC C . TO VALUES
1.2.1. Discrete Variables
Quantitative variables whose
observations can assume only a
countable numbers and values
cannot take the decimal form
26. VARIABLES AC C . TO VALUES
1.2.1. Discrete Variables
Examples:
number of children in the family
number of students in the class
Number of houses in the city
27. VARIABLES AC C . TO VALUES
1.2.2. C ontinuous Variables
quantitative variables whose
observations can assume any one
of the countless number of values
in a line interval
28. VARIABLES AC C . TO VALUES
height-
weight-
time-
5 feet, 4.6 inches
115 lbs 68 kgs
1 hour, 46 minutes
1.2.2. C ontinuous Variables
Examples:
29. TYPES O F VARIABLES
ACCORDING
TO SCALE OF
M EASUREM ENT
2
30. VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.
2.1. Nominal Variable
variable whose data are non-
numeric labels that do not
reflect quantitative
information
32. VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.
2.2. Ordinal Variable
Variables where there is a
meaningful order or categories
but there is no measurable
distance between categories
33. VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.
2. Ordinal Variable
• An ordinal variable is a nominal
variable, but its different states are
ordered in a meaningful sequence.
• Ordinal data has order but the intervals
between scale points may be uneven.
34. VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.
2. Ordinal Variable
• Because of lack of equal distances,
arithmetic operations are impossible,
but logical operations can be performed
on the ordinal data.
• A typical example of an ordinal variable
is the socio-economic status of families.
35. VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.
2.3. Interval Variable
Variable whose data values are
ranged in a real interval and can
be as large as from negative
infinity to positive infinity.
37. VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.
4. Ratio Variable
• The highest level of measurement that
has all the characteristics of the interval
plus a true zero point.
• Both the differences and the ration of
two values are meaningful and there is
always an absolute zero that is
meaningful.
44. QUIZ: CLASSIFY EACH OF THE
FOLLOWING VARIABLES ACCORDING
TO VALUE:
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE 1. SINGLE
2. RESIDENTS OF MABINI
3. 12 YEARS OLD
4. FAMILY MEMBERS
5. WIDOW
6. MALE
7. MARRIED INDIVIDUALS
8. 1 HOUR AND 15 MINUTES
9. PBM STRAND STUDENTS
10. ISLAM
46. QUIZ: CLASSIFY EACH OF THE
FOLLOWING VARIABLES ACCORDING
TO VALUE:
QUALITATTIVE QUANTITATIVE
SINGLE RESIDENTS OF MABINI
WIDOW 12 YEARS OLD
MALE FAMILY MEMBERS
MARRIED
INDIVIDUALS
1 HOUR AND 15
MINUTES
ISLAM PBM STRAND
STUDENTS
1. SINGLE
2. RESIDENTS OF MABINI
3. 12 YEARS OLD
4. FAMILY MEMBERS
5. WIDOW
6. MALE
7. MARRIED INDIVIDUALS
8. 1 HOUR AND 15 MINUTES
9. PBM STRAND STUDENTS
10. ISLAM
