journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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CCW conference: Protecting Susquehanna and impacts on jobsClean Water
Mel Zimmerman, Clean Water Institute, Lycoming CollegeThe Susquehanna River is the lifeblood of local communities throughout central Pennsylvania. Residents rely on the river for drinking water, recreation, and economic opportunities. It’s no surprise that there has been an outpouring of concern in recent years as anglers and biologists have seen declines in fish populations, especially in young smallmouth bass. Join the discussion to understand what the fish and water quality are telling us about the Susquehanna and parallel concerns in the Shenandoah, Potomac and Juniata Rivers. Hear from experts working to understand the water quality impairments and what needs to be done to restore this once world-class fishery and the economy that relies on it.
CCW conference: Protecting Susquehanna and impacts on jobsClean Water
Mel Zimmerman, Clean Water Institute, Lycoming CollegeThe Susquehanna River is the lifeblood of local communities throughout central Pennsylvania. Residents rely on the river for drinking water, recreation, and economic opportunities. It’s no surprise that there has been an outpouring of concern in recent years as anglers and biologists have seen declines in fish populations, especially in young smallmouth bass. Join the discussion to understand what the fish and water quality are telling us about the Susquehanna and parallel concerns in the Shenandoah, Potomac and Juniata Rivers. Hear from experts working to understand the water quality impairments and what needs to be done to restore this once world-class fishery and the economy that relies on it.
Climate change consideration in hydro‐power development in the nepal himalaya...Jagat K. Bhusal
Presented at a workshop on "Developing regional collaboration in river basin management in response to climate change” Thursday 19 – Friday 20 December, 2013 Thimphu, Bhutan
The People’s Water Board is a coalition of labor, social justice, and environmental organizations based in Detroit. They work together to confront: 1) devastating lack of access to water faced by tens of thousands of low-income people who have had their water shut off; 2) water pollution due to aging wastewater infrastructure; and 3) the effort of corporate interests to gain control of Detroit’s water system. Listen to this panel discussion to learn about their struggles and victories.
The aquifer system covers about 1400 to 1800 sq.km.
In general, the aquifers consist of the upper water table aquifer up to 30 m depth and the lower artesian aquifer of more than 500 m thickness, separated by semi-confining layer with thickness of up to 45 m.
The Vietnam National Mekong Committee conducted a Mekong Dam Study, the results of which were presented at the Greater Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy in Phnom Penh on Oct. 21, 2015. This presentation overviews their Fisheries Impact Assessment.
The Vietnam National Mekong Committee conducted a Mekong Dam Study, the results of which were presented at the Greater Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy in Phnom Penh on Oct. 21, 2015. This presentation overviews their Modelling for the study.
The Vietnam National Mekong Committee conducted a Mekong Dam Study, the results of which were presented at the Greater Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy in Phnom Penh on Oct. 21, 2015. This is part one of their overview presentation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Climate change consideration in hydro‐power development in the nepal himalaya...Jagat K. Bhusal
Presented at a workshop on "Developing regional collaboration in river basin management in response to climate change” Thursday 19 – Friday 20 December, 2013 Thimphu, Bhutan
The People’s Water Board is a coalition of labor, social justice, and environmental organizations based in Detroit. They work together to confront: 1) devastating lack of access to water faced by tens of thousands of low-income people who have had their water shut off; 2) water pollution due to aging wastewater infrastructure; and 3) the effort of corporate interests to gain control of Detroit’s water system. Listen to this panel discussion to learn about their struggles and victories.
The aquifer system covers about 1400 to 1800 sq.km.
In general, the aquifers consist of the upper water table aquifer up to 30 m depth and the lower artesian aquifer of more than 500 m thickness, separated by semi-confining layer with thickness of up to 45 m.
The Vietnam National Mekong Committee conducted a Mekong Dam Study, the results of which were presented at the Greater Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy in Phnom Penh on Oct. 21, 2015. This presentation overviews their Fisheries Impact Assessment.
The Vietnam National Mekong Committee conducted a Mekong Dam Study, the results of which were presented at the Greater Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy in Phnom Penh on Oct. 21, 2015. This presentation overviews their Modelling for the study.
The Vietnam National Mekong Committee conducted a Mekong Dam Study, the results of which were presented at the Greater Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy in Phnom Penh on Oct. 21, 2015. This is part one of their overview presentation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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The effects of different water quality parameters on zooplankton distribution...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Impact of the salinity gradient on the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsiden...EdytaSierka
Archives of Environmental Protection, 2014
This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in fl ooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mg•l-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fi eldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential. The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mg•l-1. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identifi ed as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota. The analysis showed statistically signifi cant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity signifi cantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.
Assessment on the Ecosystem Service Functions of Nansi Lake in ChinaIJERA Editor
The assessment of ecosystem service functions is one of the focused area in modern ecological and
environmental research. As a typical shallow macrophytic lake in China, Nansi Lake is selected as the study
area. Based the indicator system and assessment models established in this research, the ecosystem service
functions of Nansi Lake are assessed. The results show that the ecosystem service function of drinking water
source area/aquatic product supply/ecological habitat/entertainment and landscape/ water purification function of
the lakeside zone for Nansi Lake is assessed as medium (2.2)/good (3.5)/medium (3)/medium (2.55)/medium (3),
and the overall ecosystem service function of Nansi Lake can be considered as ―Medium‖. The eutrophication
control and ecological restoration of lakeside wetland need to be enhanced in the future.
Running head: LAKE CHAD CASESTUDY 1
LAKE CHAD CASESTUDY 4
Lake Chad Casestudy
Name:
Institution:
Lake Chad Casestudy
Lake Chad is one of Africa’s fresh water bodies. This water resource is shared by Chad,Nigeria,Niger and Cameroon. This important ecosystem has been experiencing degradation because of natural factors and human activities. This research focuses on the role of human factors in the degradation and the management plans that have been put in place to manage the resource.The unfortunate situation at the lake has been called an ecological catastrophe by the Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO. Some of the human factors that have contributed towards the degradation include damming and irrigation. These two human activities have contributed to the shrinkage of the lake. The growing number of irrigation projects have diverted water sources from the lake, hence the massive degradation. A series of dams constructed across rivers in Nigeria and Chad have also affected the lake because they have interruption the natural flow of water that originally drained in Lake Chad (Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012).
Livestock staging, and overgrazing, has been witnessed in the surrounding areas. There is a lot of competition for greener pastures in the area. It is this competition for resources from the surrounding herders (e.g. to keep them fed and healthy) and current occupants struggling to keep their livelihood alive, that has made the lake vulnerable to further degradation. Human factors have indirectly contributed to drastic climatic changes that have resulted in droughts and high rates of evaporation at the lake (Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012).
The increasing human population has put pressure on this natural resource. The growing population has contributed to unsustainable exploitation and pollution of the Lake. Over 30 million people live within the water catchment area around lake Chad (Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012). With this size population, the water resource is being thwarted into extinction if conservation measures are not implemented. The population has also resorted to intensive fishing in the lake for survival. This overfishing is a major threat to the ecological biodiversity within Lake Chad itself Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012).
Ecological Principles Ignored In The Degradation
Disturbance Principle
According to the disturbance ecological principle, the extent and type of disturbance, determines the characteristics of the ecosystem. In the case of lake Chad, human activities were carried out in total disregard of the potential effects they had on the ecosystem. The population around the lake, exploited resources and disturbed the water balance in the area, therefore furthering the rate of the lake’s deterioration.
The landscape ecological principle was also ignored. The human activitie.
Spatial variability of nutrients (N, P) in a deep, temperate lake with a low trophic level supported by global navigation satellite systems, geographic information system and geostatistics
ABSTRACT- Fresh water resources are not unlimited. The high rate of increase of human population of Nepal and the
rapid rate of industrialization have created problems of disposal of waste water products. The domestic wastes, excretory
materials of both human and animals and industrial effluents are discharged into the nearly lakes, rivers, reservoirs and
tanks and even in the catchment area of the above water bodies. The undesirable substances are regularly mixed into the
water of pond through surface run-off that degrades the water quality. Since last several years, there have been added an
array of agricultural pesticides and insecticides, which are further seriously aggravating the problem of pollution both for
public health and aquaculture. The detailed information of water quality and status of affected living organisms of water
bodies are necessary for the implementation of any management plan. The present investigation encompasses on plankton
identifying the ecological quality of Chhapakaiya pond Birgunj, Nepal. Seasonal sampling from all the sampling sites (site
A, B, C, D) in winter, summer and rainy season for period of 12 months (November 2014 – October 2015) at 9:00-11: 00
AM. A total of 27 taxa from different classes of zooplankton were reported. The zooplanktons were reported to be
maximum (774.4 unit/L) during summer and minimum (539.2 unit/L) during the rainy season in Chhapakaiya pond.
Key-words- Zooplankton, Biological productivity, Habitat degradation
MAB-IHP Regional Symposium: Managing Water Resources in Biosphere Reserves in...UNESCO Venice Office
Antoni Mas, International Center for the Mediterranean Biosphere Reserves, Assessing the effects of Global Change on ecological water quality of Mediterranean river basins, Spain
Venice, 16-17 December 2021
Overall responsibility for the views and opinions expressed in the slides is taken by the authors
Similar to Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD) (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 6, Issue 4 (March 2013), PP. 122-131
Short-Term Effects of Stream Restoration and
Management on Macroinvertebrate Communities in
Lowland Streams
K.T. Obolewski1, A. Strzelczak2, A.M. Astel3, J. Sawczyn4
1,4
Department of Ecology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewskiego 22b, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland,
2
Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Papieża Pawła VI 3, 71-
459 Szczecin, Poland
3
Department of Environmental Chemistry, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewskiego 22b, 76-200
Słupsk, Poland
Abstract:- As a result of hydrotechnical treatments, a 2.5 km long reach of the lowland Kwacza River
was elongated to 3.5 km. Restoration triggered off short-term changes in the river ecosystem, which
were studied through habitat and invertebrate analysis. Sampling was conducted at 10 sections before
and after restoration. Invertebrates quickly colonized various habitats and thus improved biological
diversity of the Kwacza River. The only taxon that increased its ecological importance was
Gammaridae. In turn, Ephemerellidae concentrated at places with better oxygen conditions. The neural
network model revealed that variables directly connected with restoration were not as important as
primarily hypothesised.
Keywords:- biological engineering, monitoring, invertebrates, Poland
I. INTRODUCTION
Streams and rivers form a dense net of lotic waters, which constitute an interfacial system with the
surrounding landscape. When humans influence the system, the stable ecological equilibrium is upset [1].
Anthropogenic pressure considerably affects biodiversity. It mainly causes the disappearance of stenotopic
species [2]. That influence can be observed particularly in small watercourses flowing through urban
settlements. Such systems allow a thorough analysis of the human impact on a river valley as well as the
ecological structure of a watercourse and its vicinity. In order to counteract the morphological degradation of
streams and rivers it is advisable to restore their former physical features (e.g. [3, 4]). This has been applied in
the USA and Western Europe on various scales and with different approaches [1, 5, 6]. Restoration is usually
defined as ―a complete structural and functional return to a pre-disturbance state‖. Most of river restoration
projects located in lowlands are applied to re-create morphological features and, thus, increase the diversity of
habitats. Since lowland streams are mainly located in agricultural areas or urban settlements, it is rarely feasible
to achieve complete restoration [7, 8, 9].
The Słupia River with its tributaries is one of the main rivers in the Pomerania region. That system is
valuable for salmonid fish habitats and spawning grounds. However, it is highly anthropogenically transformed,
particularly in the central course of the river, which disturbance destabilizes functioning of the ecosystem. The
Kwacza River (one of the largest tributaries of Słupia) was channelized at the beginning of 20 th century. Its
riverbed was straightened and fenced with weirs, which limited the migration of hydrobionts and thus
deteriorated the ecological state of the watercourse [10, 11]. In order to improve ecological quality a set of
hydrotechnical treatments were applied in 2007. They aimed at the restoration of the outlet fragment of the
Kwacza River [12]. The effects of re-meandering have been the subject of an interdisciplinary research effort
that included invertebrate analyses. That ecological formation, due to low mobility and considerable
susceptibility to environmental changes, is an ideal object for surveying short-term changes [10, 13, 14].
The primary re-colonization source is downstream drift to new habitats [6, 15]. Restoration of invertebrate
communities can be based on the diversification of habitats as well as the removal of obstacles blocking
ecological channels. Large rivers are characterized by considerable resilience. They quickly recover after
disturbance. Even the medium-sized rivers, like Słupia, can develop high resilience and their colonization is a
rapid process [10, 14]. In contrast, the lack of upstream refuge areas in small headwater streams as well as the
establishment of macroinvertebrate communities rely on the immigration from other stream systems [16].
Recovery from disturbances depends on the availability of stable substrata, which form refuge areas. Another
important factor is the presence of macrophytes, which may be used as shelters and the source of food for
invertebrates.
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2. Short-Term Effects of Stream Restoration and Management on Macroinvertebrate…
Water quality of the majority of Polish streams has significantly improved over the recent two decades
(e.g. [8]). However, this improvement has not followed by an overall improvement in the quality of stream
ecosystems. This situation is probably caused by poor physical conditions of many lowland streams (e.g. [12]).
The deterioration of streams and riparian areas in Poland is mainly connected to the change in land use from
forested land to intensively cultivated land. Almost 60% of Poland is presently arable farmland and 23% forest.
Cultivation of farmland has been followed by the extensive straightening and culverting of streams and the
drainage of riparian wetlands.
The main aim of the present study is to investigate the short-term effects of the restoration of the
Kwacza River (tributary of the Słupia River) on invertebrate habitats and community structure. In order to
investigate those relationships, the sampling the Kwacza River prior to the restoration in 2007 and again after
the completion of restoration in 2008 were performed. We hypothesized that variables directly connected with
restoration would be the most important parameters influencing macroinvertebrates.
II. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE STUDIED AREA
The Kwacza River is a tributary of the middle Słupia River and drains the area of 85 km2. According to
the physico-geographical division of Poland [17], Kwacza is located in the mesoregion Równina Słupska
(313.43) being a part of macroregion Pobrzeże Koszalińskie (313.4). The Kwacza river basin borders on the
Wieprza drainage area to the west and the middle Słupia subbasin to the east.
The hydrological regime of Kwacza is characterized by ground, rain and snow supply. Mean water flow is 0.97
m3.s-1. Unitary outflow from the drainage area is rather high compared to other rivers of the region and amounts
to 13 ls-1km-2. Water supply of the Kwacza River measured as annual outflow is equal to 34.89 mln m 3 with
more than half (54%) occurring in winter [8].
The applied restoration works included the formation of cataracts, semi-palisades, groins and artificial
islands as well the removal of alder clusters which shadowed the riverbed. Altogether 67 deregulation solutions
were applied in the outlet section of the Kwacza River [12].
III. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Sampling
Invertebrate communities were investigated every three months throughout four seasons before the
restoration (2007) and also after re-meandering (2008). 30 sampling sites in the Kwacza riverbed were selected.
Consecutive sites formed 10 sections and each of them ranged from one side, through the centre of the
watercourse, to the other side of the river (Fig. 1).
Samples were taken from the surface with a 95 cm2 scraper and then sieved through a 300 μm mesh
size benthic sieve. The collected material was placed in glass containers and fixed in situ with 4% formaldehyde
solution. Then, in a laboratory, organic matter and fine detritus were separated from benthic organisms.
Invertebrates were identified to species or genus except for Oligochaeta, which due to the difficulties with
identification were determined to class. Density of invertebrates was expressed as number m-2. For Oligochaeta
only the individuals with retained. In preliminary analysis the following factors were calculated: frequency
(Fr, %), density dominance index (Di, %), ecological importance index (Q, %), and Shannon diversity index (H‘).
The frequency of the identified taxa was calculated according to the following formula:
Fr = Na/n · 100%
where: Na – number of samples with a given species
n – total number of samples
The index of constancy of occurrence is mostly used as the parameter which indicates the level of
connection between a taxon and the environment. According to Tichler the index is classified as follows:
euconstants (75.1 – 100%), constants (50.1 – 75.0%), accesoric species (25.1 – 50.0%), accidental species
(<25.0%).
The domination index in terms of density is defined by the formula:
Di=A/Aav · 100%
where: A – average density of a given species
Aav – total average density for the whole reservoir
The ecological importance index Q was calculated according to the formula
Q Fr Di
where: Di – domination index (in terms of density)
Fr – frequency.
The following classification was applied in this study: very high >30.00%, high 15.01-30.00%, moderate
10.01-15.00%, low 5.01-10.00%, very low <5.00%.
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3. Short-Term Effects of Stream Restoration and Management on Macroinvertebrate…
Figure 1 Distribution of consecutive hydrotechnical works (1-5) and sampling sections (I-X) in the restored part
of the Kwacza River.
Environment quality was assessed using invertebrates according to the Polish biotic system BMWP-PL
[18]. That index is calculated by summing up points attributed to the identified benthic organisms. Additionally
the ASPT (Average Score Per Taxon) index was determined, which shows the average sensitivity of consecutive
taxa:
ASPT = index BMWP/ no. of taxa
The obtained values of both parameters after ascribing ranks X and Y were used in the general
assessment of water quality OQR (Overall Quality Rating):
OQR = X + Y/2
Temperature, redox potential, conductivity, resistivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), oxygen saturation, nitrite,
nitrate, ammonia nitrogen concentrations, total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH were measured in situ with the
use a calibrated portable multiparametric probe YSI 6600 (YSI Environmental, USA). 2.0 liter water samples
were collected at an approximate depth of 20 cm into polycarbonate bottles rinsed with acid. In the course of 24
h, samples were filtered with the use of Whatman® glass fiber filters and GF/F glass fiber filters (incubation at
450°C for 4 h) to determine the quantity of dissolved particles. The samples were analyzed by ion
chromatography DR2800 (Hach-Lange, USA) to identify the concentrations of total phosphorus concentrations,
orthophosphates, chlorides, chlorophyll.
Each sampling site was described by its number (‗sampling site‘), the type of applied restoration
treatment (‗technical solutions‘), its localization in the riverbed (‗localization‘: left side, right site, centre) and
the studied river section in km (‗distance‘). Additional variables used in data analyses were ‗season‘ and
‗restoration‘ (before/after).
Data analysis
First, data were analyzed with the help of ANOVA in order to indicate the influence of different
seasons, trophic levels and thermal conditions. The post-hoc Tukey‘s test was used to reveal significant
differences. The assumptions of ANOVA – normality and homogeneity of variances – were checked using the
tests of normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnow, chi-square) and the Levene‘s test. When the assumptions were
violated, additionally the non-parametric tests were applied (Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn‘s tests). Due to
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4. Short-Term Effects of Stream Restoration and Management on Macroinvertebrate…
multivariaty and non-normality of the obtained data set, the used modelling technique was ANN (Artificial
Neural Networks) [19]. Multi layer perceptrons (MLP) were applied. They estimate a stochastic approximation
of multivariate functions. The consecutive neural networks were formed and trained using back propagation and
conjugate gradient algorithms by Automatic Problem Solver. Cases were divided using a bootstrap method into
3 subsets:
- training (Tr) - used for the training of a neural network;
- verification (Ve) - used for verifying the performance of a network during training;
- testing (Te) - used for assessing the predictability and accuracy of a neural model on data not presented
during training and validation (cases remained after creating a training subset during bootstrap).
The following criteria for choosing the best neural network were applied: value of SD Ratio (ratio between error
standard deviation and standard deviation of experimental data) and correlation (Pearson‘s correlation
coefficient between experimental and calculated data). Then, the sensitivity analysis was performed. As a result,
a ranking of input variables was created. It was based on calculations of the error, when a given input variable is
removed from the model. The ratio of the error for the complete model to the one with ignored variable was
used to order variables according to their importance.
The analyses were performed using Statistica 9.0 software [20] except for the Dunn‘s test, which was calculated
with AZB software.
IV. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
Environmental conditions
Physico-chemical characteristics of the Kwacza River presented in Table I. Among the analyzed
parameters nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus compounds deteriorated water quality of Kwacza and reached values
exceeding the accepted norms for clear waters in Poland (first class).
Table I: Water quality of the Kwacza river before and after restoration (in the column mean value and standard
deviation value in parentheses are presented) (Note: n- number of cases; TDS – Total Dissolved Solids; NTU -
Nephelometric Turbidity Units).
before restoration after restoration
Parameters (n=90) (n=90)
Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn
2 3 4 5 6 7
Depth (cm) 10.5 (0.1) 10.5 (0.1) 10.5 (0.1) 16.8 (6.4) 12.3 (7.0) 10.6 (0.1)
Temperature (oC) 13.7 (0.4) 16.4 (0.1) 8.8 (0.1) 12.9 (3.5) 12.6 (4.2) 8.7 (0.1)
Reaction (pH) 7.57 (0.14) 7.68 (0.11) 7.35 (0.12) 7.54 (2.02) 6.79 (2.26) 7.74 (0.03)
0.372 0.369 0.374 0.350 0.332 0.389
Conductivity (mS cm-1) (0.012) (0.001) (0.012) (0.099) (0.110) (0.001)
Resistivity*(mS cm) 3247 (2)5,6,7 3246 (3)5,6 3247 (3)5,6 4874 (2)2,3,4 4857 (6)2,3,4 4839 (126)2
TSD (mg L-1)* 2.4 (0.1)5 2.4 (0.0)2,4 2.4 (0.1)3,5 2.3 (0.6)4,3,7 2.2 (0.7)7 2.5 (0.0)4,5,6
0.45 0.35 0.71 0.56 0.14 0.16
N-NO3 (mg L-1)* (0.17)4,6,7 (0.01)4,6,7 (0.04)2,3,5,6 (0.21)2,3,7 (0.05)4,7 (0.05)2,3,4,5,6
0.296 0.373 0.254 0.211 0.328 0.312
P-PO4(mg L-1)* (0.056)3,6 (0.065)2,4,7 (0.045)3,6,7 (0.059)2,3,6 (0.117)4,5 (0.058)4
0.834 1.542 0.832 1.163 0.793 0.799
T-P (mg L-1) (0.125)3,5 (0.207)2,6,7 (0.114)5 (0.277)2,4,6 (0.278)3,5 (0.061)3
-1
Chlorides (mg L ) 22.6 (2.4) 20.8 (3.6) 22.5 (2.6) 36.7 (10.6) 15.7 (5.4) 10.6 (2.5)
Chlorophyll (µg L-1) 13.2 (2.4) 14.1 (2.2) 8.5 (2.1) 8.2 (6.8) 5.7 (3.6) 9.2 (1.9)
8.03 10.90 3.46 9.9 (3.5)4,7 7.81 3.48
Dissolved oxygen (mg L-1)* (2.73)3,4,7 (9.51)2,4,6,7 (0.29)2,3,5,6 (2.64)3,4,7 (0.30)2,3,5
30.5 111.9 29.8 95.21 75.8 29.9
Oxygen saturation (%)* (3.5)3,5,6 (0.9)2,4,6,7 (2.5)3,5,6 (33.67)2,4,7 (25.6)2,3,4,7 (2.5)2,3,5,6
0.28 0.30 0.23 0.02 0.01 0.01
N-NH4 (mg L-1)* (0.04)5,6,7 (0.02)4,5,6,7 (0.02)3,5,6,7 (0.01)2,3,4,6 (0.01)2,3,4,5 (0.01)2,3,4
Redox potential (mV) 150 (17) 137 (7) 154 (12) 105 (35) 176 (59) 206 (5)
Salinity (mg L-1) 0.18 (0.01) 0.18 (0.00) 0.18 (0.01) 0.17 (0.05) 0.16 (0.05) 0.19 (0.00)
Turbidity (NTU) 2.9 (0.9) 2.8 (0.9) 3.4 (1.4) 10.9 (16.3) 8.4 (21.6) 2.8 (1.6)
* = significant differences (nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis, p ≤ 0.05) between research periods
1-7 = significant differences (nonparametric Dunns tests, p ≤ 0.05) between consecutive research periods
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5. Short-Term Effects of Stream Restoration and Management on Macroinvertebrate…
Comparative analysis for average values of physiochemical parameters before and after Kwacza
restoration revealed the decrease in total dissolved solids, nitrate nitrogen and orthophosphate contents. The
remaining factors did not significantly changed their levels (Kruskal-Wallis and Dunns tests, p>0.05) both
between profiles as well as within a profile (centre, left and right sides). The biggest differences were found in
the cut-off section with profile K2 where most of the parameters changed statistically significantly, i.e.
conductivity and TDS concentration of PO4 and Cl as well as oxygen saturation (ANOVA, p=0.00 in all the
cases).
Chemical parameters of water differed statistically significantly between seasons both before and after
restoration. This situation was observed mainly for nutrients: NO3 (p<0.02), PO4 (p<0.02), T-P (p=0.00) and
NH4 (p=0.00), as well as for oxygen conditions (p=0.00).
No statistically significant differences were obtained for the studied parameters between sites of
different localization in the riverbed (centre, left and right riverbanks) both before and after restoration.
Our study indicated considerable influence of land use in the Kwacza drainage area on the concentration of total
phosphorus and orthophosphates (Obolewski et al. 2008). Both before and after restoration the contents of total
phosphorus were within the range typical of the lowest quality waters (class V). Orthophosphate concentration
in Kwacza was higher comparing to oligo- and β-mezosaprobic rivers [21]. The analyses of nitrogen mineral
forms suggested their accumulation (biosorption) in the Kwacza river basin.
Patterns of macroinvertebrate abundance
The investigation of invertebrate communities inhabiting the Kwacza River was conducted every 3
months. Altogether 60 macrozoobenthos taxa both in the Kwacza were identified. Among them, both in 2007
and 2008 and in all the studied sections of Kwacza riverbed, the highest densities were found for Ephemeroptera
and Diptera larvae (Table II).
Table II: Invertebrate composition in the Kwacza. Data are mean (s.d.) densities (indiv. m -2) from seasonal
samples after and before restoration of the Kwacza River (Note: R= right bank, C = central zone, L = left bank;
n= number of cases; IR = Invertebrate richness; N = Total invertebrate abundance; H‘ = Invertebrate Shannon
diversity index; J = Invertebrate evenness)
before restoration after restoration
(n=90) (n=90)
R C L R C L
2 3 4 5 6 7
IR 20 14 21 24 14 20
N* 1925 (139) 42 (55) 102 (103) 3502 (255) 35 (36) 127 (127)
H 0.93 0.74 0.83 0.91 0.83 0.84
J 0.93 0.77 0.85 0.91 0.84 0.84
Oligochaeta 2.15 (2.6) 0.0 2.8 (2.1) 4.02 (2.7) 0,0 3.0 (2.4)
Hirudinea 0.0 1.1 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0) 0.0 0,0 1.3 (0.1)
Crustacea* 2.3 (1.8) 1.66 (1.1) 6.0 (5.8) 2.9 (2.3) 4.13 (1.3) 7.1 (10.3)
Ephemeroptera* 11.65 (10.0) 8.26 (8.4) 24.17 (20.7) 6.32 (7.1) 1.83 (1.0) 9.23 (11.5)
7
Trichoptera* 3.5 (0.0) 1.8 (0.1) 1.3 (0.6) 4.2 (5.1) 2.6 (2.2) 3.84 (3.2)
Odonata 0.0 0.8 (1.2) 1.1 (1.6) 0.7 (0.0) 0.0 1.1 (.0.0)
Plecoptera 0.0 3.56 (2.7) 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0
Diptera* 4.45 (4.9) 7.1 (10.4) 4.4 (4.9) 8.42 (11.0) 9.3 (14.7) 5.8 (7.8)
Lepidoptera 0.9 (0.0) 0.0 1.2 (0.6) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Coleoptera 3.95 (0.9) 0.0 0.0 0.52 (0.0) 0.0 0.0
Gastropoda 0.0 0.0 0.4 (0.0) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bivalvia* 9.2 (9.3) 0.86 (1.1) 9.37 (10.6) 12.0 (8.6) 4.53 (4.8) 23.64 (13.7)
BMWP-PL 131 146
ASPT 2.98 3.17
OQR 7 (excellent quality) 7.5 (excellent quality)
* = significant differences (nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis, p ≤ 0.05) between research periods
1 -7 = significant differences (nonparametric Dunns tests, p ≤ 0.05) the consecutive localizations
Total macroinvertebrate density increased significantly after restoration works at sites on the right side
of the river, where new hydrotechnical solutions were concentrated [8]. Among the identified taxa, restoration
significantly changes the density of Crustacea (ANOVA, p=0.01) and Trichoptera (p=0.02). We also observed
statistically significant differences for Hirudinea (p=0.043) and Gastropoda (p=0.013). The changes partly
resulted from seasonal dynamics of consecutive taxonomic groups: Oligochaeta (p<0.05), Coleoptera (p<0.002),
Diptera larvae (p<0.02), Lepidoptera (p<0.02).
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6. Short-Term Effects of Stream Restoration and Management on Macroinvertebrate…
In case of Hirudinea, there were statistically significant (p=0.00) differences between profile K5
(deflectors) and K8 (stone islands) and between K5 and K10 (p=0.03). Even bigger differences were obtained
for Plecoptera larvae at profile K5 comparing to K2 (cut-off section, p=0.00), K3 (riverbank reinforcement,
p=0.04), K7 (removed alder clusters, p=0.00), K8 (p=0.03) and K10 (p=0.04).
Abundance of some taxa depends on the localization in riverbed [12]. Bivalvia density differed significantly
between the centre and left riverbank (p=0.00), right riverbank (p=0.00) as well as between the banks (p=0.02).
In case of Crustacea, significant differences occurred between the centre and the banks: left (p=0.02) and right
(p=0.00). Similar situation was observed for Ephemeroptera larvae: centre – left riverbank (p=0.00), centre –
right riverbank (p=0.00).
The applied restoration works significantly (nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunns tests, p ≤ 0.05)
influenced the abundance of pre-restoration dominant taxa and caused their reduction in favour of Crustacea
(Gammarus fossarum Koch.) and Trichoptera (e.g. Hydropsychidae, Limnephilus sp.) (Table II).
The Ephemeroptera representatives after restoration decreased their contribution to the overall
macrofauna density in the Kwacza River at all sampling locations. Among the other taxonomic groups we found
significant increase in Diptera, Oligochaeta and Coleoptera densities on the right side of the river while
Crustacea abundance was higher in the central zone and Trichoptera on the left side of the river. Bivalvia
representatives occurred more abundantly after restoration in the central zone and near the left bank (Table II).
The increase of Oligochaeta (Tubificidae), Bivalvia (Pisidium sp.) and Crustacea (G. fossarum, Asellus
aquaticus L.) densities following restoration suggests upstream migration from the Słupia River (e.g. [10, 11]).
Moreover, higher abundance of Hirudinea, Plecoptera, Lepidoptera and Gastropoda in Słupia indicates the
possibility of further colonization of the Kwacza River over time (Table II).
Before restoration, macrozoobenthos representatives were abundant at the sites located 1000 m
(section VIII, shallow zone), 1400 m (section V) and 2200 m (section II, near the water gate) from the outlet
(Fig. 1). The water gate broke the continuity of river as an ecological channel and therefore higher number of
invertebrate taxa was observed in this section [7, 22]. The number of taxa pre-restoration decreased downstream
(Fig. 2)
Figure 2 Trends of changes in invertebrate density at researched sections before and after restoration of the
Kwacza River.
After restoration, in the places where various elements changing hydrological system were
concentrated, an increase in the number of benthic taxa was observed [23, 24]. It was particularly distinct at sites
with improved exposure and cataracts (Fig. 1). The most probable reason of such situation was the appearance
of food supply (aquatic plants) and additional, diverse microhabitats [11, 25]. The BMWP-PL index, both before
and after restoration, indicated very good water quality (Table II).
The analysis of benthofauna density at the selected profiles showed the increase in their abundance after
restoration comparing to the period before re-meandering treatments (Table II). Particularly intensive
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7. Short-Term Effects of Stream Restoration and Management on Macroinvertebrate…
development was observed at sites located 1.6-1.3 km from the outlet (sections IV-VI), where many
hydrotechnical solutions were applied (Fig. 2). Already in 2007, before restoration, invertebrate density
increased with the shorter distance to the Kwacza outlet, but after restoration it was even more significant (Fig.
2). That indicates the colonization of new habitats by invertebrates which came mainly from the Słupia River
(e.g. [10, 11, 24]).
Invertebrate community structure also depended on the localization of a sampling site. Much better
habitat conditions are near the riverside, while the central part of a water course with higher current velocity is
preferred by specialized taxa, i.e. Ephemera vulgata L., G. fossarum or Cloëon sp. Sites near the left riverbank
before the restoration were characterized by considerable benthofauna diversity (H‘) at the level of 0.25-0.85.
After deregulation works statistically insignificant decrease in biological diversity (Kruskal-Wallis and Dunns
tests, p>0.05) has been observed. The other reason could be the migration of organisms and recolonization of
new habitats [7, 24, 26]. As for the central part of the river, the increase in diversity was observed at sections
with deflectors and stone islands (IV-VI, Fig. 1). Diversification of riverbed morphology favors the colonization
of habitats which used to be ‗benthic deserts‘ (e.g. [26, 27]). As for sampling sites located near the right
riverside, the invertebrate diversity before and after restoration differed the most at the first two sections. The
by-pass of the old culvert (digging up a new river bed) caused the most changes near the right riverside, where
stagnating water and the development of coastal plants triggered off the increase in macrozoobenthos diversity.
Rapid re-colonization resembled the results from other studies concerning river restoration (e.g. [4, 7, 22, 26,
27]).
The obtained Q index of ecological importance revealed that mayflies of E. vulgata (euconstant species)
played an important role in the Kwacza River before restoration (Q=24% - high) while after restoration it was
substituted by crustaceans of G. fossarum (Q=21%), (Table III).
Table III: Frequency (Fr, %), domination index (Di, %) and ecological index (Q, %) of occurrence of the most
abundant macroinvertebrate taxa in the Kwacza River before and after restoration.
before restoration after restoration
Taxa Fr Di Q Fr Di Q
E. vulgata* 60.0 10.0 24.26 65.0 5.6 19.10
Pisidium sp. 45.0 6.5 17.10 55.0 3.9 14.43
Chironomidae n.d.* 45.0 3.8 13.03 33.3 2.7 9.01
G. fossarum* 40.0 2.0 8.86 60.0 7.5 20.75
Dicranota sp. 26.7 1.5 6.29 20.0 0.6 3.60
Tabanus sp. * 20.0 0.8 4.01 20.0 0.4 2.68
Limnephilus sp.* 21.7 0.7 3.91 8.3 0.1 0.70
C. macrura* 15.0 0.8 3.57 1.7 0.1 0.22
Simulium sp. 10.0 1.1 3.26 15.0 1.7 4.83
Oligochaeta 15.0 0.5 2.69 10.0 0.2 1.45
* = significant differences (nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test, p ≤ 0.05) between research periods
Freshwater shrimps gained their ecological importance (Q) after restoration (nonparametric Kruskal-
Wallis test, p≤0.05) and additionally they became a constant species (Fr=60%) while before restoration works
gammarids were only accesoric species. Mayflies and freshwater shrimps being attractive food for fish are
valuable representatives of benthic fauna. Kwacza is a river intensively penetrated by Salmo salar L. and Salmo
trutta L., for which crustaceans and insects are the basic food. Among the other identified invertebrate taxa the
following decreased their ecological importance: flies and midges of Chironomidae (before restoration Q=13
and after restoration 9%, accesoric taxa) and Limoniidae genus (Dicranota sp.) (Q=6 and 4%), Tabanus sp.
(Q=4 and 2%), Limnephilus (Q=4 and >1%) as well as Caenis macrura Stephens (Q=3.5 and >0.5%) (Table III).
The last taxon as the only one decreased significantly both in frequency and domination index and its ecological
importance in the restored section of the Kwacza River was lower.
Short-term effects of restoration on macroinvertebrates
After collecting the biological data and their preliminary verification, five taxa with the highest
ecological importance (Q) were chosen. Then the neural model was constructed, which enabled us to indicate
variables the most influencing changes in macrozoobenthos abundance and composition. The obtained network
MLP 23:40-17-5:5 (Fig. 3) consisted of three neuronal layers.
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8. Short-Term Effects of Stream Restoration and Management on Macroinvertebrate…
Figure 3 Structure of the obtained neural model MLP 23:40-17-5:5.
At the first layer environmental variables were introduced, i.e. ‗restoration‘ (before/after), ‗season‘ (summer,
autumn, winter), ‗sampling site‘ (section number), ‗localization‘ (right, left, centre), ‗technical solutions‘ (none,
deflectors, by-passes, exposure of riverbed, stone islands), ‗distance‘, water temperature, resistivity, TDS,
ammonium nitrogen, chlorides, chlorophyll, depth, oxygen saturation, nitrate nitrogen, redox potential, pH,
salinity and turbidity. The last layer of neurons in the model predicted the density of dominant taxa: G.
fossarum, Chironomidae larvae, Pisidium sp., E. vulgata and Dicronecta sp. The second layer was formed by
so-called hidden neurons. The Pearson‘s correlation coefficient between the experimental and calculated data
was above 0.9 while SD Ratio oscillated around 0.2-0.3 (Table IV). Those results as well as graphical
comparison of empirical and predicted values (Fig. 4) indicated high performance of the obtained model.
Figure 4 Comparison of experimental data and those calculated from neuronal model MLP 23:40-17-5:5.
Table IV: Statistical assessment of the obtained neural model MLP 23:40-17-5:5 of short-term effects of
restoration on macroinvertebrates.
Subsets
Training Verification Testing
Chironomidae n.d.
Chironomidae n.d.
Chironomidae .n.d
Dicranota sp.
Dicranota sp.
Dicranota sp.
Pisidium sp.
Pisidium sp.
Pisidium sp.
G. fosarum
G. fosarum
G. fosarum
E. vulgata
E. vulgata
E. vulgate
Average 5.20 1.54 4.94 5.75 2.36 5.80 1.24 5.38 4.35 2.30 6.21 1.30 4.10 6.33 2.35
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9. Short-Term Effects of Stream Restoration and Management on Macroinvertebrate…
Standard deviation 8.98 3.29 9.22 11.5 6.34 9.85 3.68 10.41 9.36 7.62 9.76 4.04 8.00 13.0 7.25
SD Ratio 0.13 0.27 0.23 0.14 0.12 0.28 0.24 0.31 0.19 0.22 0.29 0.13 0.37 0.15 0.18
Correlation 0.99 0.96 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.99 0.93 0.99 0.98
The performed sensitivity analysis showed that all the input variables were important (Ratio>1). The highest
ranks reached the following parameters: ‗localization‘, ‗sampling site‘, ‗season‘, ‗technical solutions‘,
‗restoration‘ and then chemical physico-chemical factors (Table V).
Table V: Results of sensitivity analysis for neural model MLP 23:40-17-5:5.
Redox potential
Sampling site
Localization
Cunductivity
Temperature
Chlorophyll
Restoration
Resistivity
Technical
saturation
Chlorides
Turbidity
Distance
solution
Oxygen
Salinity
Season
N-NH4
N-NO3
Depth
TDS
pH
Ratio 2.1 2.9 3.0 4.4 2.6 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0
Rank 5 3 2 1 4 9 6 8 14 15 13 18 7 17 11 12 10 16 20 19
The applied restoration works were not the most important variables influencing benthofauna in a short
time after hydrotechnical treatments as we had primarily hypothesised. Durable effects of restoration are
supposed to appear after 10 years [14, 28].
The highest rank in the model fell to localization of a sampling site in the riverbed. Freshwater shrimps
and mayflies prefer habitats with considerable current velocity, where water mixing favors its oxygenation. In
turn Chironomidae larvae and pea cockles inhabit places with slow current and muddy substrate. Season also
significantly influenced invertebrates, since many taxa show seasonal changes in density. The measured
physico-chemical parameters of water did not have a strong impact on qualitative and quantitative structure of
benthofauna. Probably it resulted from small, short-term changes in water chemistry after restoration [12, 29].
V. CONCLUSIONS
The performed restoration of the Kwacza River increased habitat diversity and resulted in unblocking
of the studied watercourse as an ecological channel compared to the channelized river divided by culverts.
Significant changes in water chemistry were not observed in general. Most probably biological methods better
reflect the ecological state of watercourses than chemical analysis. However, the appearance of new, diverse
habitats gave the opportunity to recolonize the Kwacza River by invertebrates along the watercourse as well as
crosswise. That concerned mainly crustaceans of Gammaridae family, characterized by considerable mobility.
The qualitative and quantitative composition of benthic organisms after restoration changed and reflected the
increase in habitat diversity. The short-term monitoring of the restoration effects indicated favorable trend in the
overall biodiversity of the restored river.
Data analyses revealed that the most important factors influencing invertebrate abundance were the
localization of a sampling site in the riverbed and the distance from the outlet of Kwacza to the Słupia River.
The research hypothesis has already been partly verified. First effects of restoration works have appeared and
probably they will be more intensive in the following years. Further research on relationships between
restoration parameters and invertebrates in the Kwacza River are planned in order to investigate the
dependences in a longer period of time.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study was supported financially by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science no. NN305
324733 and NN305 1423 40.
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