This document discusses the nonlinear optical properties of copper nanoparticles prepared by pulse laser ablation in different solutions. Copper nanoparticles were synthesized in distilled water, deionized water, and a mixture of ethylene glycol and deionized water using a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Characterization using UV-visible spectroscopy and SEM showed the nanoparticles had surface plasmon resonance peaks between 590-676 nm and diameters ranging from 13.16-21.25 nm depending on the solution. Z-scan measurements determined the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient of the copper nanoparticle suspensions.
Introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnologyaimanmukhtar1
Introduction of nanoscience/nanotechnology ,properties/potential applications of nanomaterials and electrodeposition of metal single component and alloy nanowires in AAO template
Raman investigation of femtosecond laser-induced graphitic columns in single-...PROMETHEUS Energy
We report on the fabrication of graphitic columns
induced in single-crystal diamond plates using 100 fs
laser pulses at 800 nm wavelength. Different values of
laser fluence (0.6–1.2 J/cm2
) and graphitization speed
(1–100 lm/s) were used for the laser treatment. A Raman
investigation was performed aimed at evaluating the
structural properties of the fabricated columns, showing
that a lower laser fluence and a proper choice of graphitization
speed may improve the degree of graphite crystallinity,
and suppress the residual diamond content.
Study of magnetic and structural and optical properties of Zn doped Fe3O4 nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes synthesizing of magnetic nanocomposite with co-precipitation
method.
Materials and Methods:
Magnetic ZnxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles with 0-14% zinc doping (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125) were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The prepared zinc-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Results:
results obtained from X-ray diffraction pattern have revealed the formation of single phase nanoparticles with cubic inverse spinal structures which size varies from 11.13 to 12.81 nm. The prepared nanoparticles have also possessed superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and high level of saturation magnetization with the maximum level of 74.60 emu/g for x=0.075. Ms changing in pure magnetite nanoparticles after impurities addition were explained based on two factors of “particles size” and “exchange interactions”. Optical studies results revealed that band gaps in all Zn-doped NPs are higher than pure Fe3O4. As doping percent increases, band gap value decreases from 1.26 eV to 0.43 eV.
Conclusion:
These magnetic nanocomposite structures since having superparamagnetic property
offer a high potential for biosensing and biomedical application.
Introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnologyaimanmukhtar1
Introduction of nanoscience/nanotechnology ,properties/potential applications of nanomaterials and electrodeposition of metal single component and alloy nanowires in AAO template
Raman investigation of femtosecond laser-induced graphitic columns in single-...PROMETHEUS Energy
We report on the fabrication of graphitic columns
induced in single-crystal diamond plates using 100 fs
laser pulses at 800 nm wavelength. Different values of
laser fluence (0.6–1.2 J/cm2
) and graphitization speed
(1–100 lm/s) were used for the laser treatment. A Raman
investigation was performed aimed at evaluating the
structural properties of the fabricated columns, showing
that a lower laser fluence and a proper choice of graphitization
speed may improve the degree of graphite crystallinity,
and suppress the residual diamond content.
Study of magnetic and structural and optical properties of Zn doped Fe3O4 nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes synthesizing of magnetic nanocomposite with co-precipitation
method.
Materials and Methods:
Magnetic ZnxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles with 0-14% zinc doping (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125) were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The prepared zinc-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Results:
results obtained from X-ray diffraction pattern have revealed the formation of single phase nanoparticles with cubic inverse spinal structures which size varies from 11.13 to 12.81 nm. The prepared nanoparticles have also possessed superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and high level of saturation magnetization with the maximum level of 74.60 emu/g for x=0.075. Ms changing in pure magnetite nanoparticles after impurities addition were explained based on two factors of “particles size” and “exchange interactions”. Optical studies results revealed that band gaps in all Zn-doped NPs are higher than pure Fe3O4. As doping percent increases, band gap value decreases from 1.26 eV to 0.43 eV.
Conclusion:
These magnetic nanocomposite structures since having superparamagnetic property
offer a high potential for biosensing and biomedical application.
Flexible and Ultrasoft Inorganic 1D Semiconductor and Heterostructure Systems...Pawan Kumar
Low dimensionality and high flexibility are key demands for flexible electronic semiconductor devices. SnIP, the first atomic-scale double helical semiconductor combines structural anisotropy and robustness with exceptional electronic properties. The benefit of the double helix, combined with a diverse structure on the nanoscale, ranging from strong covalent bonding to weak van der Waals interactions, and the large structure and property anisotropy offer substantial potential for applications in energy conversion and water splitting. It represents the next logical step in downscaling the inorganic semiconductors from classical 3D systems, via 2D semiconductors like MXenes or transition metal dichalcogenides, to the first downsizeable, polymer-like atomic-scale 1D semiconductor SnIP. SnIP shows intriguing mechanical properties featuring a bulk modulus three times lower than any IV, III-V, or II-VI semiconductor. In situ bending tests substantiate that pure SnIP fibers can be bent without an effect on their bonding properties. Organic and inorganic hybrids are prepared illustrating that SnIP is a candidate to fabricate flexible 1D composites for energy conversion and water splitting applications. SnIP@C3N4 hybrid forms an unusual soft material core–shell topology with graphenic carbon nitride wrapping around SnIP. A 1D van der Waals heterostructure is formed capable of performing effective water splitting.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Review of Zinc-Oxide as Nano Materials and Devicesidescitation
This paper presents a review of zinc oxide (ZnO) as
nano material and device. ZnO has gained substantial interest
in the research area of wide band gap semiconductors due to
its unique electrical, optical and structural properties.
Recently, ZnO as nano material generates much interest
among researchers and technologists and have been used in
many devices such as UV photodetectors, light emitting diodes,
solar cells and transistors. Moreover, a brief overview on ZnO
recent advances on nanoparticles, nanowires and their
applications as devices are discussed and reviewed.
Harvesting Hot Holes in Plasmon-Coupled Ultrathin Photoanodes for High-Perfor...Pawan Kumar
The harvesting of hot carriers produced by plasmon decay to generate electricity or drive a chemical reaction enables the reduction of the thermalization losses associated with supra-band gap photons in semiconductor photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. Through the broadband harvesting of light, hot-carrier PEC devices also produce a sensitizing effect in heterojunctions with wide-band gap metal oxide semiconductors possessing good photostability and catalytic activity but poor absorption of visible wavelength photons. There are several reports of hot electrons in Au injected over the Schottky barrier into crystalline TiO2 and subsequently utilized to drive a chemical reaction but very few reports of hot hole harvesting. In this work, we demonstrate the efficient harvesting of hot holes in Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) covered with a thin layer of amorphous TiO2 (a-TiO2). Under AM1.5G 1 sun illumination, photoanodes consisting of a single layer of ∼50 nm diameter Au NPs coated with a 10 nm shell of a-TiO2 (Au@a-TiO2) generated 2.5 mA cm–2 of photocurrent in 1 M KOH under 0.6 V external bias, rising to 3.7 mA cm–2 in the presence of a hole scavenger (methanol). The quantum yield for hot-carrier-mediated photocurrent generation was estimated to be close to unity for high-energy photons (λ < 420 nm). Au@a-TiO2 photoelectrodes produced a small positive photocurrent of 0.1 mA cm–2 even at a bias of −0.6 V indicating extraction of hot holes even at a strong negative bias. These results together with density functional theory modeling and scanning Kelvin probe force microscope data indicate fast injection of hot holes from Au NPs into a-TiO2 and light harvesting performed near-exclusively by Au NPs. For comparison, Au NPs coated with a 10 nm shell of Al2O3 (Au@Al2O3) generated 0.02 mA cm–2 of photocurrent in 1 M KOH under 0.6 V external bias. These results underscore the critical role played by a-TiO2 in the extraction of holes in Au@a-TiO2 photoanodes, which is not replicated by an ordinary dielectric shell. It is also demonstrated here that an ultrathin photoanode (<100 nm in maximum thickness) can efficiently drive sunlight-driven water splitting.
ABSTRACT: The direct current photoconductivity of the powdered silicon and photovoltaic effect in the monocrystallic silicon are investigated. It is shown that organic dyes on the semiconductor surface effectively increase the internal photo effect in the dye absorption band. The photoconductivity of dyed powdered samples in the absorption range of the dyes is higher than the photoconductivity of undyed silicon by more than an order of magnitude. The optimum concentration of dye molecules on the monocrystal surface for a sensitization is 3×1015 cm -2 , which corresponds to the dye film thickness of about 30 monolayers or 10-15 nanometers
Optical and Impedance Spectroscopy Study of ZnS NanoparticlesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
A NOVEL PRECURSOR IN PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NICKEL OXIDE (NIO) A...antjjournal
Synthesis of Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanoparticles and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) materials synthesis by aqueous chemical growth (ACG) Techniques. Oxide based material having a wide band gap, and suitable for optical devices,Optoelectronic devices, UV photodetector, and Light emitting diode LEDs. The analysis
and characterizationof Nickel Oxide (NiO) and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) nanoparticles by(1) X-ray diffraction (XRD), (2) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and (3) Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy.
Synthesis and characterization of zno thin films deposited by chemical bath t...eSAT Journals
Abstract ZnO thin films have been deposited on silica glass substrate using the chemical bath deposition technique. The precursors used were zinc chloride and aqueous ammonia. The solution was stirred continuously with the help of a magnetic stirrer at a bath temperature of 70 oC and a deposition time of 70 minutes. The elemental composition and the surface morphology were studied using energy dispersive and scanning electron microscopy. The band gap was 2.72, 2.66, 2.60 eV for as-deposited, annealed at 200 oC and 300 oC respectively. There was a red shift in the band gap energy as the annealing temperature was increased. This might be due to an improvement in the crystallinity of the ZnO thin films. Index Terms: Zinc oxide, chemical bath, band gap, annealing
Flexible and Ultrasoft Inorganic 1D Semiconductor and Heterostructure Systems...Pawan Kumar
Low dimensionality and high flexibility are key demands for flexible electronic semiconductor devices. SnIP, the first atomic-scale double helical semiconductor combines structural anisotropy and robustness with exceptional electronic properties. The benefit of the double helix, combined with a diverse structure on the nanoscale, ranging from strong covalent bonding to weak van der Waals interactions, and the large structure and property anisotropy offer substantial potential for applications in energy conversion and water splitting. It represents the next logical step in downscaling the inorganic semiconductors from classical 3D systems, via 2D semiconductors like MXenes or transition metal dichalcogenides, to the first downsizeable, polymer-like atomic-scale 1D semiconductor SnIP. SnIP shows intriguing mechanical properties featuring a bulk modulus three times lower than any IV, III-V, or II-VI semiconductor. In situ bending tests substantiate that pure SnIP fibers can be bent without an effect on their bonding properties. Organic and inorganic hybrids are prepared illustrating that SnIP is a candidate to fabricate flexible 1D composites for energy conversion and water splitting applications. SnIP@C3N4 hybrid forms an unusual soft material core–shell topology with graphenic carbon nitride wrapping around SnIP. A 1D van der Waals heterostructure is formed capable of performing effective water splitting.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Review of Zinc-Oxide as Nano Materials and Devicesidescitation
This paper presents a review of zinc oxide (ZnO) as
nano material and device. ZnO has gained substantial interest
in the research area of wide band gap semiconductors due to
its unique electrical, optical and structural properties.
Recently, ZnO as nano material generates much interest
among researchers and technologists and have been used in
many devices such as UV photodetectors, light emitting diodes,
solar cells and transistors. Moreover, a brief overview on ZnO
recent advances on nanoparticles, nanowires and their
applications as devices are discussed and reviewed.
Harvesting Hot Holes in Plasmon-Coupled Ultrathin Photoanodes for High-Perfor...Pawan Kumar
The harvesting of hot carriers produced by plasmon decay to generate electricity or drive a chemical reaction enables the reduction of the thermalization losses associated with supra-band gap photons in semiconductor photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. Through the broadband harvesting of light, hot-carrier PEC devices also produce a sensitizing effect in heterojunctions with wide-band gap metal oxide semiconductors possessing good photostability and catalytic activity but poor absorption of visible wavelength photons. There are several reports of hot electrons in Au injected over the Schottky barrier into crystalline TiO2 and subsequently utilized to drive a chemical reaction but very few reports of hot hole harvesting. In this work, we demonstrate the efficient harvesting of hot holes in Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) covered with a thin layer of amorphous TiO2 (a-TiO2). Under AM1.5G 1 sun illumination, photoanodes consisting of a single layer of ∼50 nm diameter Au NPs coated with a 10 nm shell of a-TiO2 (Au@a-TiO2) generated 2.5 mA cm–2 of photocurrent in 1 M KOH under 0.6 V external bias, rising to 3.7 mA cm–2 in the presence of a hole scavenger (methanol). The quantum yield for hot-carrier-mediated photocurrent generation was estimated to be close to unity for high-energy photons (λ < 420 nm). Au@a-TiO2 photoelectrodes produced a small positive photocurrent of 0.1 mA cm–2 even at a bias of −0.6 V indicating extraction of hot holes even at a strong negative bias. These results together with density functional theory modeling and scanning Kelvin probe force microscope data indicate fast injection of hot holes from Au NPs into a-TiO2 and light harvesting performed near-exclusively by Au NPs. For comparison, Au NPs coated with a 10 nm shell of Al2O3 (Au@Al2O3) generated 0.02 mA cm–2 of photocurrent in 1 M KOH under 0.6 V external bias. These results underscore the critical role played by a-TiO2 in the extraction of holes in Au@a-TiO2 photoanodes, which is not replicated by an ordinary dielectric shell. It is also demonstrated here that an ultrathin photoanode (<100 nm in maximum thickness) can efficiently drive sunlight-driven water splitting.
ABSTRACT: The direct current photoconductivity of the powdered silicon and photovoltaic effect in the monocrystallic silicon are investigated. It is shown that organic dyes on the semiconductor surface effectively increase the internal photo effect in the dye absorption band. The photoconductivity of dyed powdered samples in the absorption range of the dyes is higher than the photoconductivity of undyed silicon by more than an order of magnitude. The optimum concentration of dye molecules on the monocrystal surface for a sensitization is 3×1015 cm -2 , which corresponds to the dye film thickness of about 30 monolayers or 10-15 nanometers
Optical and Impedance Spectroscopy Study of ZnS NanoparticlesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
A NOVEL PRECURSOR IN PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NICKEL OXIDE (NIO) A...antjjournal
Synthesis of Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanoparticles and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) materials synthesis by aqueous chemical growth (ACG) Techniques. Oxide based material having a wide band gap, and suitable for optical devices,Optoelectronic devices, UV photodetector, and Light emitting diode LEDs. The analysis
and characterizationof Nickel Oxide (NiO) and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) nanoparticles by(1) X-ray diffraction (XRD), (2) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and (3) Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy.
Synthesis and characterization of zno thin films deposited by chemical bath t...eSAT Journals
Abstract ZnO thin films have been deposited on silica glass substrate using the chemical bath deposition technique. The precursors used were zinc chloride and aqueous ammonia. The solution was stirred continuously with the help of a magnetic stirrer at a bath temperature of 70 oC and a deposition time of 70 minutes. The elemental composition and the surface morphology were studied using energy dispersive and scanning electron microscopy. The band gap was 2.72, 2.66, 2.60 eV for as-deposited, annealed at 200 oC and 300 oC respectively. There was a red shift in the band gap energy as the annealing temperature was increased. This might be due to an improvement in the crystallinity of the ZnO thin films. Index Terms: Zinc oxide, chemical bath, band gap, annealing
Hermanas Franciscanas de la Inmaculada Concepción
PASTORAL VOCACIONAL FRANCISCANA
MATERIAL PARA LA CONVIVENCIA VOCACIONAL
LA VOCACIÓN COMO SERVICIO
VOCACIONES BÍBLICAS
Study of highly broadening Photonic band gaps extension in one-dimensional Me...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we show theoretically that the reflectance spectra of one dimensional multilayer metal-organic periodic structure (1D MOPS) can be enhanced due to the addition of the organic constituents. We have used simple transfer matrix method to calculate the absorption, transmittance and reflectance of the 1D MOPS systems. The organic component like N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) absorbs the light in ultra-violet, visible and infrared electromagnetic region and the structure with Ag-metal also having the tendency to absorb the light by the plasmaonic action and their refractive can be calculated from Drude equation. The reflectance spectra of multilayer 1D MOPS containing a variable number periodic of Ag/N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) structure are calculated taking optical constant of NPB and Ag. The optical band gap and reflectance spectra of 1D MOPS of the considered structure is obtained in the visible and near infrared regions either with the variation of the metal layer thickness or thickness of the organic layer. From the results under investigation through TMM, tunability in the optical band gap was observed either change in thickness of the other layer 1/ or 2 or the angle of the incident. Due to optical absorption of the light in the different region of electromagnetic spectrum due to either N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) or silver metal, the optical band gap of 1DMOPS shows the shift of band edges of λL and λR from ultra-violet to visible and the infrared with change the optical constant.
DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL PARAMETER CALCULATIONS OF THE PROBES IN WATERDr. Ved Nath Jha
Fiber optic technology with the role of surface plasmons has tremendously advanced the sensing technique of various physical, chemical and biochemical parameters of materials. The working of the optical fiber sensor designed by us is founded on the principle of the absorption of the evanescent waves passing through the optical fiber. The technique is based on the evanescent wave penetration between two dielectric media satisfying the conditions of attenuated total internal reflections (ATR’s). In the present work, the cladding of the fiber is removed by a suitable technique, and Silver nanoparticles are deposited on it. The evanescent light waves passing out of the core of the fiber are absorbed by the metal nanoparticles. The wavelength of maximum absorption is specific to the metal nanoparticles as well as to the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium and occurs when the wavelength of evanescent light resonates with localized surface plasmon (LSP) wavelength of the nanoparticle. Noble metal nanoparticles of Silver and Gold exhibit LSP resonance in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum. In this article, we report the characteristic parameters of three sensor probes a, b and c developed by researcher.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Simulation Of Algan/Si And Inn/Si Electric - Devicesijrap
In this work, efficient solar-blind metal-semiconductor photodetectors grown on Si (111) by
molecular beam epitaxy are reported. Growth details are described,the comparison enters the
properties electric of InN/Si and AlGaN/Si photodectors with 0.2 µm of AlGaN and InN layers.
Modeling and simulation were performed by using ATLAS-TCAD simulator. Energy band
diagram, doping profile, conduction current density,I-V caracteristic , internal potential and
electric field were performed.
Simulation of AlGaN/Si and InN/Si ELECTRIC –DEVICESijrap
In this work, efficient solar-blind metal-semiconductor photodetectors grown on Si (111) by
molecular beam epitaxy are reported. Growth details are described,the comparison enters the
properties electric of InN/Si and AlGaN/Si photodectors with 0.2 μm of AlGaN and InN layers.
Modeling and simulation were performed by using ATLAS-TCAD simulator. Energy band
diagram, doping profile, conduction current density,I-V caracteristic , internal potential and
electric field were performed.
Simulation of AlGaN/Si and InN/Si ELECTRIC –DEVICESijrap
In this work, efficient solar-blind metal-semiconductor photodetectors grown on Si (111) by
molecular beam epitaxy are reported. Growth details are described,the comparison enters the
properties electric of InN/Si and AlGaN/Si photodectors with 0.2 µm of AlGaN and InN layers.
Modeling and simulation were performed by using ATLAS-TCAD simulator. Energy band
diagram, doping profile, conduction current density,I-V caracteristic , internal potential and
electric field were performed
Study of Linear and Non-Linear Optical Parameters of Zinc Selenide Thin FilmIJERA Editor
Thin film of Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) was deposited onto transparent glass substrate by thermal evaporation technique. ZnSe thin film was characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer within the wavelength range of 310 nm-1080 nm. The Linear optical parameters (linear optical absorption, extinction coefficient, refractive index and complex dielectric constant) of ZnSe thin film were analyzed from absorption spectra. The optical band gap and Urbach energy were obtained by Tauc’s equation. The volume and surface energy loss function of ZnSe thin film were obtained by complex dielectric constant. The Dispersion parameters (dispersion energy, oscillation energy, moment of optical dispersion spectra, static dielectric constant and static refractive index) were calculated using theoretical Wemple-DiDomenico model. The oscillation strength, oscillator wavelength, high frequency dielectric constant and high frequency refractive index were calculated by single Sellmeier oscillator model. Also, Lattice dielectric constant, N/m* and plasma resonance frequency were obtained. The electronic polarizibility of ZnSe thin film was estimated by Clausius-Mossotti local field polarizibility. The non-linear optical parameters (non-linear susceptibility and non-linear refractive index) were estimated.
Mobility dependence of the temperature during of the growth
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (3), 2014, 56–59
Zehor Allam *, Abdelkader Hamdoune, Chahrazed Boudaoud, Aicha Soufi
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...
Q045068996
1. Dr. R M. S. Al-Haddad et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 6), May 2014, pp.89-96
www.ijera.com 89 | P a g e
The Study of the Nonlinear Optical Properties of Copper
Nanopartical Prepared By Pulse Laser Ablation PLA.
Dr. Raad M. S. Al-Haddad*
, Dr. Issam M. Ibrahim*, Abeer H. Khalid**
*Department of Physics, Science College, University of Baghdad,**Ministry of since and Technology ,Laser
and optoelectronic center ,Iraq-Bagdad
Abstract
In this work the nonlinear optical properties and optical limiting performance of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs)
synthesized by pulse laser ablation (PLA) in different solution (distill water DW, deionized water DI, (Ethglene
glycol (EG) mixed with (DI)) are presented.
The nonlinear absorption coefficient of the nanoparticle suspension are measured by the Z-Scan technique by
using a second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser (532 nm) . The nonlinear refractive index occurs at high beam
Intensity due to induced refractive mismatch between the copper nanoparticles and water. The synthesized
nanoparticales is conform with the UV-Visible absorption and Scanning – Electron Microscopy (SEM)
spectrum in different solutions .
Keywords: copper nanoparticales, Nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear absorption, optical characterization,
laser ablation in aqueous medium
I. Introduction
In current years, the efforts of researcher has been
devoted and development of new composites based
on Larg-bandgap semiconductors and insulators
including metal nanoparticles, that composites
consider promising material for optoelectronics and
nonlinear optics. The phenomenon of combine
excitation of conduction electrons in such
nanoparticles expouse to the electromagnetic (light)
waves, called the surface plasmon resonance (SPR),
accounts for a selective optical absorption and gives
rise to nonlinear optical effects in the same spectral
range, [1, 2] .When the excitation of light inter action
with the noble metal ,the oscillation of free electrons
in the conduction band occupying energy states near
the Fermi level give a birth to the (SPR) .The surface
plasmon resonance band (SPRB) of noble metal (Au,
Ag, and Cu) NPs located in the UV-visible rang
,leading to boost the nonlinearity when they exposed
to the lasers, [3-5]. So the noble metal NPs have
attract comprehensive concerns in photonics
researches . Optical limiters are devices required to
protect the sensors and eyes from laser sources by
keeping the transmitted energies below the damage
threshold.[6] This is suppose with the support of one
or more nonlinear optical (NLO) phenomena.[7]
Silver,[8] copper,[9] in semicontinuous thin films, in
colloids, and in different glass matrices are
extensively studied for the NLO and OL
applications.[10–12]
The Z-scan method provides a sensitive and
straightforward method for the determination of the
nonlinear refractive index and the nonlinear
absorption coefficient.
The simplicity of both the experimental set-
up and the data analysis has allowed the technique to
become widely used by many research groups [13].
The electronic nonlinearity is induced by either
population redistribution or distortion of electronic
clouds. A molecule undergoes a transition from its
ground state to its excitation state after absorbing a
photon. The dipole moment of the molecule changes
during such a transition. The change in the dipole
moment will give birth to electronic nonlinearity,
[14–16]. It has been well known that the nonlinear
optical behavior of materials can vary greatly by
changing different laser duration or different laser
wavelengths. Z-scan technique is a simple and
effective tool to determine the nonlinear properties
[17]. It has been widely used in material
characterization because it provides not only the
magnitudes of the real part and imaginary part of the
nonlinear susceptibility, but also the sign of the real
part.
Both nonlinear refraction and nonlinear
absorption in solid and liquid samples can be
measured easily by Z-scan technique, which use the
change of transmittance of nonlinear materials [16].
copper-based nanomaterials are of great interest
because of their optical, catalytical, mechanical and
electrical properties, resulting in a wide range of
applications in the field of metallurgy, catalysis, nano
and optoelectronics [18-20]. Cu2O (cuprous oxide)
and CuO (cupric oxide) are two important oxide
compounds of copper and mostly be have like p-type
semiconductor. Cuprous oxideis is a II–VI
semiconductor having direct bandgap of ~ 2 eV,
while that of cupric oxide has a monoclinic crystal
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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structure with a bandgap of 1.21–1.51 eV [21].
Copper oxide nanomaterials have lower surface
potential barrier than metals, which affects their
electron field emission properties, and therefore are
highly applicable as electron sources in cathode ray
tube and flat panel display [22].
Laser ablation in liquid media is a ‘top down’
approach for the synthesis of nanomaterials having
desired shape, size and chemical composition and
surfaces free from chemical contamination, which are
essential for further functionalization of nano
materials for biological and sensing applications This
technique is adopted by several workers [23-27] for
the synthesis of colloidal solution of nanoparticles of
different metals and semiconducting materials.
II. Z scan Technique
As the sample is translated through the focal
region of the beam as shown in Fig.(1), the detector
measures the fraction of intensity passing through the
aperture which is transmitted through the sample .
If the beam experiences any nonlinear phase shift due
to the sample as it is translated through the focal
region , then the fraction of light falling on the
detector will vary due to the Kerr lens generated in
the material by the intense laser beam [28] . When
the sample interaction with the light ,The excitation
may be possible due to abundance of incoming
photons; this give rise to the nonlinear absorption,
consequently increases and decreases in the
maximum intensity incident of the sample produces
wave front distortions created by nonlinear optical
effect in the sample being observed. [29,30]
From the Maxwell's equations one obtains the
refractive index n and the optical absorption as
functions of the intensity I of the incident laser
beam:
α=αo+βI ........(1)
where, β : the nonlinear absorption coefficient related
to the intensity,
αo : linear absorption coefficient.
There is also a change in the refractive index
when a material is placed in a strong electric field. In
fact, the index of refraction becomes dependant on
the intensity of the electric field. At high intensity,
the refractive index is given by [29,30]
n = no + n2I .... (2)
where, n2: the nonlinear refractive coefficient related
to the fluence, no : linear refractive index. The
coefficients n, α are related to the intensity of the
laser. The nonlinear refractive index is calculate from
the peak to valley difference of the normalized
transmittance by the following formula [30]
o= kn2IoLeff (3)
Where o :- nonlinear phase shift, k=2π/λ wave
number, λ :- is the wave length of the beam. Leff :-is
the effective length of the sample.
n2 = ( / 2 ) o / Io Leff (4 )
To found the nonlinear absorption coefficient β, the
negative values for z indicate that the sample is
positioned between the focusing lens and the beam
waist at focus, and positive values of z indicate that
the sample is between the beam waist at focus and
the detector. As the sample is translated through the
focal region of the beam , detector measures the total
transmitted intensity as shown in Fig.(1) but without
the part A (aperture) , because only the fluence at
the sample is changing as the sample is translated ,
any deviation in the total transmitted intensity must
be due to multi-photon absorption , the normalized
change in transmitted intensity can be approximated
by the following equation[30] .
….. (5)
Z:-is the sample position at the minimum
transmittance,Z0 the diffraction length ,m :- integer.
T(z):- the minimum transmittance. The two terms in
the summation are generally sufficient to determine
the nonlinear absorption coefficient β.
III. Experimental Work
Cu NPs have been prepared by nanosecond
pulsed laser ablation of highly pure copper target in
DW, DI water and ( 2 ml EG mixed with 3 ml DI
water). The laser ablation of copper was carried out
using (Nd:YAG-Diamond-288 pattern EPLS) pulse
laser at power 200mJ. The laser generated (10 ns)
(FWHM) pulses at (1064 nm ) with a repetition rate
of ( 6 Hz). The distance between laser source and the
target is 16.5 cm ,the copper plate placed at the
bottom of glass vessel containing 5 ml of the liquid .
The spatial profile of the laser pulse was Gaussian,.
The copper sample was irradiated with the laser
fluence level of about 1.591 J/cm2.
The concentration of the Cu NPs is about
3.41 ppm for distillwater ,deionize water 3.71 ppm
and 3.83 ppm (EG: DI water). Cu NPs suspension
was studied using an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis)
(SP-8001-Metertech) spectrophotometer measure the
linear absorption coefficient of the Cu NPs
suspension.
The nonlinear optical properties of the
prepared Cu NPs were studied by nonlinear
absorption and nonlinear refraction of the Z-scan
measurements using 30 ns Full width at half
maximum (FWHM) laser pulse ND:YAG at 532 nm
,10.3 mJ the energy was used to perform the Z-scan
experiments as in Fig.(1).The nonlinear absorption
can be revealed by the study of the transmittance of
open aperture for Z-scan experiment as in Fig.(1) but
with out part A, and the nonlinear refraction can be
revealed by dividing transmittance of the closed
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aperture Z-scan by that of open aperture as in Fig.(1).
The open and closed aperture of the Z-scan
experiments, and the laser beam was focused by a
lens with focal length of 10 cm.
The nanoparticle-containing cell with thickness 1mm
was moved using a translation system along the
propagation direction (Z-axis) through the focusing
area. At the focal point, the sample experiences
maximum laser irradiance, which will gradually
decrease in either direction from the focus.
Figure (1) Closed-aperture z-scan
IV. Results and Discussion
A. Characterization of the sample
Fig.(2) shows the UV-Vis absorption
spectrum for the solution of colloidal nanopartical
prepared by laser ablation of a copper plate immersed
in ( DW ,DI water and (EG:DI water)) at 200mJ
(100-600)pulses. That we can see the Cu NPs show a
surface plasmon absorption band about 624 nm for
DW and 676 nm for DI water and 590 nm for (EG
mixed with DI water) with the preparation condition
200mJ,400pulses in the UV-Vis spectrophotometer
at a region about 200-900 nm. It exhibits an intense
peak at between (590-676) nm, this peak is due to
interband transition of copper electron from upper
level of valence band ,which is also known as
surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) peak. The SPR of
colloidal copper nanoparticles reported previously
[31] with a peak at 590-640 nm is in compatible with
the present result, and we can see that when the
pulsed laser increase the intensity of SPR increase .
Fig.3 ( a , c ) shows ,the Scanning – Electron
Microscopy- S-4160- HITACHI (SEM) mesurment
for DW ,DI water (EG mixed with DI water that used
to obtain the diameter for Cu NPs ,this is conform the
UV-Vis spectrum as shown in the table 1.
The optical band gap of the colloidal
nanopartical calculated using the Tauc relation [32]
α hν = (hν – Eg)n
, where hν is the incident photon
energy and n is the exponent that determines the type
of electronic transition causing the absorption. The
best linear relationship is obtained by plotting
(αhν)1/2
against hν, indicating that the optical bandgap
of these nanoparticles is due to a direct allowed
transition. Tauc plot for as synthesized colloidal
nanoparticles are shown in figure (4) for DW. The
bandgap of as synthesized colloidal nanoparticles is
determined from the intercept of the straight line at
α = 0, as shown in table .1, the result agreement with
[21] ,the lower energy gap in solution (EG mixed
with DI water ) that is refer to the optimum shift blue
for SPR peak position and have the optimum
nanoparticales diameter comparable with the other
solution , it is clear that the Ethglene glycol mixed
with deionized water represent as a good capping
agent .
Table .1 The energy gap ,SPR peak, diameter size and Cu NPs concentration in different solutions
Solutions of Cu NPs Dimeter of the Cu NPs (nm) Concentration (ppm) SPR peak (nm) Eg (ev)
Distill water 19.84 3.41 624 2.5
Deionized water 21.25 3.71 676 2.4
(EG:deionized
water)
13.16 3.83 590 2.8
Laser
Nd:YAG
532 nm PD
L
+Z-Z
S A
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(a)
(b)
( c )
Fig .(2) Uv-Visible absorption spectrum of as synthesized colloidal solution of Cu NPs by laser ablation at 200
mJ in (a) distillwater ,(b) for deionized water, (c) for (2ml EG mixed with 3ml deionized)
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( a ) (b)
( c )
Fig. 3- SEM photography of as synthesized colloidal nanopartical In ( a) distill water, ( b ) deionized water, ( c)
(EG mixed with deionized water)
Fig. 4- Tauc plot of UV-Visible absorption of as synthesized colloidal nanopartical for the calculation of band
gap energy in distill water
B-Nonlinear optical properties of Cu
nonoparticales solution
The Cu NPs are formed in distill water
,deionize water and (EG mixed with deionized water
with concentration 3.41 ppm for distill water
,deionize water 3.71 ppm and 3.83 ppm
(EG:deionzewater) when the laser exposure of as
prepared Cu NPs solutions filled in a cell with optical
path 1mm, localized absorption of a tightly focused
beam propagating through as absorbing solution
produces a spatial distribution of temperature in the
solution and consequently , a spatial variation of the
refractive index , that acts as athermal lens resulting
in severe phase distortion of the propagating beam.
Generally the measurement of the normalized
transmittance versus sample position , allow the
determination of the nonlinear refractive index n2
and nonlinear absorption coefficient β [33,34] as in
Fig (5-7) respectively,
Fig 5 (a) for DW shows the result obtained
at intensity Io= 2.799150743 GW/cm2
which is the
on –axis peak radiation intensity at focus point. When
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the sample is far from the focal point of the lens ,the
laser radiation intensity is low and the normalized
transmission is less than unity, when the sample
moves closer to the focal point the transmission
decreases monotonically, a curve with symmetrical
valley and two humps are presented, the hump –
vally –hump structure indicated the nonlinear
absorption of the sample is reverse saturable
absorption RSA which is equal B=12.68653 cm/GW
while the linear absorption coefficient is 0.248953
cm-1
.
Fig 6 (a) for DI water shows the result at
intensity Io=2.799150743 GW/cm2
which is the on–
axis peak radiation intensity at focus point. When the
sample is far from the focal point of the lens ,the
laser radiation intensity is low and the normalized
transmission is less than unity, when the sample
moves closer to the focal point the transmission
increases monotonically ,the symmetrical peak in the
curve indicates saturable absorption SA dominates
the nonlinear absorption is B=13.50615 cm/GW
while the linear absorption coefficient is 0.321953
cm-1
.
Fig 7 (a) for ( 2ml EG mixed with 3ml DI
water) at intensity Io= 2.799150743 GW/cm2
,When
the sample is far from the focal point of the lens ,the
laser radiation intensity is low and the normalized
transmission is less than unity, when the sample
moves closer to the focal point the transmission
decreases monotonically,symmetrical peak in the
curve indicates two photon absorption TPA .
dominates the nonlinear absorption, B= 7.72426
cm/GW while the linear absorption coefficient is
0.141181 cm-1
.
The nonlinear refraction index in Fig.5 (b),
6(b) ,7(b) shows self focusing as the intensity equal
Io=2.799150743 GW/cm2
,n2=1.27757×10-5
cm2
/GW
for DW, n2=2.36918×10-5
cm2
/GW for DI water,
n2=1.26501×10-5
cm2
/GW for (EG:DI water). The Z
scan experiment was also performed with DW , DI
water and (2ml EG mixed with 3ml DI water ) with
out Cu NPs , no significant absorption and refraction
can be observed .This indicated that the nonlinear
absorption and refraction of the solution arise mainly
from Cu NPs.As for metal NPs, only the electrons in
the energy bands adjacent to the Fermi level can
absorb the photons of visible and near infrared
light.That is the optical properties of Cu NPs around
the visible wave length region are influenced by the
localized outmost electrons in d band and the
quasifree – electrons in s-p conduction band .
For both interband and intraband transition,
the electron in the ground state band absorbs one
photon ,it can be excited to the higher excited band ,
this process corresponds to two- level transition
saturation and lead to SA. However, when the
electron in the d band absorb two photon
simultaneously and is excited to the s-p conduction
band ,or the electron in the ground state band absorbs
two photons simultaneously and is excited to the
higher band , these processes are called TPA which
are not saturable with the irradiation intensity
increases . when these free carriers on excited states
absorb photons ,excited state absorption can be
introduced . If the excited state absorption of free
carriers which are only generated by the SA
decreases the transmittance of the sample , the overall
effect is opposite to that of SA, and it can be referred
to as RSA.
Fig 5 (a) Fig 5(b)
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Fig 6 (a) Fig 6 (b)
Fig 7 (a) Fig 7 (b)
V. Conclusions
The Cu NPs prepared successfully via a
physical method PLA laser ablation with range (13-
22 nm) , The energy gap range of the Cu NPs for the
linear optical properties (2.4-2.8) ev and the
nonlinear optical properties of the Cu NPs were
investigated . The intensity related nonlinearity
absorption and refraction were found with Z-scan
technique ,the nonlinear absorption was RSA
,SA,TPA , according to the types of solution and the
nonlinear refraction index self –focusing .
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