Disease and Insect Pest of Ber and their ManagementRamkumarrai3
Ber (Zizyphus Spp.) is a most important fruit and more nutritive value for the purpose of dryland fruit production. Its require heavy pruning during April- May .
Disease and Insect Pest of Ber and their ManagementRamkumarrai3
Ber (Zizyphus Spp.) is a most important fruit and more nutritive value for the purpose of dryland fruit production. Its require heavy pruning during April- May .
Diseases of Tea - Symptoms, Pathogenic characters and their ManagementVisanthGuhan
Diseases that affects Tea crop, both fungal and bacterial and algal diseases. Symptoms of specific disease, Pathogenic characters of specific disease and their mode of spread and their management.
Diseases of rose, Crown Gall Rot, Black Spot, Powdery mildew of Rose, Rust an...Muhammad Ammar
Diseases of rose:
Crown Gall Rot,
Black Spot,
Powdery mildew of Rose,
Rust and Anthracnose.
Besides rose diseases, environmental factors can effect your plants too, and they should be watched for an remedied when found. To keep most rose diseases under control, a commercial fungicide will take care of it. In other cases, proper pruning techniques and the maintenance of clean garden implements goes a long way in preventing such conditions from occurring in the first place.
I have found that only two sprays are needed to keep your plants healthy. The first is sulpher. This will work for most of the diseases. But not for black-spot: for this you need Capstan.
Diseases of Tea - Symptoms, Pathogenic characters and their ManagementVisanthGuhan
Diseases that affects Tea crop, both fungal and bacterial and algal diseases. Symptoms of specific disease, Pathogenic characters of specific disease and their mode of spread and their management.
Diseases of rose, Crown Gall Rot, Black Spot, Powdery mildew of Rose, Rust an...Muhammad Ammar
Diseases of rose:
Crown Gall Rot,
Black Spot,
Powdery mildew of Rose,
Rust and Anthracnose.
Besides rose diseases, environmental factors can effect your plants too, and they should be watched for an remedied when found. To keep most rose diseases under control, a commercial fungicide will take care of it. In other cases, proper pruning techniques and the maintenance of clean garden implements goes a long way in preventing such conditions from occurring in the first place.
I have found that only two sprays are needed to keep your plants healthy. The first is sulpher. This will work for most of the diseases. But not for black-spot: for this you need Capstan.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
4. Black rot Xanthomonas campestris
Irregularly shaped dull yellow areas
along leaf margins which expand to
leaf midrib and create a characterstic
"V-shaped" lesion; lesions may
coalesce along the leaf margin to
give plant a scorched appearance
Cause
Bacteria
Comments
Pathogen is spread via infected seed
or by splashing water and insect
movement; disease emergence
favored by warm and humid
conditions
Symptoms
5. Black leg Phoma lingam
Damping-off of seedlings; round or irregularly
shaped gray necrotic lesions on leaves with dark
margins; lesions may be covered in pink masses
in favorable weather conditions
Cause
Fungus
Comments
Favors warm, wet conditions; higher temperatures
result in the development of more visible
symptoms
Management
Use disease free seed or treat with hot water to
remove fungus prior to planting; remove and
destroy crop debris after harvest or plow deeply
into soil
Symptoms
6. Wirestem (Damping-off) Rhizoctonia solani
Death of seedlings after germination;
brown-red or black rot girdling stem;
seedling may remain upright but
stem is constricted and twisted
(wirestem)
Cause
Fungus
Comments
Disease emergence in seedlings
favored by cool temperatures
Management
Plant pathogen-free seed or
transplants that have been produced
in sterilized soil; apply fungicide to
seed to kill off any fungi; shallow
plant seeds or delay planting until soil
warms
Symptoms Constricted stem of broccoli seedling caused by
damping-off
7. Alternaria leaf spot Alternaria brassicae
Small dark spots on leaves
which turn brown to gray;
lesions may be round or
angular and may possess
a purple-black margin;
lesions may form
concentric rings, become
brittle and crack in center;
dark brown elongated
lesions may develop on
stems and petioles
Cause
Fungus
Symptoms
8. Downy mildew
Hyaloperonospora parasitica
Small angular lesions
on upper surface of
leaves which enlarge
into orange or yellow
necrotic patches;
white fluffy growth on
undersides of leaves
Cause
Fungus
Symptoms
9. Ring spot Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Small, purple spots
surrounded by a ring of
water-soaked tissue on
leaves which mature to brown
spots with olive green borders
1-2 cm across; spots may
develop numerous fruiting
bodies which give them a
black appearance or develop
a concentric pattern; heavily
infected leaves may dry up
and curl inwards
Cause
Fungus
Symptoms
10. Clubroot Plasmodiophora brassicae
Slow growing, stunted plants;
yellowish leaves which wilt
during day and rejuvenate in part
at night; swollen, distorted roots;
extensive gall formation
Cause
Fungus
Comments
Can be difficult to distinguish
from nematode damage; fungus
can survive in soil for periods in
excess of 10 years; can be
spread by movement of
contaminated soil and irrigation
water to uninfected areas
Symptoms
11. Sclerotinia stem rot (White mold)
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Irregular, necrotic
gray lesions on
leaves; white-gray
leions on stems;
reduced pod set;
shattering seed
pods
Cause
Fungus
Symptoms
12. White rust Albugo candida
White pustules on cotyledons,
leaves, stems and/or flowers which
coalesce to form large areas of
infection; leaves may roll and thicken
Cause
Fungus
Comments
Fungus can survive for long periods
of time in dry conditions; disease
spread by wind
Management
Rotate crops; plant only disease-free
seed; apply appropriate fungicide if
disease becomes a problem
Symptoms
13. Bacterial soft rot Erwinia caratovora
Symptoms
Water-soaked lesions on
leaves and flower heads
which expand to form a
large rotted mass; surface
of lesions usually crack
and exude slimy liquid
which turns tan, dark
brown or black on
exposure to air
Cause
Bacterium
14. Anthracnose Colletotrichum higginsianum
Symptoms
Small circular or irregularly
shaped dry spots which are
gray to straw in color on
leaves; a high number of
spots may cause the leaf to
die; lesions may coalesce to
form large necrotic patches
causing leaves to turn yellow
and wilt; lesions may split or
crack in dry centers
Cause
Fungus
15. Powdery mildew Erysiphe cruciferarum
Small white patches on upper and lower leaf
surfaces which may also show purple blotching;
patches coalesce to form a dense powdery layer
which coats the leaves; leaves become chlorotic
and drop from plant
Cause
Fungus
Comments
Disease emergence favored by dry season,
moderate temperatures, low humidity and low
levels of rainfall
Management
Plant resistant varieties; rotate crops; remove all
crop debris after harvest; remove weeds; avoid
excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer which
encourages powdery mildew growth; powdery
mildew can be controled by application of sulfur
sprays, dusts or vapors
Symptoms
16. Watery soft rot (White rot, Cabbage drop)
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Soft rotting area at base of
stem which spreads
upwards successively
killing leaves by causing
them to drop and infect the
leaf below; when fungus
reaches the head it causes
a soft, slimy, watery rot
Cause
Fungus
Symptoms
17. Root knot nematode Meloidogyne spp.
Galls on roots which
can be up to 3.3 cm
(1 in) in diameter but
are usually smaller;
reduction in plant
vigor; yellowing plants
which wilt in hot
weather
Cause
Nematode
Symptoms