Pulmonary Tuberculosis - Phthisis[1].pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•13 views
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). It can infect the lungs forming lesions called tubercles that may heal or progress to necrosis, spreading through the bloodstream, lymphatic system, or bronchi. Symptoms include a persistent cough with bloody sputum and weight loss. Diagnosis involves testing sputum smears and cultures for acid-fast bacilli, a tuberculin skin test, and chest x-rays. Treatment consists of a combination of oral antibiotics taken daily for 6 months under the DOTS strategy to promote completion and prevent drug-resistant strains. Prevention includes isolation, vaccination, proper ventilation, and completing the full medication course.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Microbiology)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. It has unusually waxy cell walls that are acid-fast staining and slow growing. M. tuberculosis is inhaled into the lungs where it is engulfed by alveolar macrophages but can evade destruction and replicate within the macrophages. This can lead to cell death, spread to lymph nodes, and development of lesions. Tuberculosis may be primary infection or reactivation from a dormant infection, and it is diagnosed through smear microscopy, culture, or tuberculin skin testing. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over several months.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-TB
This document provides information about Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB). It discusses the taxonomy, morphology, antigenic structure, types of TB, biochemical properties, culture characteristics, staining techniques, pathogenesis, symptoms, laboratory diagnosis including sputum and blood tests and skin tests, treatment which involves a combination of antibiotics, and preventive measures. M. tuberculosis was first identified in 1882 by Robert Koch and is transmitted through airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. Proper treatment is essential to prevent active TB from developing.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
M. tuberculosis and M. leprae are acid-fast bacilli that cause tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively. M. tuberculosis was discovered in 1882 and is transmitted through droplets. It has a cell wall containing mycolic acids and is a slow growing obligate aerobe. Laboratory diagnosis involves acid-fast staining of samples from sputum or tissues, as well as culturing on media like LJ. Treatment uses multi-drug therapy including isoniazid and rifampin. M. leprae causes a chronic granulomatous disease affecting skin and nerves. It is not cultivable but can be propagated in animals. Classification systems include tuberculoid, lepromatous, and
mycobacterium tuberculosis
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. It has a waxy cell wall and grows very slowly, making it difficult to treat.
2. When inhaled, M. tuberculosis is engulfed by alveolar macrophages but can replicate within them, causing the macrophages to die and triggering a cell-mediated immune response.
3. Diagnosis involves staining sputum samples with acid-fast dyes to identify the acid-fast bacilli under microscopy. Tuberculin skin tests can also indicate a previous infection with M. tuberculosis.
Systemic mycoses by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
This document summarizes several systemic fungal infections. It describes histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which can infect the reticuloendothelial system and cause disseminated lesions. Blastomycosis by Blastomyces dermatitidis typically causes chronic lung infection but can disseminate, sometimes appearing as cutaneous lesions. Paracoccidiomycosis involves Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and can cause ulcerative granulomas. Coccidioidomycosis is caused by Coccidioides immitis and may manifest as primary pulmonary infection or disseminated disease. Cryptococcosis, often affecting immunocompromised individuals, is caused by
Tuberculosis mimics
This document discusses tuberculosis and conditions that can mimic tuberculosis. It begins by describing tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is one of the oldest diseases affecting humans. It then discusses several other conditions that can present similarly to tuberculosis, including nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and others. For each condition, it provides details on etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. The document emphasizes that differentiating tuberculosis mimics from actual tuberculosis is important for ensuring correct diagnosis and management.
Paracoccidioidomycosis
paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.pptx
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Paracoccidioides species. It primarily involves the lungs and can disseminate to other organs. The disease ranges from asymptomatic to acute or chronic forms. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of clinical samples to identify the characteristic yeast forms and culture growth at 37°C. Treatment requires long-term antifungal therapy for 6-12 months.
Recommended
Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Microbiology)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. It has unusually waxy cell walls that are acid-fast staining and slow growing. M. tuberculosis is inhaled into the lungs where it is engulfed by alveolar macrophages but can evade destruction and replicate within the macrophages. This can lead to cell death, spread to lymph nodes, and development of lesions. Tuberculosis may be primary infection or reactivation from a dormant infection, and it is diagnosed through smear microscopy, culture, or tuberculin skin testing. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over several months.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-TB
This document provides information about Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB). It discusses the taxonomy, morphology, antigenic structure, types of TB, biochemical properties, culture characteristics, staining techniques, pathogenesis, symptoms, laboratory diagnosis including sputum and blood tests and skin tests, treatment which involves a combination of antibiotics, and preventive measures. M. tuberculosis was first identified in 1882 by Robert Koch and is transmitted through airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. Proper treatment is essential to prevent active TB from developing.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
M. tuberculosis and M. leprae are acid-fast bacilli that cause tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively. M. tuberculosis was discovered in 1882 and is transmitted through droplets. It has a cell wall containing mycolic acids and is a slow growing obligate aerobe. Laboratory diagnosis involves acid-fast staining of samples from sputum or tissues, as well as culturing on media like LJ. Treatment uses multi-drug therapy including isoniazid and rifampin. M. leprae causes a chronic granulomatous disease affecting skin and nerves. It is not cultivable but can be propagated in animals. Classification systems include tuberculoid, lepromatous, and
mycobacterium tuberculosis
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. It has a waxy cell wall and grows very slowly, making it difficult to treat.
2. When inhaled, M. tuberculosis is engulfed by alveolar macrophages but can replicate within them, causing the macrophages to die and triggering a cell-mediated immune response.
3. Diagnosis involves staining sputum samples with acid-fast dyes to identify the acid-fast bacilli under microscopy. Tuberculin skin tests can also indicate a previous infection with M. tuberculosis.
Systemic mycoses by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
This document summarizes several systemic fungal infections. It describes histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which can infect the reticuloendothelial system and cause disseminated lesions. Blastomycosis by Blastomyces dermatitidis typically causes chronic lung infection but can disseminate, sometimes appearing as cutaneous lesions. Paracoccidiomycosis involves Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and can cause ulcerative granulomas. Coccidioidomycosis is caused by Coccidioides immitis and may manifest as primary pulmonary infection or disseminated disease. Cryptococcosis, often affecting immunocompromised individuals, is caused by
Tuberculosis mimics
This document discusses tuberculosis and conditions that can mimic tuberculosis. It begins by describing tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is one of the oldest diseases affecting humans. It then discusses several other conditions that can present similarly to tuberculosis, including nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and others. For each condition, it provides details on etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. The document emphasizes that differentiating tuberculosis mimics from actual tuberculosis is important for ensuring correct diagnosis and management.
Paracoccidioidomycosis
paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.pptx
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Paracoccidioides species. It primarily involves the lungs and can disseminate to other organs. The disease ranges from asymptomatic to acute or chronic forms. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of clinical samples to identify the characteristic yeast forms and culture growth at 37°C. Treatment requires long-term antifungal therapy for 6-12 months.
Cutaneous tuberculosis ( SKIN TB )
Cutaneous tuberculosis can present in different clinical forms as a result of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, or BCG vaccine infection of the skin. Lupus vulgaris is the most common form, appearing as painless reddish-brown nodules on the face that slowly enlarge. Scrofuloderma typically affects the neck and chest as an asymptomatic swelling that breaks down into sinuses or ulcers. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy demonstrating tuberculoid granulomas and potentially identifying acid-fast bacilli, along with a positive tuberculin test. Treatment consists of a multi-drug regimen in two phases to reduce the bacterial burden and ensure sterilization.
Cutaneous tuberculosis
Cutaneous tuberculosis can present in various forms as a result of hematogenous spread or direct extension from a latent tuberculosis infection. Common types include lupus vulgaris, verrucosa cutis, and scrofuloderma. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy demonstrating tuberculoid granulomas with occasional acid-fast bacilli. Treatment consists of long-term multidrug antitubercular therapy following standard protocols for systemic tuberculosis.
ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS AND THEIR MANIFESTATIONS
Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasing for several reasons, including diagnostic advances, increased awareness and a larger at-risk population. NTM pulmonary disease is surpassing tuberculosis (TB) in some low incidence areas.
Tuberculosis
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB), including:
- TB has been found in ancient remains dating back 5000 years. It was known as the "white plague" in the 19th century. Robert Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus in 1882.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that usually infects macrophages in the lungs. It is acid-fast and has a waxy cell wall.
- TB is highly communicable and is one of the top infectious disease killers worldwide. Laboratory methods for diagnosis include microscopy, culture, PCR and tuberculin skin testing.
- The document also presents data on the TB situation in Palestine, showing incidence rates and
Mycobacterium
This document discusses the morphology, medically important species, and transmission of Mycobacterium, including M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and nontuberculous mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and is transmitted via airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. It can cause either latent tuberculosis infection or active tuberculosis disease. M. leprae causes leprosy, an infection transmitted between humans. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of the acid-fast bacteria or detection of their DNA.
Mycobacterium
This document discusses the morphology, medically important species, and transmission of Mycobacterium, including M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and nontuberculous mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and is transmitted via airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. It can cause either latent tuberculosis infection or active tuberculosis disease. M. leprae causes leprosy, an infection transmitted between humans. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of the bacteria or detection of their DNA.
Tuberculoosis and antitubercular drugs
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) and anti-tuberculosis drugs. It defines TB as a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, most commonly affecting the lungs. It describes the causative agents of TB and discusses why TB is a dreadful disease due to the protective cell wall of the bacteria. It then covers the pathogenesis, transmission, types, signs and symptoms, investigations and complications of TB. Finally, it provides details on first-line and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, including their mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics.
tkasjbjhJALKJDLKJKFWHSDGSHDHSJDDJJDHDHHD
hkJWJfh.kjehJLKJGLKFFLEFK;LK;LK;LDK;SLK;KLJLDJLKJKLF;LKF;LK;LW;/LW;SDKL;LKC;
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Tuberculosis... a brife description about it
Tuberculosis is a potentially fatal contagious disease that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Common symptoms include coughing, fever, fatigue, and weight loss. While TB has affected humans for millennia, it was not until the 19th century that it was proven to be contagious and the bacterium that causes it was identified. Today, TB is diagnosed through laboratory tests and treated with a combination of antibiotics over a long period of time to prevent drug resistance and relapses.
Tuberculosis
detailed information over mycobacterium tuberculosis highly recommended for BDS and MBBS students for their read-ups and presentation purposes.
MYCOBACTERIUM (3).pdf
Mycobacterium is a genus of acid-fast bacteria classified by their acid-fast staining, presence of mycolic acids in their cell walls, and high G+C content in their DNA. They include pathogens like M. tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, and M. leprae, which causes leprosy. M. tuberculosis is transmitted person-to-person via airborne droplets and causes primary infection in the lungs which can later reactivate and spread to other organs. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of acid-fast stained sputum samples and culturing on media like LJ medium. M. leprae causes a range of clinical manifestations depending on immune response, from tuberculoid to lepromatous
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
The 28 year old male presented with a 6 month history of low grade fever, weight loss, loss of appetite and chronic cough with sputum. The provisional diagnosis is pulmonary tuberculosis. Sputum examination would be done to look for acid fast bacilli via microscopy and culture. Prolonged cough can lead to damage of the lungs and cavitation of lesions over time.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
This document provides information on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis. It discusses the classification of mycobacteria into obligate parasites, opportunistic pathogens, and saprophytes. M. tuberculosis is an obligate parasite and the causative agent of tuberculosis in humans. The document describes the characteristics, transmission, pathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection. It also discusses the history of the discovery of M. tuberculosis and the development of the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis prevention.
Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria classified based on being acid-fast, having mycolic acids in their cell wall, and high G+C content in their DNA. M. tuberculosis is an aerobic, non-motile, acid-fast bacillus that causes tuberculosis. It has virulence factors like cord factor and catalase peroxidase that allow it to survive inside macrophages. M. leprae is an intracellular pathogen that causes leprosy. It enters Schwann cells and macrophages, where it multiplies slowly. The immune response determines the clinical manifestation as tuberculoid or lepromatous leprosy. Both diseases spread through airborne droplets and have variable incubation periods.
Tuberculosis
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis, including:
- It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can cause a progressive, granulomatous lung disease.
- Robert Koch first isolated and described the tuberculosis bacterium in 1882.
- The bacterium is an acid-fast rod that grows slowly and can survive inside macrophages, contributing to its ability to cause infection.
- Transmission occurs via airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. The bacteria are inhaled and engulfed by macrophages but can survive and replicate within them.
- Symptoms include chronic cough, fever, weight loss and fatigue. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin tests or sputum tests to identify
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. It was isolated in 1884 by Robert Koch. M. tuberculosis is an acid-fast bacillus that grows slowly and can survive outside the body for months. It is transmitted through inhaling droplets from coughs or sneezes of infected individuals. Tuberculosis affects over a third of the world's population and causes millions of deaths each year. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culturing of sputum samples, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment requires a long course of multiple antibiotic drugs over several months.
Cutaneous manifestations of tb
Cutaneous tuberculosis can occur through either exogenous or endogenous infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis. Clinical manifestations depend on the site of infection, inoculum type, and host immunity. Diagnosis involves demonstration of acid-fast bacilli in lesions via staining, culture, or PCR. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen according to WHO guidelines, with surgery sometimes indicated for localized lesions. Drug-resistant tuberculosis requires customized multi-drug treatment regimens.
Cutaneous manifestations of tb
Cutaneous tuberculosis can occur through either exogenous or endogenous infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis. Clinical manifestations depend on the site of infection, inoculum type, and host immunity. Primary inoculation tuberculosis presents as painless ulcers, while warty tuberculosis presents as indurated warty papules. Endogenous tuberculosis can spread via contiguous sites like in scrofuloderma, or hematogenously like in lupus vulgaris or tuberculids. Diagnosis involves demonstrating acid-fast bacilli or mycobacterial DNA from lesions. Treatment involves standard antitubercular therapy administered via DOTS programs. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis requires prolonged treatment with second-line drugs
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
This document discusses Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, while M. leprae causes leprosy and affects superficial tissues like skin and nerves. Both are acid-fast bacilli with waxy cell walls. Laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis involves examining sputum smears microscopically for acid-fast bacilli, culturing on egg-based media over 4-6 weeks, and nucleic acid amplification tests. Diagnosis of M. leprae involves examining skin and tissue samples microscopically after Ziehl-Neelsen staining or using PCR to detect its DNA.
Virus Indexing methods
This document discusses various nucleic acid-based methods for virus indexing and detection in plants. It describes techniques like RT-PCR, multiplex PCR, immuno-capture PCR, real-time PCR, nucleic acid spot hybridization, and DNA microarray technology that can be used to detect viral genomes from crude or purified plant samples. Reverse transcriptase PCR is commonly used to detect gene expression and identify infections. Multiplex PCR allows simultaneous detection of multiple viruses. Real-time PCR provides reliable and sensitive quantification of plant viruses. Nucleic acid spot hybridization is suitable for testing large numbers of samples for detection of viruses like BBTV. DNA microarrays can detect a wide range of plant viruses and identify new pathogens through hybridization patterns
Stm and afm ppt
Scientists Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer developed the scanning tunneling microscope, which uses quantum tunneling effects to image surfaces at the atomic level. The microscope uses a sharp tip, made of tungsten or platinum-iridium, that is brought very close to a surface. As the tip is raster scanned over the surface, changes in its tunneling current allow for a 3D map of the surface at the atomic scale of 0.1 nm. This breakthrough enabled direct observation of materials at the microscopic level and had applications in fields like biomedical research and protein studies.
More Related Content
Similar to Pulmonary Tuberculosis - Phthisis[1].pptx
Cutaneous tuberculosis ( SKIN TB )
Cutaneous tuberculosis can present in different clinical forms as a result of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, or BCG vaccine infection of the skin. Lupus vulgaris is the most common form, appearing as painless reddish-brown nodules on the face that slowly enlarge. Scrofuloderma typically affects the neck and chest as an asymptomatic swelling that breaks down into sinuses or ulcers. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy demonstrating tuberculoid granulomas and potentially identifying acid-fast bacilli, along with a positive tuberculin test. Treatment consists of a multi-drug regimen in two phases to reduce the bacterial burden and ensure sterilization.
Cutaneous tuberculosis
Cutaneous tuberculosis can present in various forms as a result of hematogenous spread or direct extension from a latent tuberculosis infection. Common types include lupus vulgaris, verrucosa cutis, and scrofuloderma. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy demonstrating tuberculoid granulomas with occasional acid-fast bacilli. Treatment consists of long-term multidrug antitubercular therapy following standard protocols for systemic tuberculosis.
ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS AND THEIR MANIFESTATIONS
Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasing for several reasons, including diagnostic advances, increased awareness and a larger at-risk population. NTM pulmonary disease is surpassing tuberculosis (TB) in some low incidence areas.
Tuberculosis
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB), including:
- TB has been found in ancient remains dating back 5000 years. It was known as the "white plague" in the 19th century. Robert Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus in 1882.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that usually infects macrophages in the lungs. It is acid-fast and has a waxy cell wall.
- TB is highly communicable and is one of the top infectious disease killers worldwide. Laboratory methods for diagnosis include microscopy, culture, PCR and tuberculin skin testing.
- The document also presents data on the TB situation in Palestine, showing incidence rates and
Mycobacterium
This document discusses the morphology, medically important species, and transmission of Mycobacterium, including M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and nontuberculous mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and is transmitted via airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. It can cause either latent tuberculosis infection or active tuberculosis disease. M. leprae causes leprosy, an infection transmitted between humans. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of the acid-fast bacteria or detection of their DNA.
Mycobacterium
This document discusses the morphology, medically important species, and transmission of Mycobacterium, including M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and nontuberculous mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and is transmitted via airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. It can cause either latent tuberculosis infection or active tuberculosis disease. M. leprae causes leprosy, an infection transmitted between humans. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of the bacteria or detection of their DNA.
Tuberculoosis and antitubercular drugs
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) and anti-tuberculosis drugs. It defines TB as a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, most commonly affecting the lungs. It describes the causative agents of TB and discusses why TB is a dreadful disease due to the protective cell wall of the bacteria. It then covers the pathogenesis, transmission, types, signs and symptoms, investigations and complications of TB. Finally, it provides details on first-line and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, including their mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics.
tkasjbjhJALKJDLKJKFWHSDGSHDHSJDDJJDHDHHD
hkJWJfh.kjehJLKJGLKFFLEFK;LK;LK;LDK;SLK;KLJLDJLKJKLF;LKF;LK;LW;/LW;SDKL;LKC;
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Tuberculosis... a brife description about it
Tuberculosis is a potentially fatal contagious disease that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Common symptoms include coughing, fever, fatigue, and weight loss. While TB has affected humans for millennia, it was not until the 19th century that it was proven to be contagious and the bacterium that causes it was identified. Today, TB is diagnosed through laboratory tests and treated with a combination of antibiotics over a long period of time to prevent drug resistance and relapses.
Tuberculosis
detailed information over mycobacterium tuberculosis highly recommended for BDS and MBBS students for their read-ups and presentation purposes.
MYCOBACTERIUM (3).pdf
Mycobacterium is a genus of acid-fast bacteria classified by their acid-fast staining, presence of mycolic acids in their cell walls, and high G+C content in their DNA. They include pathogens like M. tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, and M. leprae, which causes leprosy. M. tuberculosis is transmitted person-to-person via airborne droplets and causes primary infection in the lungs which can later reactivate and spread to other organs. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of acid-fast stained sputum samples and culturing on media like LJ medium. M. leprae causes a range of clinical manifestations depending on immune response, from tuberculoid to lepromatous
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
The 28 year old male presented with a 6 month history of low grade fever, weight loss, loss of appetite and chronic cough with sputum. The provisional diagnosis is pulmonary tuberculosis. Sputum examination would be done to look for acid fast bacilli via microscopy and culture. Prolonged cough can lead to damage of the lungs and cavitation of lesions over time.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
This document provides information on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis. It discusses the classification of mycobacteria into obligate parasites, opportunistic pathogens, and saprophytes. M. tuberculosis is an obligate parasite and the causative agent of tuberculosis in humans. The document describes the characteristics, transmission, pathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection. It also discusses the history of the discovery of M. tuberculosis and the development of the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis prevention.
Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria classified based on being acid-fast, having mycolic acids in their cell wall, and high G+C content in their DNA. M. tuberculosis is an aerobic, non-motile, acid-fast bacillus that causes tuberculosis. It has virulence factors like cord factor and catalase peroxidase that allow it to survive inside macrophages. M. leprae is an intracellular pathogen that causes leprosy. It enters Schwann cells and macrophages, where it multiplies slowly. The immune response determines the clinical manifestation as tuberculoid or lepromatous leprosy. Both diseases spread through airborne droplets and have variable incubation periods.
Tuberculosis
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis, including:
- It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can cause a progressive, granulomatous lung disease.
- Robert Koch first isolated and described the tuberculosis bacterium in 1882.
- The bacterium is an acid-fast rod that grows slowly and can survive inside macrophages, contributing to its ability to cause infection.
- Transmission occurs via airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. The bacteria are inhaled and engulfed by macrophages but can survive and replicate within them.
- Symptoms include chronic cough, fever, weight loss and fatigue. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin tests or sputum tests to identify
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. It was isolated in 1884 by Robert Koch. M. tuberculosis is an acid-fast bacillus that grows slowly and can survive outside the body for months. It is transmitted through inhaling droplets from coughs or sneezes of infected individuals. Tuberculosis affects over a third of the world's population and causes millions of deaths each year. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culturing of sputum samples, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment requires a long course of multiple antibiotic drugs over several months.
Cutaneous manifestations of tb
Cutaneous tuberculosis can occur through either exogenous or endogenous infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis. Clinical manifestations depend on the site of infection, inoculum type, and host immunity. Diagnosis involves demonstration of acid-fast bacilli in lesions via staining, culture, or PCR. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen according to WHO guidelines, with surgery sometimes indicated for localized lesions. Drug-resistant tuberculosis requires customized multi-drug treatment regimens.
Cutaneous manifestations of tb
Cutaneous tuberculosis can occur through either exogenous or endogenous infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis. Clinical manifestations depend on the site of infection, inoculum type, and host immunity. Primary inoculation tuberculosis presents as painless ulcers, while warty tuberculosis presents as indurated warty papules. Endogenous tuberculosis can spread via contiguous sites like in scrofuloderma, or hematogenously like in lupus vulgaris or tuberculids. Diagnosis involves demonstrating acid-fast bacilli or mycobacterial DNA from lesions. Treatment involves standard antitubercular therapy administered via DOTS programs. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis requires prolonged treatment with second-line drugs
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
This document discusses Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, while M. leprae causes leprosy and affects superficial tissues like skin and nerves. Both are acid-fast bacilli with waxy cell walls. Laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis involves examining sputum smears microscopically for acid-fast bacilli, culturing on egg-based media over 4-6 weeks, and nucleic acid amplification tests. Diagnosis of M. leprae involves examining skin and tissue samples microscopically after Ziehl-Neelsen staining or using PCR to detect its DNA.
Similar to Pulmonary Tuberculosis - Phthisis[1].pptx (20)
ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS AND THEIR MANIFESTATIONS
ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS AND THEIR MANIFESTATIONS
More from PREETHYDAVID
Virus Indexing methods
This document discusses various nucleic acid-based methods for virus indexing and detection in plants. It describes techniques like RT-PCR, multiplex PCR, immuno-capture PCR, real-time PCR, nucleic acid spot hybridization, and DNA microarray technology that can be used to detect viral genomes from crude or purified plant samples. Reverse transcriptase PCR is commonly used to detect gene expression and identify infections. Multiplex PCR allows simultaneous detection of multiple viruses. Real-time PCR provides reliable and sensitive quantification of plant viruses. Nucleic acid spot hybridization is suitable for testing large numbers of samples for detection of viruses like BBTV. DNA microarrays can detect a wide range of plant viruses and identify new pathogens through hybridization patterns
Stm and afm ppt
Scientists Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer developed the scanning tunneling microscope, which uses quantum tunneling effects to image surfaces at the atomic level. The microscope uses a sharp tip, made of tungsten or platinum-iridium, that is brought very close to a surface. As the tip is raster scanned over the surface, changes in its tunneling current allow for a 3D map of the surface at the atomic scale of 0.1 nm. This breakthrough enabled direct observation of materials at the microscopic level and had applications in fields like biomedical research and protein studies.
Dna replication in virus ppt
Viruses replicate inside host cells by first attaching to and entering the cell. They then release their genome and use the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components. The virus assembles inside the cell and is released, either through cell lysis or budding, to infect new host cells. Key steps in the viral replication cycle include attachment, entry, genome release, replication, assembly, and exit from the host cell.
Pericardial diseases part ii
This document discusses cardiac tamponade and pericardial diseases. Cardiac tamponade occurs when fluid accumulates in the pericardial space, increasing pressure and compressing the heart. Common causes include malignancy, idiopathic pericarditis, renal failure, cardiac surgery/trauma, tuberculosis, and hemopericardium. Accumulated fluid under high pressure compresses the cardiac chambers and impairs filling, leading to increased venous pressures and decreased cardiac output. Clinical features include hypotension, elevated jugular venous pressure, muffled heart sounds, and pulsus paradoxus. Management involves relieving symptoms, improving heart function, and saving the patient's life through interventions like diuretics, dig
Pericardial diseases part i
This document provides an overview of pericardial diseases including pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the pericardium, defines different types of pericardial diseases, and describes their etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, management, complications, and nursing care considerations. The document aims to review and define key aspects of pericardial diseases for medical professionals.
Gantt chart
The document discusses Gantt charts, which are a type of bar chart used to illustrate a project schedule. It provides details on the history, definition, uses, construction, purposes and limitations of Gantt charts. Specifically, Gantt charts were developed in 1917 by Henry Gantt to help plan, coordinate and track tasks in a project. They show the tasks on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal to help visualize the timeline and dependencies of a project. Modern software also allows indicating task dependencies in Gantt charts.
Bench marking
Benchmarking involves comparing a company's processes and performance metrics to industry best practices. It is done in key areas like quality, time, and cost. Companies identify top performers in their industry or similar industries and compare their results and processes to find areas for improvement. There are several types of benchmarking, including process, financial, performance, strategic, functional, and product benchmarking. Benchmarking is also used in the public and nursing sectors to improve services and identify best practices over time.
Pert n gantt
The PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) is a statistical tool used in project management to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks. It involves identifying activities, determining their sequence and duration, and constructing a network diagram to visualize the project plan. A critical path is determined which shows the shortest time needed to complete the project. PERT allows uncertainty in activity times and the plan can be updated as the project progresses. It is useful for predicting deliverables, planning resources, and evaluating performance. Nurse managers can use PERT to schedule work and assign tasks to nurses to help reduce patient hospital stays.
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial Infarction- Heart ailment.
Etiology-Diagnosis-Pathophysiology-Riskfactors-Symptoms-Treatment-Medication
Stages of seed development
This document summarizes the stages of seed development, including pollination and fertilization, seed coat development, endosperm development, embryo development, seed growth and maturation. It discusses the key stages and processes in the development of monocot and dicot seeds, including pro-embryo formation, suspensor and embryo development, endosperm formation types, physiological and biochemical changes during seed maturation, and environmental factors that influence development. Physiological maturity is defined as the stage of maximum dry weight accumulation when there is no further increase in seed dry weight.
Map based cloning
Map-based cloning is a technique used to identify the genetic cause of a mutant phenotype by isolating overlapping DNA segments that progress along the chromosome toward a candidate gene. The process involves initially identifying a marker close to the gene of interest and then saturating the region with additional markers. Large populations are screened to find markers that rarely recombine with the gene. Genomic libraries are screened to find clones containing the markers, and chromosomal walking is used to obtain flanking markers on a single clone. DNA fragments between the markers are tested to rescue the wild-type phenotype and identify the candidate gene.
Marker assisted foreground & background selection in soybean
This document describes the development of near-isogenic lines (NILs) in soybean containing a recessive bacterial leaf pustule resistance gene (rxp) introgressed from donor parent SS2-2 into two recurrent parents, Hwangkeumkong and Taekwangkong. The researchers performed three rounds of backcrossing followed by two generations of selfing. They used marker-assisted selection with over 100 SSR markers to select plants with the highest percentage of recurrent parent genome. The resulting NILs will be used to map and characterize the rxp gene through transcript analysis when infected with the bacterial pathogen.
More from PREETHYDAVID (12)
Marker assisted foreground & background selection in soybean
Marker assisted foreground & background selection in soybean
Recently uploaded
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Learn about body grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
Ketone bodies and metabolism-biochemistry
This slide consists of all the topics of ketone . This can be used for exam purpose for writing about Diabetic keto acidosis etc . Thank you
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest VersionJournal Article Review on Rasamanikya
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Avartana Sneha is a unique method of Preparation of Sneha Kalpana in Ayurveda, mainly it is indicated for the Vataja rogas.
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recently uploaded (20)
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
Pulmonary Tuberculosis - Phthisis[1].pptx
- 1. PHThISIS
- 4. HISTORY
- 6. • A bacterium that resembles a fungus • Multiply at varying rates • Characterized as acid-fast aerobic organisms • Can be killed by heat, sunshine, drying and UV exposure
- 9. PATHOLOGY • The bacillus of TB infect the lung, forming a tubercle (lesion) • May heal ,leaving a tissue / may continue as a granuloma , then heal or be reactivated / May eventually proceed to necrosis and cavitation.
- 10. • The initial lesion may dessiminate tubercle bacilli By extension to adjacent tissues Through bloodstream Through lymphatic system Through bronchi
- 18. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION • SPUTUM SMEAR- detection of acid-fast bacilli in stained smears . First morning sputum obatined on 3 consecutive days • SPUTUM CULTURE- positive culture confirmation. • CHEST X-RAY- Extent of disease
- 19. • Tuberculin skin test-PPD or MANTOUX test : inoculation of tubercule bacillus extract into the intradermal layer of the inner aspect of the forearm • Used to detect active and inactive infection
- 21. MANAGEMENT • ANTI TUBERCULAR THERAPY: Daily oral doses of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyranizamide – 6 months. • ANTI TUBERCULAR MEDICATIONS: Streptomycin(15mg), ethnambutol(15- 25mg),rifampin(10mg) daily for 8 weeks
- 22. DOTS • DOTS-Directly Observed Treatment , Short Course: WHO recommended TB control strategy. • Specially for patients with drug resistant TB, HIV-infected patients, and those on intermittent treatment regimens(2/3 times weekly
- 27. PREVENTION • Isolation • Ventilation • Personal protection • Complete course of medications • Vaccination