Deterrence, Assurance, and North Korean Strategy
Speaker: James E. Platte, Assistant professor with the U.S. Air Force Center for Unconventional Weapons Studies (CUWS) at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama
ICAS public lecture series videos are posted on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAA67B040B82B8AEF
acquisition, ash carter, Technology, Innovation and Modern War, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, kill chain, max boot, military innovation, ms&e296, raj shah, requirements, stanford, Steve blank, China
acquisition, Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, INDOPACOM, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms&e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, China, stanford
Lecture 1 -Technology, Innovation and Great Power CompetitionStanford University
acquisition, Mattis, Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms&e296, raj shah, requirements, stanford, Steve blank, China,
acquisition, Technology, Innovation and Modern War, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, kill chain, military innovation, ms&e296, raj shah, requirements, stanford, Steve blank, China, Jack Shanahan, national defense strategy, Lines of effort, Air Force, AI, JAIC
Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb by Scot...Syed Fakhar Ul Hassan
The article explains three (The Security Model, The Domestic Politics Model and The Norms Model) models to understand the actions and behavior of states in international political arena. The invention of nuclear weapons altered the world politics, practices, and global norms and set new ones.
acquisition, ash carter, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, kill chain, max boot, military innovation, ms&e296, raj shah, requirements, stanford, Steve blank, Technology, Innovation and Modern War
acquisition, ash carter, Technology, Innovation and Modern War, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, kill chain, max boot, military innovation, ms&e296, raj shah, requirements, stanford, Steve blank, China
acquisition, Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, INDOPACOM, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms&e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, China, stanford
Lecture 1 -Technology, Innovation and Great Power CompetitionStanford University
acquisition, Mattis, Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms&e296, raj shah, requirements, stanford, Steve blank, China,
acquisition, Technology, Innovation and Modern War, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, kill chain, military innovation, ms&e296, raj shah, requirements, stanford, Steve blank, China, Jack Shanahan, national defense strategy, Lines of effort, Air Force, AI, JAIC
Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb by Scot...Syed Fakhar Ul Hassan
The article explains three (The Security Model, The Domestic Politics Model and The Norms Model) models to understand the actions and behavior of states in international political arena. The invention of nuclear weapons altered the world politics, practices, and global norms and set new ones.
acquisition, ash carter, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, kill chain, max boot, military innovation, ms&e296, raj shah, requirements, stanford, Steve blank, Technology, Innovation and Modern War
Lecture 6- Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition - Unmanned Syst...Stanford University
Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms&e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, ONR, Lorin Selby, Maynard Holliday, Bradley Garber,
Algorithms of Armageddon: What Happens When We Insert AI Into Our Military ...ggaldorisi
Autonomous & Hypersonic
Weapon Systems Conference
November 4-6, 2020
George Galdorisi (Captain U.S. Navy – retired)
Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific
Dr. Sam Tangredi (Captain U.S. Navy – retired)
U.S. Naval War College
acquisition, Technology, Innovation and Modern War, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, kill chain, military innovation, ms&e296, raj shah, requirements, stanford, Steve blank, China, bridge Colby, national defense strategy, Lines of effort
acquisition, ash carter, Technology, Innovation and Modern War, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, kill chain, max boot, military innovation, ms&e296, raj shah, requirements, stanford, Steve blank, China
An anti racist West Point is a comprehensive strategy document that address necessary steps for creating an anti-racist institution at West Point.
Those who wish to express their support are encouraged to contact leadership at West Point, the US Army Chief of Staff, and Secretary of the Army.
The purpose of the Army Operating Concept Team Teach is to provide uniformed and civilian leaders across the Army and it's Joint, Interorganizational and multinational partners with an understanding of the Army's vision of future conflict as described in the U.S. Army Operating Concept: Win in a Complex World.
Lecture 6 - Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition - Autonomy and...Stanford University
Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms&e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, ONR, Lorin Selby, Maynard Holliday, Bradley Garber,
Lecture 6- Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition - Unmanned Syst...Stanford University
Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms&e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, ONR, Lorin Selby, Maynard Holliday, Bradley Garber,
Algorithms of Armageddon: What Happens When We Insert AI Into Our Military ...ggaldorisi
Autonomous & Hypersonic
Weapon Systems Conference
November 4-6, 2020
George Galdorisi (Captain U.S. Navy – retired)
Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific
Dr. Sam Tangredi (Captain U.S. Navy – retired)
U.S. Naval War College
acquisition, Technology, Innovation and Modern War, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, kill chain, military innovation, ms&e296, raj shah, requirements, stanford, Steve blank, China, bridge Colby, national defense strategy, Lines of effort
acquisition, ash carter, Technology, Innovation and Modern War, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, kill chain, max boot, military innovation, ms&e296, raj shah, requirements, stanford, Steve blank, China
An anti racist West Point is a comprehensive strategy document that address necessary steps for creating an anti-racist institution at West Point.
Those who wish to express their support are encouraged to contact leadership at West Point, the US Army Chief of Staff, and Secretary of the Army.
The purpose of the Army Operating Concept Team Teach is to provide uniformed and civilian leaders across the Army and it's Joint, Interorganizational and multinational partners with an understanding of the Army's vision of future conflict as described in the U.S. Army Operating Concept: Win in a Complex World.
Lecture 6 - Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition - Autonomy and...Stanford University
Technology, Innovation and Great Power Competition,TIGPC, Gordian knot Center, DIME-FIL, department of defense, dod, hacking for defense, intlpol 340, joe felter, ms&e296, raj shah, stanford, Steve blank, AI, ML, AI/ML, china, unmanned, autonomy, ONR, Lorin Selby, Maynard Holliday, Bradley Garber,
Arm Race on Korean Peninsula Challanges to US security Concerns.DostanShah
This, research would investigate the arms race on Korean Peninsula and, its drawback on regional and International security concerns. United States is key stockholder in the region as a net security provider to many of South East-North Asian countries after World War –II. The weapons contest on the Korean Peninsula is profoundly testing the United States interests in the region. Secondly, the dictatorial system of North Korea is straightforwardly testing the US by starting enemy of mainland ballistic missile program. As per President Kim, North Korea's atomic and ballistic projects are intended to build up "harmony" with U.S. powers.
John Wright provides a brief historical summary of Japanese defense policy in the post-war era and its decisions regarding the use of force, also known as the right of belligerency of the state. He also provides an analysis of current Japanese state normalization and his insights into the future Japanese use of force, especially in the context of the recently passed defense legislation.
Similar to Public Lecture Slides (11.21.2017) Deterrence, Assurance, and North Korean Strategy (20)
A theoretical Framework on Inflation and Retirement:
Improvements in longevity as well as declining fertility rates have led to an aging demographic across developed nations. These tendencies, alongside several decades of low inflation have led to shifts in pension and retirement policies across developed nations. It goes without saying that Retirement security remains a shared concern, one that has heightened as inflation has returned to the global landscape, adding further uncertainty to the financial security of retirees. From a policy perspective, monetary policy is the most blunt tool within the macroeconomic toolkit whereas retirement has increasingly become a household-level savings, investment and decumulation problem. Given the dependency of policy on inflation expectations and that of inflation expectations on household-level decision-making, we present elements of an incipient framework that may be used to integrate household and firm-level decision making into the contemporary macroeconomic policy toolkit.
The Finnish and Swedish accessions to NATO—even though incomplete as of now—have been interpreted in some corners as the beginning of the end for neutrality. Not picking sides in a war of aggression is untenable, they hold, cheering the decisions of some former neutrals to give up their signature foreign policies while berating those who still do not send weapons to Ukraine or sanction Russia. Whatever one’s stance on the policy side is, one point has been lost in the debate: neutrality is not a question of ideology but a fact of conflict dynamics. It just won’t go away. Not even the two World Wars or the 40 years of the Cold War could get rid of the “fence-sitters.”
Neutrality, always and everywhere, is a reaction to conflict(s). The current one over Ukraine is no exception, giving rise to neutral policies in roughly two-thirds of the world. It is a moot question if there should be neutrality or not. Nonaligned behavior of third-party states is a fact of international life and will remain one. There are really only two questions that matter: First, which neutrals will leave the stage, and which ones will be born? Second, will the neutrals play a constructive role in the new global conflict, or will they be relegated to the margins?
This talk will disentangle the neutrality debate by differentiating the legal components from the political and strategic aspects and discuss recent neutrality developments in Europe, Asia, and the Americas.
Dual citizenship was once universally reviled as a moral abomination, then largely marginalized as an anomaly. During the twentieth century, states were able to police the status and manage incidental costs to the extent that full suppression proved impossible. More recent decades have seen wide acceptance of dual citizenship as those costs dissipated for both states and individuals. Powerful nonresident citizen communities have played a crucial role in winning recognition of the status. A handful of states -- Japan notable among them -- have held out against this clear trend and increasingly vocal emigrant and immigrant constituencies and children of bi-national couples. This session will situate Japan's resistance to dual citizenship in a global historical context.
November 28, 2022
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has given the go-ahead for a major redevelopment of Jingu Gaien, the cluster of sports facilities and green space adjacent to the National Stadium in Sendagaya. The project has recently become a focus of attention in Tokyo, with many people from across the political spectrum speaking out with concerns about the project.
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8 November 2022 was the last day of voting for the US midterm elections. These elections reflected the mood of American voters and give us some idea of the future course of American policy and of the political and ideological balance of power in the United States. They will also affect the ability of the Biden Administration to pursue its agenda.
Professor Yashiro, one of Japan's leading economists, will look at the results of Abenomics (a term coined to describe Japan's economic policy while Shinzo Abe was premier) and Prime Minister Kishida's plans for what he calls a "New Capitalism."
Observers of Japanese security and foreign policies have largely focused on analyzing Japanese policies in the area of traditional security. However, they would be remiss to disregard the string of new developments that have been occurring in Japan – namely that of “economic security.”
Prompted by rising U.S.-China competition, Japan has been undergoing rapid change in its economic security policies over the last few years. These changes range from organizational transformation to new legislation as well as increasing support for the private sector. This trend is likely to accelerate under the incoming Kishida administration, which has created a new ministerial post for economic security.
How has Japan’s economic security policy evolved in the last few years? What kind of changes will we likely see in Japan’s economic security policies under the Kishida administration? What impact will this “economic security awakening” in Japan have on Japan-U.S. and Japan-China relations? How should Japan cooperate with other key actors, such as the European Union, the Quad countries, the Five Eyes states, and Southeast Asian countries?
This seminar will address these critical questions and more with Akira Igata, who has been advising international organizations, the Japanese government, bureaucracy, and the private sector in economic security issues for many years.
Speaker Biography:
Akira Igata is Executive Director and Visiting Professor at the Center for Rule-making Strategies at Tama University. He is also the Economic Security Advisor for the Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China and Senior Adjunct Fellow at Pacific Forum, a U.S.-based think tank. He advises Japan’s bureaucracy, politicians, and private sector as well as international organizations on economic security issues.
A half a year ago, the prospect of an LDP presidential election did not inspire flights of the imagination. After all, what could break the hammerlock the top three party factions – the Hosoda, the Aso and the Nikai – had upon the process of selecting the party leader? Who or what could outmaneuver the wily LDP Secretary-General Nikai Toshihiro, whom two prime ministers in a row found themselves powerless to budge from his post at the apex of the party’s secretariat?
Over the summer of 2021, however, several factors became catalysts for changes in the party’s internal power structures. A presidential campaign like any other had unfolded, with the faction leaders and the party’s senior officials left gasping as erstwhile subordinates have run away with the narrative and the initiative. So many assumptions about how the LDP “works” have been challenged that the unprecedented situation of half of the candidates being women has been largely subsumed.
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Japan and Russia: Contemporary Political, Economic, and Military Relations
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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Public Lecture Slides (11.21.2017) Deterrence, Assurance, and North Korean Strategy
1. We Produce the Future
Deterrence, Assurance, and North Korean Strategy
21 November 2017
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Disclaimer
Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within
are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views
of the Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of
Defense, or any other US government agency.
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Outline
• Analyzing North Korea’s Emerging Nuclear Strategy
• Existing research on nuclear strategy
• Assessing North Korea’s nuclear strategy
• Theoretical Implications for Nuclear Strategy Analysis
• Domestic Debates in Japan and South Korea
• Policy Implications
4. We Produce the Future
Analyzing North Korea’s Emerging
Nuclear Strategy
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Research Questions
• What does North Korea’s behavior over the past ten years, in both
words and deeds, suggest about the kind of nuclear strategy/posture
that they have adopted, are adopting, and/or are likely to adopt?
• What policy implications can be drawn from this?
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Research on Nuclear Strategy/Posture
• Voluminous literature on the nuclear strategies of the “legacy” nuclear
powers
• e.g. Brodie, Schelling, Kahn, George and Smoke, Freedman
• Burgeoning literature on:
• Reevaluation of Cold War nuclear strategy
• e.g. Gavin (2012 & 2015)
• Nuclear weapons as tools of coercion
• e.g. Sechser and Fuhrmann (2017)
• Postures of “new” or “emerging” nuclear actors
• e.g. Narang (2014 & 2015)
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Narang – Posture Optimization Theory
• Focuses on regional nuclear
powers
• Posture Optimization Theory
• Argues that states choose a strategy
that will optimize policy goal
• Three identified nuclear postures
• Catalytic
• Assured retaliation
• Asymmetric escalation
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Alternatives to Narang’s Model
• Theory is parsimonious, states optimize postures to achieve policy
goals, but it assumes that every state has deterrence as its main
objective
• We know from Schelling (1956) that deterrence isn’t the only objective
that states may have with nuclear weapons
• Compellence may also be a goal
• What do we know about nuclear weapons and compellence?
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Nuclear Weapons and Compellence
Sechser and Fuhrmann
• Deterrent threats can be made credible because survival is at stake
• Coercive threats cannot be made credible because no state would risk
their own annihilation or break the taboo to change the status quo
• Quantitative and qualitative analysis shows that nuclear weapons are
poor instruments of coercion
• However, no cases of nuclear states postured to compel
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Deterrent vs. Compellent Postures
• Characteristics of Deterrent Postures
• Goal is to maintain the status quo
• Intention is to foster conditions that lead to inaction
• Can be of indefinite duration; are inherently stabilizing but can foster other state’s
pursuit of their own deterrent capability
• Characteristics of Compellent Postures
• Goal is revision; i.e., a change in the status quo
• Create strategic bargaining advantage through the acquisition and posturing of
capability
• Of finite duration, thus more targets of opportunity than deterrent ones
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DPRK: Deterrence or Compellence
• Apply Narang’s model to North Korea
• Capabilities used as a determining factor
• Claims that his categories are “empirically exhaustive and mutually exclusive”
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Posture Optimization Theory
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Modified Theory for nuclear strategy choice among regional powers and
empirical predictions
Regional Nuclear
Power
Stability Seeking Revisionist
Deterrence Posture Compellent Posture
Modified Theory
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North Korea Nuclear Posture
• We focus on intentions, not capabilities, by asking the following:
• What is the stated goal of the country’s nuclear program?
• Do they have longer-term strategic goals that may explain their acquisition and
development of nuclear weapons?
• Do they have existing capabilities that provide deterrent effect that makes their
nuclear weapons seem unnecessary?
• Do they possess or are they seeking to acquire capabilities that do not seem
useful for their stated deterrent goals?
• Does the state have a history of attempted compellence or the use of compellent
threats to achieve policy objectives?
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Case for a Compellent Posture
• What is the stated goal of the country’s nuclear program?
• KJU on 8 October 2017 - North Korea’s nuclear weapons are a “powerful deterrent
firmly safeguarding the peace and security in the Korean peninsula and Northeast
Asia,” Kim said, referring to the “protracted nuclear threats of the US imperialists.”
• Do they have longer-term strategic goals that may explain their
acquisition of nuclear weapons?
• Numerous statements suggesting long-term objective is the withdrawal of US
forces from the Korean peninsula and reunification with the South on the North’s
terms
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Case for a Compellent Posture
• Do they have existing capabilities that provide deterrent effect that
makes their nuclear weapons seem unnecessary?
• Existing capability to strike Seoul in the event of an invasion makes nuclear
capabilities seem unnecessary; has deterred action for six decades
• Do they possess or are they seeking to acquire capabilities that do not
seem useful for their stated deterrent goals?
• ICBM capability, especially one designed to strike the East Coast of the US (17
October 2017 statement by KJU), seems unnecessary for deterrence
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History of Compellence
• During the 1960s, Kim Il Sung tested the US-South Korea alliance
through a series of low-level attacks along the DMZ and a few much
more provocative actions, such as:
• The seizure of the USS Pueblo and the Blue House raid in January 1968
• Between 1966 and 1969, at the height of the Vietnam War, 75 US soldiers were
killed and 111 wounded in combat with North Korean forces along the DMZ
• Both KJI and KJU have routinely issued nuclear threats, above and
beyond what is normally required for deterrence
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Reasons for Compellent Posture
• May be seeking to create conditions where they have bargaining
advantage to fulfill their strategic objectives
• May seek to drive a wedge in ROK-US alliance by systematically raising
the provocation threshold; erode South Korean support for US alliance
• May initiate conflict with goal of using coercive leverage, through threats
against US homeland, to force the signing of a peace treaty or a reduced
US commitment to South Korea
• Would lead to the dissolution of the UN Command
• May precipitate US withdrawal from the peninsula
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Theoretical Implications
• Suggests a range of postures not oriented towards deterrence; need to
develop typology of possible postures
• Determine whether and to what extent deterrent and compellent
postures intersect
• Develop discourse analysis metrics to evaluate North Korean rhetoric
20. We Produce the Future
Domestic Debate in Japan and South
Korea
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Views from Japan
Security
• Strong support for alliance with the US
• Small majorities or pluralities are skeptical of US-Japan relations and the
international order under the Trump administration
• North Korea’s nuclear program is a top threat
Abe
• Approval rating for cabinet improved after October election victory
• More approve than disapprove of approach to US relations
• Opinions on constitution reform are divided, but majority oppose Article
Nine revision
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Views from South Korea
Gallup Korea
• Consistently view North Korean nuclear tests as threat to peace
• Since 2007, gradual decline in fear of war caused by North Korea
• Early September 2017, 37% said North Korea is likely to cause war (58% said not likely)
• Majority oppose US preemptive strike (as does Moon Jae-in)
• Moon has highest early term approval rating (>75%) since Kim Young-sam
• ~50% approval of North Korea policy
Asan Institute
• Strong support for US alliance, despite low favorability rating for Trump
• Believe US is necessary for South Korea to counter North Korean threat
• Optimistic about relations with US under Moon
• Divided opinion over providing aid or economic cooperation to North Korea
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Nuclear Breakout?
Japan
• Vast majority of public opposes developing nuclear weapons
• No calls for deployment of US nuclear weapons to Japan
South Korea
• Polling over last few years show ~55-65% support for developing
nuclear weapons
• Yet, would that support change if US alliance or prosperity threatened?
• Political calls for or inquiries into redeployment of US tactical nuclear
weapons
• Liberty Korea Party
• Defense Minister Song Young-moo
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Continued Nonproliferation?
Technical Capabilities
• Both have robust, advanced civilian nuclear sectors
• Japan has ENR technology and 47 tons of separated plutonium
• South Korea would have to develop ENR technology
• Both lack military nuclear doctrine and C2
Nonproliferation Constraints
• US extended deterrence and nonproliferation policy
• International treaties and norms
• Domestic factors (see Solingen and Hymans)
With growing North Korean nuclear threat, will past predict the future?
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Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win
Policy Implications
North Korea Policy
• Engagement with a deterrent-oriented state is fundamentally different
than one that is compellent-oriented
• Problem becomes much more time-sensitive; once they have the capability, it
becomes much more difficult to avoid situations where they may attempt to use
their nuclear weapons to compel
• Must clearly message that the US and allies will not be coerced or compelled
• Be cautious about doing things that might lead North Korea to initiate conflict;
might be just what they are wanting
26. Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
26
Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win
Policy Implications
Alliance Policy
• Resist decoupling pressures between US and allies
• Bolster public support for alliances; especially if, as predicted, North Korea ramps
up rhetoric and belligerent activities
• Consistent, high-level engagement and messaging
• Coordinate any changes in force posture or diplomatic/economic initiatives
• Improve regional defense
• Ballistic missile defense, including ISR
• Japan-South Korea relations
• Continue GSOMIA and confidence-building through trilateral cooperation
• Clarify role of Japan in Korean Peninsula contingencies
• History issues and territorial disputes won’t just go away
Sources:
“Public Opinion and the US-Japan Alliance at the Outset of the Trump Administration,” Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 8 February 2017, https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/public-opinion-and-us-japan-alliance-outset-trump-administration.
“Abe’s Cabinet approval rating improves, but constitutional reform still unpopular, survey says,” The Japan Times, 3 November 2017, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/11/03/national/politics-diplomacy/abes-cabinet-approval-rating-improves-constitutional-reform-still-unpopular-survey-says/.
“Japanese Public Opinion on US Leadership and the Role of Japan,” The Genron NPO, 13 July 2017, http://www.genron-npo.net/en/opinion_polls/archives/5359.html.
Ayumi Teraoka, “Japanese Public Opinion on Constitutional Revision in 2016,” 1 August 2016, https://www.cfr.org/blog/japanese-public-opinion-constitutional-revision-2016.
Sources:
Gallup Korea Daily Opinion, 3 November 2017, http://www.gallup.co.kr/gallupdb/reportContent.asp?seqNo=873.
Gallup Korea Daily Opinion, 8 September 2017, http://www.gallup.co.kr/gallupdb/reportContent.asp?seqNo=860.
“A New Beginning for ROK-U.S. Relations: South Koreans’ View of the United States and Its Implications,” Asan Institute for Policy Studies, 27 June 2017, http://en.asaninst.org/contents/a-new-beginning-for-rok-u-s-relations-south-koreans-view-of-the-united-states-and-its-implications/.
“South Korean Perceptions of ROK-US Relations and Foreign Affairs,” Asan Institute for Policy Studies, 20 June 2013, http://en.asaninst.org/contents/south-korean-perceptions-of-rok-us-relations-and-foreign-affairs/.
Sources:
“The 5th Japan-South Korea Joint Public Opinion Poll (2017): Analysis Report on Comparative Data,” The Genron NPO, 20 July 2017, http://www.genron-npo.net/en/opinion_polls/archives/5363.html.
“Public Opinion and the US-Japan Alliance at the Outset of the Trump Administration,” Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 8 February 2017, https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/public-opinion-and-us-japan-alliance-outset-trump-administration.
Gallup Korea Daily Opinion, 8 September 2017, http://www.gallup.co.kr/gallupdb/reportContent.asp?seqNo=860.
Amy F. Woolf and Emma Chanlett-Avery, “Redeploying U.S. Nuclear Weapons to South Korea: Background and Implications in Brief,” Congressional Research Service, 14 September 2017, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R44950.pdf.
Dan Lamothe, “Pentagon chief says he was asked about reintroducing tactical nuclear weapons in South Korea,” Washington Post, 18 September 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/09/18/pentagon-chief-says-he-was-asked-about-reintroducing-tactical-nuclear-weapons-in-south-korea/.
Sources:
“Plutonium Utilization in Japan,” Japan Atomic Energy Commission, October 2017, http://www.aec.go.jp/jicst/NC/about/kettei/kettei171003_e.pdf.