PUBLIC BORROWING AND PUBLIC DEBTS
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The document discusses public borrowing and debt. It defines public borrowing as the transfer of purchasing power from individuals to the government, which is then transferred back through government spending, having both revenue and expenditure effects. The document explains that governments borrow through issuing securities like treasury bills and G-secs. It distinguishes between internal debt borrowed within a country and external debt borrowed from other countries. External debt allows for the import of resources but means the country must consume more than it produces. Public debt allows governments to raise funds but can slow economic growth if debt reaches 77% or more of GDP.
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Public Borrowing and Debt Management
1) Public borrowing refers to a government legally obligating itself to repay principal and interest to debt holders. Public debt management establishes strategies to raise funds and achieve risk/cost objectives.
2) In the Philippines, the Development Budget Coordination Committee recommends the fiscal program and debt levels. Metrics like debt-to-GDP assess sustainability.
3) As of mid-2019, the Philippines' external debt maturity was mostly medium-long term. Public sector debt increased while private sector debt composition adjusted. Debt was largely dollar- and yen-denominated from major creditors like Japan.
Structure of Philippine Public Debt
This document summarizes the structure and profile of Philippine public debt from 1990 to 2009. It discusses the sources, categories, and maturity of domestic and foreign public debt. Domestic debt is dominated by treasury bills and bonds, with maturities lengthening over time. Foreign debt is primarily from commercial and multilateral creditors, denominated in US dollars and Japanese yen, and remains largely long-term. Both domestic and foreign debt levels increased substantially over this period relative to GDP.
Public borrowing
Public borrowing is money that governments borrow to fund public spending and services. When government revenues from taxes are insufficient, governments take on debt through public borrowing to finance expenditures. This includes borrowing domestically from its own resources as well as externally from foreign countries. The Philippines has a significant amount of public debt, with over 10 trillion Philippine pesos in total debt as of 2020. A large portion of this is owed to foreign lenders like the World Bank and IMF, who provide loans to support development projects and address economic crises.
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The document discusses the origins and theories of public borrowing and debt. It outlines different periods and schools of thought around public debt, from mercantilism and Adam Smith's criticisms of borrowing, to Keynes' theory of deficit financing. The document also examines development finance models and how borrowing from international organizations like the IMF and World Bank became prominent sources of funds for developing countries pursuing infrastructure and other development projects.
Philippine Debt crisis
The document discusses the Philippine debt crisis, including definitions of external, internal, and national debt. It provides background on debt crises in general and risks of debt crises for countries. Specific data is presented on the Philippines' external debt, GDP, GDP growth, government debt as a percentage of GDP, budget deficit, exchange rate between the Philippine peso and US dollar, and how the government pays its external debt obligations. The document estimates that based on the 2015 budget, the Philippines faces an annual deficit of P439.03 billion for debt service payments that could potentially lead to a debt crisis if not addressed.
Public debt management
This document provides information about Bilal Qasim Mohammed including his education credentials and work experience. It lists his degrees which include a BSc in Economics, an MSc in Economics with a focus on monetary policy, and professional certificates in public debt management and project management. It also outlines the various jobs he has held over the years including working with NGOs, a university, UNICEF, and currently with the Central Bank of Iraq. The rest of the document appears to cover topics related to fiscal policy, public debt, and debt management.
Philippine external debt
The Philippine government announced in 1983 that it could no longer meet its foreign debt obligations of $24.4 billion, requesting a moratorium. This was due to extensive borrowing in the 1970s that caused debt to increase 27% annually between 1973-1982. Negotiations began with creditors like the IMF for rescheduling loans. However, the Philippines was found to have underreported its total debt and reserves, complicating matters. While agreements reduced payments, they required austerity measures that hurt the economy. Efforts to lower debt in the 1980s included debt conversion programs, but debt levels remained roughly the same through the Aquino administration in the late 1980s.
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Public Borrowing and Debt Management
1) Public borrowing refers to a government legally obligating itself to repay principal and interest to debt holders. Public debt management establishes strategies to raise funds and achieve risk/cost objectives.
2) In the Philippines, the Development Budget Coordination Committee recommends the fiscal program and debt levels. Metrics like debt-to-GDP assess sustainability.
3) As of mid-2019, the Philippines' external debt maturity was mostly medium-long term. Public sector debt increased while private sector debt composition adjusted. Debt was largely dollar- and yen-denominated from major creditors like Japan.
Structure of Philippine Public Debt
This document summarizes the structure and profile of Philippine public debt from 1990 to 2009. It discusses the sources, categories, and maturity of domestic and foreign public debt. Domestic debt is dominated by treasury bills and bonds, with maturities lengthening over time. Foreign debt is primarily from commercial and multilateral creditors, denominated in US dollars and Japanese yen, and remains largely long-term. Both domestic and foreign debt levels increased substantially over this period relative to GDP.
Public borrowing
Public borrowing is money that governments borrow to fund public spending and services. When government revenues from taxes are insufficient, governments take on debt through public borrowing to finance expenditures. This includes borrowing domestically from its own resources as well as externally from foreign countries. The Philippines has a significant amount of public debt, with over 10 trillion Philippine pesos in total debt as of 2020. A large portion of this is owed to foreign lenders like the World Bank and IMF, who provide loans to support development projects and address economic crises.
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Report for the subject: Fiscal Administration
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The document discusses the origins and theories of public borrowing and debt. It outlines different periods and schools of thought around public debt, from mercantilism and Adam Smith's criticisms of borrowing, to Keynes' theory of deficit financing. The document also examines development finance models and how borrowing from international organizations like the IMF and World Bank became prominent sources of funds for developing countries pursuing infrastructure and other development projects.
Philippine Debt crisis
The document discusses the Philippine debt crisis, including definitions of external, internal, and national debt. It provides background on debt crises in general and risks of debt crises for countries. Specific data is presented on the Philippines' external debt, GDP, GDP growth, government debt as a percentage of GDP, budget deficit, exchange rate between the Philippine peso and US dollar, and how the government pays its external debt obligations. The document estimates that based on the 2015 budget, the Philippines faces an annual deficit of P439.03 billion for debt service payments that could potentially lead to a debt crisis if not addressed.
Public debt management
This document provides information about Bilal Qasim Mohammed including his education credentials and work experience. It lists his degrees which include a BSc in Economics, an MSc in Economics with a focus on monetary policy, and professional certificates in public debt management and project management. It also outlines the various jobs he has held over the years including working with NGOs, a university, UNICEF, and currently with the Central Bank of Iraq. The rest of the document appears to cover topics related to fiscal policy, public debt, and debt management.
Philippine external debt
The Philippine government announced in 1983 that it could no longer meet its foreign debt obligations of $24.4 billion, requesting a moratorium. This was due to extensive borrowing in the 1970s that caused debt to increase 27% annually between 1973-1982. Negotiations began with creditors like the IMF for rescheduling loans. However, the Philippines was found to have underreported its total debt and reserves, complicating matters. While agreements reduced payments, they required austerity measures that hurt the economy. Efforts to lower debt in the 1980s included debt conversion programs, but debt levels remained roughly the same through the Aquino administration in the late 1980s.
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The document discusses various aspects of public debt management. It defines public debt as debt borrowed by the government from the public through various methods. It notes that the Reserve Bank of India formed an internal debt management cell in 1992. Public debt management involves decisions around the form, maturity, and ownership of new and existing debt instruments. The objective is to achieve fiscal and monetary policy goals like inflation control while minimizing interest costs and maintaining investor satisfaction. It discusses different types of public debt instruments and the objectives and principles of effective public debt management.
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The document discusses external debt, adjustment policies, and their impact on development. It defines external debt as loans borrowed from foreign lenders that must be paid back in foreign currency. Adjustment policies are fiscal measures implemented by debtor countries as a condition for additional loans, with the goal of reducing deficits. However, these policies often target ordinary people and can undermine development, which the UN defines as improving well-being through participation and fair distribution of benefits. While countries took on too much debt, lenders also share blame for global debt crises.
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The document discusses public budgeting systems and expenditures from several perspectives. It defines a budget and explores theories of budgeting. It views the budget as an economic process of allocating resources, a political process of competition for limited resources, and an administrative process for planning, coordination and evaluation. The budget is seen as having an impact on a country's fiscal health and economy. Challenges in developing countries include a lack of practical budgeting theory and the complications of budgeting in conditions of underdevelopment and poverty.
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The document provides an overview of public debt including its definition, history, types and trends in developing countries. It discusses how the role of governments has increased over time leading to rising public debt levels. Developing countries in particular have experienced growing debt burdens due to factors like budget deficits, economic crises, and infrastructure development needs. Prudent management of public debt is important to control costs and risks. The objectives of debt management include meeting government borrowing needs at minimum cost while developing domestic capital markets.
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The document discusses fiscal administration and the budget process in the Philippines. It covers:
1) Key aspects of fiscal administration including intergovernmental relations and the roles of agencies like Congress, the Department of Finance, and Commission on Audit.
2) Sources of funds for local governments including internal revenue allotments, shares of national wealth and taxes, and the formulas for allocating these funds.
3) Core budget concepts used by the Philippine government like the one-fund concept, balanced budgeting, and total resource budgeting. It also discusses the annual budget cycle.
Government Budget Procedures
In modern industrial economies, the budget is the key instrument for the execution of government economic policies. A government budget is often passed by the legislature, & approved by the chief executive-or president. For example, only certain types of revenue may be imposed & collected. Property tax is frequently the basis for municipal & county revenues, while sales tax &/or income tax are the basis for state revenues, & income tax & corporate tax are the basis for national revenues.
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The document discusses the history and growth of Philippine external debt from the 1960s to present. It notes that debt rose dramatically under Marcos from $277 million to $840 million from 1965-1972 as he borrowed heavily from foreign lenders. Successive administrations were unable to get debt under control as it continued increasing, reaching $69 billion by the early 2000s. The debt service burden from 2001-2005 was the heaviest in Philippine history, consuming over 1/3 of the national budget annually to pay interest on loans. Borrowing has continued to fund debt payments, exacerbating the problem over many decades.
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Public financial management assessment in the philippines
1. The Philippines has experienced rapid economic growth in recent years but faces challenges in reducing poverty and achieving development goals.
2. The country's public financial management system is fragmented across multiple agencies and lacks coordination, while political involvement in the budget process has undermined credibility and efficiency.
3. Recent fiscal consolidation efforts have focused on raising revenues and prioritizing spending on key areas, trimming the fiscal deficit. However, public expenditure management remains relatively inefficient.
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Patterns of Philippine Expenditure
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This document provides an introduction to the topic of public finance. It defines public finance as the study of government income and expenditure. Some key points:
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- Public revenue can be classified into tax revenue (direct and indirect taxes) and non-tax revenue (administrative revenue from fees/fines, commercial revenue from public enterprises, and other sources like borrowing).
- Public expenditure refers to spending by governments to perform functions like defense, infrastructure. Objectives include economic stability and development.
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3. Evaluating fiscal policy involves examining standardized budgets that adjust for cyclical factors to determine if policy is expansionary or contractionary.
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The document discusses fiscal administration and the budget process in the Philippines. It covers:
1) Key aspects of fiscal administration including intergovernmental relations and the roles of agencies like Congress, the Department of Finance, and Commission on Audit.
2) Sources of funds for local governments including internal revenue allotments, shares of national wealth and taxes, and the formulas for allocating these funds.
3) Core budget concepts used by the Philippine government like the one-fund concept, balanced budgeting, and total resource budgeting. It also discusses the annual budget cycle.
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In modern industrial economies, the budget is the key instrument for the execution of government economic policies. A government budget is often passed by the legislature, & approved by the chief executive-or president. For example, only certain types of revenue may be imposed & collected. Property tax is frequently the basis for municipal & county revenues, while sales tax &/or income tax are the basis for state revenues, & income tax & corporate tax are the basis for national revenues.
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1. The Philippines has experienced rapid economic growth in recent years but faces challenges in reducing poverty and achieving development goals.
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Patterns of Philippine Expenditure
The document discusses patterns of public expenditure in the Philippines from 2001-2011. It classifies expenditures according to level of government, nature, function, and type of funds. Charts show expenditure trends increasing as a percentage of GDP and outpacing revenue growth. Expenditures are primarily for economic and social services, with increasing operating costs and capital outlays. Conclusions note constant expenditure growth due to expanding government services and population. Recommendations include eliminating wasteful spending and increasing fiscal discipline.
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- Public finance deals with the revenue and spending of public authorities like governments. It studies sources of public revenue like taxes and non-tax sources.
- Public revenue can be classified into tax revenue (direct and indirect taxes) and non-tax revenue (administrative revenue from fees/fines, commercial revenue from public enterprises, and other sources like borrowing).
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Should India sell sovereign bonds?
The document discusses India's debate around issuing sovereign bonds. It notes that India's high levels of domestic debt could amount to 45-50% of the government's budget annually. Issuing sovereign bonds in US dollars also presents risks like currency fluctuations, inflation risks, and lower credit ratings increasing interest rates. While sovereign bonds could raise large funds, there are doubts around India's ability to repay its obligations without impacting domestic debt payments or leading to a debt crisis. Alternative domestic funding options that avoid sovereign bond risks need more exploration.
Debt Managment in Pakistan
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Explaining Debt in Collection
Global Client Solutions has provided debt management services since 2003 and commits to transparency about debt. According to a 2014 report, over a third of American adults have debt in collection on their credit reports, which occurs if a delinquent debt goes unpaid for 30 days and is then typically sent to collection agencies after 180 days. Debts remain in collection status on credit reports for up to seven years, negatively impacting credit access.
What is the international debt crisis
The international debt crisis arose in the 1970s when developing nations borrowed heavily from private banks and other creditors to finance their economies. This external debt grew rapidly and unsustainably for some countries. By the mid-1980s, developing country debt totaled over $800 billion, requiring more than 20% of some countries' export earnings just for debt service payments. While debt reschedulings provided temporary relief, the underlying debt problem remained and has continued dragging down growth in indebted nations.
Financial System .pptx
This document provides an overview of macroeconomics and the financial system. It discusses key concepts such as financial institutions that help match savers and investors, including banks, bond and stock markets, and mutual funds. It explains how saving and investment are incorporated into national income accounts and the relationship between the supply and demand of loanable funds in the market. Government policies aimed at incentivizing saving and investment and managing budget deficits and surpluses are also summarized.
Public official bond a comprehensive approach
Public Official Bonds are type of surety bonds that serve as a statutory obligation requiring faithful performance, fidelity, and wholeness of a public official’s responsibilities to the public.
https://www.suretegrity.com/
Debt Managment in Pakistan
Debt management in Pakistan faces several challenges. Public debt, which includes domestic and external debt, reached Rs. 13.6 trillion by end-March 2013, equivalent to 59.5% of GDP. Domestic debt grew to Rs. 8.8 trillion, with floating debt comprising 54% and relying heavily on short-term instruments. External debt was Rs. 4.8 trillion, dominated by public and publicly guaranteed debt at 73%. Pakistan must manage its debt profile to promote sustainable economic growth while adhering to legal debt limits.
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A civil defense of municipal bond investing by f. kneeland
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Public Policy Formulation Process
This document outlines the key steps in the public policy formulation process:
1) Agenda setting and problem identification which involves prioritizing important policy issues.
2) Considering policy instruments and sources such as taxation, inspections, and media outlets.
3) Policy formulation which requires developing effective and socially acceptable policy solutions.
4) Policy analysis to understand options and potential outcomes of different policy choices.
5) Implementation which involves putting adopted policies into action.
6) Evaluation to assess the impact and effectiveness of implemented policies.
Finance Work at LGUs
Local Budget, Sources of Local Government Funds, and Restrictions in the use of Local Government Funds
Current Issues in Public Personnel Administration
The document discusses several current issues and challenges facing public administration. It examines whether public administration should be universal or adapted to each environment, and how principles may need to be applied differently in various contexts. Some key policy issues mentioned include welfare, economic issues, labor, and resource policy. Organization issues involve areas like planning, coordination, decision-making, and addressing negative bureaucracy. Additional significant challenges include powerful interest groups, demands from a changing society, and ongoing issues requiring new solutions.
The Civil Service Commission
The document discusses the Civil Service Commission of the Philippines. It is composed of a Chairperson and two Commissioners who are appointed by the President. The Commission establishes standards and enforces rules for the selection and utilization of civil servants. Appointments are based on merit and qualifications include citizenship, age, and not having run for elected office recently. The Commission aims to professionalize the civil service and ensure security of tenure except for removal due to cause.
Budgeting and Evaluation
The document discusses budgeting and evaluation. It defines a budget as a financial plan for a period, often a year, including planned sales, resources, costs, expenses, and cash flows. Budgeting ensures spending does not exceed income and acts as a control mechanism. Evaluation examines a program by analyzing activities, characteristics, and outcomes to improve effectiveness and inform decisions. Evaluation measures actual performance against objectives, identifies weaknesses, and provides appropriate actions for improvement. It plays an important role in sales management by setting objectives, determining compensation, informing training, and motivating salespeople.
Balanced Surplus and Deficit Budget
A budget is an estimate of revenues and expenses over a period of time, usually compiled periodically. There are three types of budgets: balanced, surplus, and deficit. A balanced budget occurs when expenditures equal revenues. A surplus budget happens when revenues exceed expenditures. A deficit budget is when expenditures are greater than revenues. Deficit budgets can be further classified as revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, or primary deficit based on the types of revenues and expenditures considered.
Trends and Prospects in Public Personnel Administration
This document discusses trends and prospects in human resource management and labor markets. It covers internal and external labor markets, high-performance work systems using knowledge workers and employee empowerment, and a focus on strategies like total quality management, mergers and acquisitions, downsizing, and reengineering. It also addresses expanding into global markets through offshoring and expatriates, technological changes like HRIS and e-HRM, sharing HR information through self-service, psychological contracts, and alternative work arrangements.
The Newly Created Local Government Code of the Philippines
The document discusses the Local Government Code of 1991 in the Philippines. It was enacted in 1991 to devolve basic services and responsibilities to local government units. It aims to improve grassroots services and resource allocation. The code expanded local government powers and responsibilities to make them more self-reliant and active partners in national goals like faster decision making and more participation. It was authored by Senator Aquilino Pimentel Jr., known as the "Father of the Local Government Code." The code has four books covering general provisions, taxation and finance, local government units, and miscellaneous provisions.
Safety & Health and Employee Relations
This document discusses occupational safety and health (OSH) standards and the responsibilities of employers and employees in ensuring workplace safety. It provides details on Republic Act 11058 which strengthens compliance with OSH standards. The Occupational Safety and Health Standards issued by the Department of Labor and Employment in 1978 mandate appropriate safety practices. Employers must properly train and supervise staff to follow safe practices, while employees must report any safety issues. Supervisors play a key role in monitoring workplaces for hazards and taking prompt action to correct unsafe conditions. An effective safety management plan leads to benefits like increased productivity and employee retention.
RA 6713
This document summarizes Republic Act 6713, which establishes a code of conduct and ethical standards for public officials and employees in the Philippines. The act defines prohibited acts such as having financial interests related to official duties. It also requires public officials to disclose their assets, liabilities, and financial interests. Violations of the act can result in penalties such as fines or suspension. The Civil Service Commission is responsible for administering and enforcing the code of conduct.
RA 6713
This document outlines the Republic Act No. 6713, which establishes a code of conduct and ethical standards for public officials and employees in the Philippines. The act declares that public service is a public trust and officials must act with integrity, competence and loyalty. It defines key terms and outlines standards of conduct, duties, prohibited acts, and penalties for violations. The Civil Service Commission is tasked with enforcing the new standards and promoting ethical behavior in public service.
CHARACTERISTICS AND POWERS OF GOCCs
This document discusses government-owned and controlled corporations (GOCCs) in the Philippines. It defines GOCCs and explains why they were created to address market failures. It then outlines six common situations where market failures arise: failure of competition, public goods, externalities, incomplete markets, information failures, and unemployment. It also describes the characteristics and powers of GOCCs, how they are classified, and their relationship with local governments, including requirements to remit earnings and receive financial support.
PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY
The document discusses different aspects of public accountability. It defines public accountability as the obligation to report and answer publicly for responsibilities that affect the public. It discusses individual versus institutional accountability, objective versus subjective accountability, and factors that encourage or require accountability like legislation. The dimensions of accountability include internal accountability within an organization and external accountability to governing bodies. Political accountability can be constitutional, decentralized, or consultative. Managerial accountability includes commercial, resource, and professional accountability.
RA 11058
The document discusses regulations regarding safety signs in the workplace. It requires employers to provide safety signs where there is significant risk that has not been avoided through other means, and signs can help reduce that risk. Safety signs are visual means of communicating hazards quickly to both literate and non-literate workers. The responsibilities of workers include following safety procedures, reporting hazards, and using proper equipment. The document also outlines penalties for violations of safety and health regulations.
Regional Government
Regional governments unify several cities into larger geographic communities. They have the authority to raise taxes and spend funds according to their own policies. The primary purpose of regional governments is regional planning, advocacy, housing, and accountability. The Philippines is divided into 17 regions composed of provinces. Regional development councils coordinate regional development plans and investments. Their responsibilities include regional planning, advocacy, and oversight of housing, accountability, and budgeting.
Regional government
A regional government has control over a specific small area and allows for tax dollars to be combined more efficiently for projects that benefit the entire region. A regional government would have exclusive power over socioeconomic development, revenue sources, infrastructure, economic zones, land use, and other areas within its territory. There are proposals for symmetrical regional governments that would divide the country into 16 equal regions, as well as asymmetrical models like the Bangsamoro and Cordillera regions that would have more autonomy. Regional governments ensure laws are enforced locally so the central government can focus on national issues.
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Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
快速办理(Bristol毕业证书)布里斯托大学毕业证Offer一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Bristol毕业证书)布里斯托大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PFMS) and DBT.pptx
PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PFMS) and DBT - EXPLANATION
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
原版制作(Hope毕业证书)利物浦霍普大学毕业证文凭证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Hope毕业证书)利物浦霍普大学毕业证文凭证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
快速办理(UVM毕业证书)佛蒙特大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UVM毕业证书)佛蒙特大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Bangladesh studies presentation on Liberation War 1971 Indepence-of-Banglades...
Bangladesh studies presentation on Liberation War 1971
2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 39
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
State crafting: Changes and challenges for managing the public finances
Presentation at Resolution Foundation event putting the public finances into context ahead of the next election.
Transit-Oriented Development Study Working Group Meeting
This presentation on TOD best practices and model zoning was shared with the Cuyahoga County TOD working group on June 5, 2024.
Practical guide for the celebration of World Environment Day on june 5th.
Land degradation, desertification and drought resilience. UN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME -WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY 2024.
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Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.
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Bangladesh studies presentation on Liberation War 1971 Indepence-of-Banglades...
Bangladesh studies presentation on Liberation War 1971 Indepence-of-Banglades...
2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 39
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State crafting: Changes and challenges for managing the public finances
State crafting: Changes and challenges for managing the public finances
Transit-Oriented Development Study Working Group Meeting
Transit-Oriented Development Study Working Group Meeting
Practical guide for the celebration of World Environment Day on june 5th.
Practical guide for the celebration of World Environment Day on june 5th.
PUBLIC BORROWING AND PUBLIC DEBTS
- 1. PUBLIC BORROWING AND PUBLIC DEBT/THEORIES OF PUBLIC BORROWING PA10 – PUBLIC FISCAL ADMINSTRATION 3RD YEAR- BPA A31 TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY LEADER: RICARDO PERRAS ROMEILYN APLACADOR REX RAMOS RENESSA CASCANO HAROLD DHAN MIRABALLES
- 2. What is public borrowing? Public borrowing involves transfer of purchasing power from individual to government and a subsequent retransfer of the same to the individuals from the government. Thus, public debt, in one sense, has the 'revenue effect', and, in another sense, has the 'expenditure effect'.
- 3. How does government borrow money from public? Government borrows through issue of government securities called G-secs and Treasury Bills. ... It is essentially the total amount of money that the central government borrows to fund its spending on public services and benefits
- 5. Internal and External Debt: Public loans floated within the country are called internal debt. Public borrowings from other countries are referred as external debt. External debt represents a claim of foreigners against the real income of the country, when it borrows from other countries and has to repay at the time of maturity. External public debt permits import of real resources. It enables the country to consume more than it produces.
- 8. Public debt allows governments to raise funds to grow their economy or pay for services. Politicians prefer to raise public debt rather than raise taxes. When public debt reaches 77% of GDP or higher, the debt begins to slow growth. What are the advantages of public debt?
- 9. The main types of personal debt are secured debt, unsecured debt, revolving debt, and mortgages. Secured debt requires some form of collateral, while unsecured debt is solely based on an individual's creditworthiness. A credit card is an example of unsecured revolving debt and a home equity line of credit is a secured revolving debt. Mortgages are home loans that typically have 15- or 30-year terms, with the real estate serving as collateral.