Chapter 1 - Overview
Gang Growth and Migration Studies
v A
Now we will examine the problems and issues of not having a nationally accepted definition for a street gang. We will also examine mechanisms that influence gang migration and growth. After reading this section you will also understand that there are sub-populations within the general gang population.
Two of the most frequently asked questions about the gang sub-culture are: Why do gangs grow? Why do gangs migrate? Some law enforcement officials, politicians, educators and parents might suggest and believe that youth in their city are only “imitating” tougher L.A. street gangs or that the gang problem in their jurisdiction is result of migrating gang members from Los Angeles or Chicago. You will hear the terms “wanna be” or “street comer groups” or “misguided youth” used to describe the groups and you can be given a number of reasons why the groups in these areas are not gangs. You might also hear comments suggesting that gang imitation and migration are the reasons why street gangs have now been reported in all 50 states.
Gang Definition
There is another issue here that has to be addressed before the questions can be asked. It is accepting a standard to measure gang growth and migration. That standard is the definition of a street gang. Developing and then using a nationally accepted definition for a street gang becomes the fundamental basis to build examination of growth and migration. Having a standard definition becomes the fundamental building block to answer the two questions.
Studying gang growth is a little more complicated than just surveying cities for data. Without a standard gang definition to identify a gang, any official findings could be biased and misleading. Any responding jurisdiction could potentially use a different definition to identify the gangs in their area. Often, law enforcers, the public, educators and politicians use a penal code gang based definitions of a criminal street gang as a general working definition for a street gang. If the gang does fit within this legal definition used for penalty enhancement only, then the group is not reported as a gang according to this philosophy. The jurisdiction has no gangs. You can clearly see the issue here.
This will certainly lead to under reporting the number and types of street gangs present. Using a legal based definition of a street gang is appropriate from a prosecutor’s point of view. Unfortunately, too many communities, politicians, educators, parents and law enforcement officials use this philosophy. This way of thinking will only reinforce denial and delay the identification and treatment of the gang-community issue.
Many states now have gang enhancement laws similar to California Penal Code Section 186.22. In California this law is commonly known as the STEP Act. It outlines a legal definition for a violent criminal street gang. That definition is used to qualify a defendant(s) for sentencing
46
...
1: Crime, Criminal Justice, and
Criminology
Learning Objectives
This section will broadly introduce crime, criminal justice, and criminology. This section is designed to be a
broad overview of what the subsequent chapters will cover in detail. It also demonstrates how the United States
create laws, policies enacted to enforce laws, and the role of the media. After reading this section, students will be
able to:
• Understand the differences between deviance, rule violations, and criminality
• Explain the differences between the interactionist, consensus, and conflict views in the creation of
laws
• Identify the three components of the criminal justice system
• Discuss the differences between crime control and due process model, and application examples to
each
• Describe the wedding cake model theory and application examples to each tier
• Briefly explain the role of the media and how media may spread myths in society
• Briefly understand the unique role of victims in the criminal justice process
Background Knowledge Probe: The goal here is to assess current knowledge about the criminal
justice system at the start of the course. Each of these topics is covered throughout the course, and they will
often be a controversial topic and topic for debate.
You will indicate whether you know each statement to be True or False, but there is no right or wrong
answer since it is just to assess your background knowledge.
1. Blacks commit more crime than any other racial group.
9
2. The United States has the lowest recidivism rates in the world (return to prison).
3. The death penalty is cheaper than life imprisonment.
4. Politicians shape our thoughts on crime, even if they are inaccurate.
5. Children are most likely to be killed by a stranger.
6. A stranger is most likely to physically harm you.
7. White-collar crime costs our country more every year than street-crime.
8. Juveniles are more violent today than ever before.
9. Immigrants commit more crime than native-born people.
10. Violent crime has risen in the United States over the last 20 years.
ALISON S. BURKE, DAVID CARTER, BRIAN FEDOREK, TIFFANY MOREY, LORE RUTZ-BURRI, AND SHANELL
SANCHEZ
10
1.1. Crime and the Criminal Justice System
SHANELL SANCHEZ
Theft as a Child
The first lesson in crime and criminality I remember was when I was in second grade and stole something from
a local drug store. I thought that the bracelet was shiny and perfect. At first, I remember wanting to try it on, but
then I did not want to take it off. I had more questions than my Nana may have been ready to answer about why I
did it and why I could not keep it. I had to take the bracelet back, which hurt because I loved it. Because of guilt or
shame, I told my grandma what I did.
Think about a time in your life that you may have done something similar. Was this first lesson in crime and
criminality from the person you were raised by such as a parent(s) or grandparent(s)? Did they ...
1: Crime, Criminal Justice, and
Criminology
Learning Objectives
This section will broadly introduce crime, criminal justice, and criminology. This section is designed to be a
broad overview of what the subsequent chapters will cover in detail. It also demonstrates how the United States
create laws, policies enacted to enforce laws, and the role of the media. After reading this section, students will be
able to:
• Understand the differences between deviance, rule violations, and criminality
• Explain the differences between the interactionist, consensus, and conflict views in the creation of
laws
• Identify the three components of the criminal justice system
• Discuss the differences between crime control and due process model, and application examples to
each
• Describe the wedding cake model theory and application examples to each tier
• Briefly explain the role of the media and how media may spread myths in society
• Briefly understand the unique role of victims in the criminal justice process
Background Knowledge Probe: The goal here is to assess current knowledge about the criminal
justice system at the start of the course. Each of these topics is covered throughout the course, and they will
often be a controversial topic and topic for debate.
You will indicate whether you know each statement to be True or False, but there is no right or wrong
answer since it is just to assess your background knowledge.
1. Blacks commit more crime than any other racial group.
9
2. The United States has the lowest recidivism rates in the world (return to prison).
3. The death penalty is cheaper than life imprisonment.
4. Politicians shape our thoughts on crime, even if they are inaccurate.
5. Children are most likely to be killed by a stranger.
6. A stranger is most likely to physically harm you.
7. White-collar crime costs our country more every year than street-crime.
8. Juveniles are more violent today than ever before.
9. Immigrants commit more crime than native-born people.
10. Violent crime has risen in the United States over the last 20 years.
ALISON S. BURKE, DAVID CARTER, BRIAN FEDOREK, TIFFANY MOREY, LORE RUTZ-BURRI, AND SHANELL
SANCHEZ
10
1.1. Crime and the Criminal Justice System
SHANELL SANCHEZ
Theft as a Child
The first lesson in crime and criminality I remember was when I was in second grade and stole something from
a local drug store. I thought that the bracelet was shiny and perfect. At first, I remember wanting to try it on, but
then I did not want to take it off. I had more questions than my Nana may have been ready to answer about why I
did it and why I could not keep it. I had to take the bracelet back, which hurt because I loved it. Because of guilt or
shame, I told my grandma what I did.
Think about a time in your life that you may have done something similar. Was this first lesson in crime and
criminality from the person you were raised by such as a parent(s) or grandparent(s)? Did they ...
300 words agree or disagree to each questionsQ1.My working.docxdomenicacullison
300 words agree or disagree to each questions
Q1.
My working title proposal (pending this gets approved and I understood this correctly) is the following:
"An examination of who commits the crime of shoplifting and why."
The reason I chose this topic to explore is during my research, I came across a peer reviewed article that really focused on how retailers such as Wal-Mart, Aber-Crombie and Fitch, and many other retail chains use their own form of punishment for shoplifters by hiring private companies to punish shoplifters instead of turning the shoplifter over to the police. Basically, what happens is a shoplifter gets caught by the store, they get turned over to the private company instead of the police, and the private company receives a monetary payment in exchange for them not pressing charges against the individual. In the article, it continues to talk about the moral ethics of this form of "blackmail" and if this should even be condoned. It also goes into detail that retailers have started utilizing these private companies to extract their own form of punishment because it feels that many perpetrators do not actually get punished. "Most shoplifters evade detection and many who fail are never formally punished. For decades, retailers battling theft have relied on a mixture of law enforcement and self-help, sending some suspected shoplifters to the station house and others to the street. Recently, a third option has emerged, raising basic questions about the interplay between public and private forces in American criminal justice" (Rappaport, 2018, p. 2260).
With that said, I found myself thinking about the perpetrators of these crimes and what factors drove them to commit this crime. For example, what life situation or influence or whatever caused them to commit the crime of shoplifting. I essentially veered my thinking away from the main point of the article and just started focusing on the cause and effect of why the perpetrator committed the crime. Was it poor financial issues and tried to shoplift food just to eat? Or was it just that they really wanted new clothes and didn't want to spend the money on them? Or if it was new clothes, was it because they desperately needed it? All of these questions just started filling my brain and I began asking myself the "Who, what, when, where, and why" of what causes an individual to shoplift.
The article does mention this briefly in a paragraph but not much is done to explore this cause and effect relationship. It even specifically states that the cause is hard to determine. "It is difficult to determine, at any point in history, who is shoplifting and how much" (Rappaport, 2018, p. 2260).
I believe that by using different methods to explore what causes people to shoplift would help shed new light on the specific causes that lead to somebody shoplifting and possibly what methods could be used to help prevent it in the future.
I look forward to any recommendations or corrections .
Chapter 1 Overview of geneticsQUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND DISCUSSMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Overview of genetics
QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION
7. What criteria would you use to determine whether synesthesia is a disorder or a variation of normal sensation and perception?
8. Why do you think that synesthesia is more common today than it was 20 years ago?
9. Why might it be possible for infants to have synesthesia, but the ability is gradually lost?
10. Would you want to take a genetic test for synesthesia? Cite a reason for your answer.
11. Do you think that synesthesia should be regarded as a learning disability, an advantage, or neither?
Chapter 2 Cells
10. Historical references as well as current anecdotal reports suggest that under very unusual circumstances, males can breastfeed. The Talmud, a book of Jewish law, discusses a man whose wife died and who had no money to pay a wet nurse (a woman who breastfeeds another woman’s child). He was able to nourish the child with his own body. The writings of other religions report similar tales. In agriculture, male goats can receive hormonal treatments and make milk. Do you think that it is possible for a human male to breastfeed, and if so, what conditions must be provided to coax his body to produce and secrete milk?
12. Compare the roles of mitosis and apoptosis in remodeling Sheila’s breast from a fatty sac to an active milk gland.
You are to prepare 16 slides PowerPoints of health care system in Cuba. Rubric includes: type of Government Demographics Population, type of health care system currently in place, History of the health care system, including changes and recent developments, How is the delivery system organized and financed? Who is covered and how is insurance financed? What is covered? What is the role of government? What are the key entities for health system governance? World Health Organization rankings in major indices of health (infant mortality, life expectancy, etc.). Strengths and weaknesses of the system. Popularity of system among citizens. (5-6) reputable and current sources (within 5 years).
CHAPTER 1 Overview of Genetics
Senses Working Overtime Eighteen-year-old Sean Maxwell has always perceived the world in an unusual way. To most people, color is a characteristic of an object—a cherry is red; a hippo, gray. To Sean, colors are much more. When he plays a note on his guitar, or hears it from another instrument, a distinctively colored shape pops into his mind. His brain, while perceiving the note as an E flat or a C sharp, creates an overwhelming feeling of iridescent orange-yellow diamonds, or a single, shimmering sky blue crescent. Soaring crescendos of sound become detailed landscapes, peppered with alternating black and white imagery that parallels the staccato notes. These images flash by his consciousness in such rapid succession that he is barely aware of them, yet they seem to burst through his fingers in the patterns of notes that he plays. Sean has experienced these peculiar specific sound-color-shape associations for as ...
Chapter 1 OutlineI. Thinking About DevelopmentA. What Is HumMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Outline
I. Thinking About Development
A. What Is Human Development?
1. Human development is the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time.
2. The science of human development (1) reflects the complexity and uniqueness of each person and their experiences, (2) seeks to understand commonalities and patterns across people, (3) is firmly grounded in theory, and (4) seeks to understand human behavior.
B. Recurring Issues in Human Development: Three fundamental issues dominate the study of human development.
1. Nature Versus Nurture is the degree to which genetic influences (nature) or experiential/environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are. Despite the ongoing debate as to which influence is greater, theorists and researchers recognize that development is always shaped by both—nature and nurture are mutually interactive influences.
2. Continuity Versus Discontinuity focuses on whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity).
3. Universal Versus Context-Specific Development focuses on whether there is just one path of development or several. In other words, does development follow the same general path in all people, or is it fundamentally different, depending on the sociocultural context?
C. Basic Forces in Human Development: The Biopsychosocial Framework. This framework emphasizes that these four forces are mutually interactive and that development cannot be understood by examining them in isolation. By combining the four developmental forces, we have a view of human development that encompasses the life span, yet appreciates the unique aspects of each phase of life.
1. Biological forces include genetic and health-related factors that affect development. Some biological forces, such as puberty and menopause, are universal and affect people across generations, whereas others, such as diet or disease, affect people in specific generations or occur in a small number of people.
2. Psychological forces include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development. Psychological forces are the ones used most often to describe the characteristics of a person and have received the most attention.
3. Sociocultural forces include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development. Culture refers to the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors associated with a group of people. Overall, sociocultural forces provide the context or backdrop for development. Consequently, there is a need for research on different cultural groups. Another practical problem is how to describe racial and ethnic groups.
4. Life-cycle forces reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages. The influence of life-cycle forces reflects the influences of biological, psychological, and sociocultural force ...
Chapter 1 Juvenile Justice Myths and RealitiesMyths and RealiMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Juvenile Justice: Myths and RealitiesMyths and Realities
It’s only me.” These were the tragic words spoken by Charles “Andy” Williams as the San Diego Sheriff’s Department SWAT team closed in
on the frail high school sophomore who had just turned 15 years old. Williams had just shot a number of his classmates at Santana High
School, killing two and wounding 13. This was another in a series of school shootings that shocked the nation; however, the young Mr.
Williams did not fit the stereotype of the “superpredator” that has had an undue influence on juvenile justice policy for decades. There have
been other very high-profile cases involving children and teens that have generated a vigorous international debate on needed changes in the
system of justice as applied to young people.
In Birmingham, Alabama, an 8-year-old boy was charged with “viciously” attacking a toddler, Kelci Lewis, and murdering her (Binder, 2015).
The law enforcement officials announced their intent to prosecute the boy as an adult. The accused perpetrator would be among the youngest
criminal court victims in U.S. history. The 8-year-old became angry and violent, and beat the toddler because she would not stop crying. Kelci
suffered severe head trauma and injuries to major internal organs. The victim’s mother, Katerra Lewis, left the two children alone so that she
could attend a local nightclub. There were six other children under the age of 8 also left alone in the house. Within days, the mother was
arrested and charged with manslaughter and released on a $15,000 bond after being in custody for less than 90 minutes. The 8-year-old was
held by the Alabama Department of Human Services pending his adjudication.
A very disturbing video showed a Richland County, South Carolina, deputy sheriff grab a 16-year-old African American teen by her hair,
flipping her out her chair and tossing her across the classroom. The officer wrapped his forearm around her neck and then handcuffed her. It is
alleged that the teen refused to surrender her phone to the deputy. She received multiple injuries from the encounter. The classroom teacher and
a vice principal said that they believed the police response was “appropriate.” The deputy was suspended and subsequently fired after the
Richland County Sheriff reviewed the video. There is a civil suit against the school district and the sheriff’s department for the injuries that
were sustained (Strehike, 2015).
One of the highest profile cases involving juvenile offenders was known as the New York Central Park jogger case (Burns, 2011; Gray, 2013).
In 1989 a young female investment banker was raped, attacked, and left in a coma. The horrendous crime captured worldwide attention.
Initially, 11 young people were arrested and five confessed to the crimes. These five juvenile males, four African American and one Latino,
were convicted for a range of crimes including assault, robbery, rape, and attempted murder. There were two separate jury t ...
1: Crime, Criminal Justice, and
Criminology
Learning Objectives
This section will broadly introduce crime, criminal justice, and criminology. This section is designed to be a
broad overview of what the subsequent chapters will cover in detail. It also demonstrates how the United States
create laws, policies enacted to enforce laws, and the role of the media. After reading this section, students will be
able to:
• Understand the differences between deviance, rule violations, and criminality
• Explain the differences between the interactionist, consensus, and conflict views in the creation of
laws
• Identify the three components of the criminal justice system
• Discuss the differences between crime control and due process model, and application examples to
each
• Describe the wedding cake model theory and application examples to each tier
• Briefly explain the role of the media and how media may spread myths in society
• Briefly understand the unique role of victims in the criminal justice process
Background Knowledge Probe: The goal here is to assess current knowledge about the criminal
justice system at the start of the course. Each of these topics is covered throughout the course, and they will
often be a controversial topic and topic for debate.
You will indicate whether you know each statement to be True or False, but there is no right or wrong
answer since it is just to assess your background knowledge.
1. Blacks commit more crime than any other racial group.
9
2. The United States has the lowest recidivism rates in the world (return to prison).
3. The death penalty is cheaper than life imprisonment.
4. Politicians shape our thoughts on crime, even if they are inaccurate.
5. Children are most likely to be killed by a stranger.
6. A stranger is most likely to physically harm you.
7. White-collar crime costs our country more every year than street-crime.
8. Juveniles are more violent today than ever before.
9. Immigrants commit more crime than native-born people.
10. Violent crime has risen in the United States over the last 20 years.
ALISON S. BURKE, DAVID CARTER, BRIAN FEDOREK, TIFFANY MOREY, LORE RUTZ-BURRI, AND SHANELL
SANCHEZ
10
1.1. Crime and the Criminal Justice System
SHANELL SANCHEZ
Theft as a Child
The first lesson in crime and criminality I remember was when I was in second grade and stole something from
a local drug store. I thought that the bracelet was shiny and perfect. At first, I remember wanting to try it on, but
then I did not want to take it off. I had more questions than my Nana may have been ready to answer about why I
did it and why I could not keep it. I had to take the bracelet back, which hurt because I loved it. Because of guilt or
shame, I told my grandma what I did.
Think about a time in your life that you may have done something similar. Was this first lesson in crime and
criminality from the person you were raised by such as a parent(s) or grandparent(s)? Did they ...
1: Crime, Criminal Justice, and
Criminology
Learning Objectives
This section will broadly introduce crime, criminal justice, and criminology. This section is designed to be a
broad overview of what the subsequent chapters will cover in detail. It also demonstrates how the United States
create laws, policies enacted to enforce laws, and the role of the media. After reading this section, students will be
able to:
• Understand the differences between deviance, rule violations, and criminality
• Explain the differences between the interactionist, consensus, and conflict views in the creation of
laws
• Identify the three components of the criminal justice system
• Discuss the differences between crime control and due process model, and application examples to
each
• Describe the wedding cake model theory and application examples to each tier
• Briefly explain the role of the media and how media may spread myths in society
• Briefly understand the unique role of victims in the criminal justice process
Background Knowledge Probe: The goal here is to assess current knowledge about the criminal
justice system at the start of the course. Each of these topics is covered throughout the course, and they will
often be a controversial topic and topic for debate.
You will indicate whether you know each statement to be True or False, but there is no right or wrong
answer since it is just to assess your background knowledge.
1. Blacks commit more crime than any other racial group.
9
2. The United States has the lowest recidivism rates in the world (return to prison).
3. The death penalty is cheaper than life imprisonment.
4. Politicians shape our thoughts on crime, even if they are inaccurate.
5. Children are most likely to be killed by a stranger.
6. A stranger is most likely to physically harm you.
7. White-collar crime costs our country more every year than street-crime.
8. Juveniles are more violent today than ever before.
9. Immigrants commit more crime than native-born people.
10. Violent crime has risen in the United States over the last 20 years.
ALISON S. BURKE, DAVID CARTER, BRIAN FEDOREK, TIFFANY MOREY, LORE RUTZ-BURRI, AND SHANELL
SANCHEZ
10
1.1. Crime and the Criminal Justice System
SHANELL SANCHEZ
Theft as a Child
The first lesson in crime and criminality I remember was when I was in second grade and stole something from
a local drug store. I thought that the bracelet was shiny and perfect. At first, I remember wanting to try it on, but
then I did not want to take it off. I had more questions than my Nana may have been ready to answer about why I
did it and why I could not keep it. I had to take the bracelet back, which hurt because I loved it. Because of guilt or
shame, I told my grandma what I did.
Think about a time in your life that you may have done something similar. Was this first lesson in crime and
criminality from the person you were raised by such as a parent(s) or grandparent(s)? Did they ...
300 words agree or disagree to each questionsQ1.My working.docxdomenicacullison
300 words agree or disagree to each questions
Q1.
My working title proposal (pending this gets approved and I understood this correctly) is the following:
"An examination of who commits the crime of shoplifting and why."
The reason I chose this topic to explore is during my research, I came across a peer reviewed article that really focused on how retailers such as Wal-Mart, Aber-Crombie and Fitch, and many other retail chains use their own form of punishment for shoplifters by hiring private companies to punish shoplifters instead of turning the shoplifter over to the police. Basically, what happens is a shoplifter gets caught by the store, they get turned over to the private company instead of the police, and the private company receives a monetary payment in exchange for them not pressing charges against the individual. In the article, it continues to talk about the moral ethics of this form of "blackmail" and if this should even be condoned. It also goes into detail that retailers have started utilizing these private companies to extract their own form of punishment because it feels that many perpetrators do not actually get punished. "Most shoplifters evade detection and many who fail are never formally punished. For decades, retailers battling theft have relied on a mixture of law enforcement and self-help, sending some suspected shoplifters to the station house and others to the street. Recently, a third option has emerged, raising basic questions about the interplay between public and private forces in American criminal justice" (Rappaport, 2018, p. 2260).
With that said, I found myself thinking about the perpetrators of these crimes and what factors drove them to commit this crime. For example, what life situation or influence or whatever caused them to commit the crime of shoplifting. I essentially veered my thinking away from the main point of the article and just started focusing on the cause and effect of why the perpetrator committed the crime. Was it poor financial issues and tried to shoplift food just to eat? Or was it just that they really wanted new clothes and didn't want to spend the money on them? Or if it was new clothes, was it because they desperately needed it? All of these questions just started filling my brain and I began asking myself the "Who, what, when, where, and why" of what causes an individual to shoplift.
The article does mention this briefly in a paragraph but not much is done to explore this cause and effect relationship. It even specifically states that the cause is hard to determine. "It is difficult to determine, at any point in history, who is shoplifting and how much" (Rappaport, 2018, p. 2260).
I believe that by using different methods to explore what causes people to shoplift would help shed new light on the specific causes that lead to somebody shoplifting and possibly what methods could be used to help prevent it in the future.
I look forward to any recommendations or corrections .
Chapter 1 Overview of geneticsQUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND DISCUSSMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Overview of genetics
QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION
7. What criteria would you use to determine whether synesthesia is a disorder or a variation of normal sensation and perception?
8. Why do you think that synesthesia is more common today than it was 20 years ago?
9. Why might it be possible for infants to have synesthesia, but the ability is gradually lost?
10. Would you want to take a genetic test for synesthesia? Cite a reason for your answer.
11. Do you think that synesthesia should be regarded as a learning disability, an advantage, or neither?
Chapter 2 Cells
10. Historical references as well as current anecdotal reports suggest that under very unusual circumstances, males can breastfeed. The Talmud, a book of Jewish law, discusses a man whose wife died and who had no money to pay a wet nurse (a woman who breastfeeds another woman’s child). He was able to nourish the child with his own body. The writings of other religions report similar tales. In agriculture, male goats can receive hormonal treatments and make milk. Do you think that it is possible for a human male to breastfeed, and if so, what conditions must be provided to coax his body to produce and secrete milk?
12. Compare the roles of mitosis and apoptosis in remodeling Sheila’s breast from a fatty sac to an active milk gland.
You are to prepare 16 slides PowerPoints of health care system in Cuba. Rubric includes: type of Government Demographics Population, type of health care system currently in place, History of the health care system, including changes and recent developments, How is the delivery system organized and financed? Who is covered and how is insurance financed? What is covered? What is the role of government? What are the key entities for health system governance? World Health Organization rankings in major indices of health (infant mortality, life expectancy, etc.). Strengths and weaknesses of the system. Popularity of system among citizens. (5-6) reputable and current sources (within 5 years).
CHAPTER 1 Overview of Genetics
Senses Working Overtime Eighteen-year-old Sean Maxwell has always perceived the world in an unusual way. To most people, color is a characteristic of an object—a cherry is red; a hippo, gray. To Sean, colors are much more. When he plays a note on his guitar, or hears it from another instrument, a distinctively colored shape pops into his mind. His brain, while perceiving the note as an E flat or a C sharp, creates an overwhelming feeling of iridescent orange-yellow diamonds, or a single, shimmering sky blue crescent. Soaring crescendos of sound become detailed landscapes, peppered with alternating black and white imagery that parallels the staccato notes. These images flash by his consciousness in such rapid succession that he is barely aware of them, yet they seem to burst through his fingers in the patterns of notes that he plays. Sean has experienced these peculiar specific sound-color-shape associations for as ...
Chapter 1 OutlineI. Thinking About DevelopmentA. What Is HumMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Outline
I. Thinking About Development
A. What Is Human Development?
1. Human development is the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time.
2. The science of human development (1) reflects the complexity and uniqueness of each person and their experiences, (2) seeks to understand commonalities and patterns across people, (3) is firmly grounded in theory, and (4) seeks to understand human behavior.
B. Recurring Issues in Human Development: Three fundamental issues dominate the study of human development.
1. Nature Versus Nurture is the degree to which genetic influences (nature) or experiential/environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are. Despite the ongoing debate as to which influence is greater, theorists and researchers recognize that development is always shaped by both—nature and nurture are mutually interactive influences.
2. Continuity Versus Discontinuity focuses on whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity).
3. Universal Versus Context-Specific Development focuses on whether there is just one path of development or several. In other words, does development follow the same general path in all people, or is it fundamentally different, depending on the sociocultural context?
C. Basic Forces in Human Development: The Biopsychosocial Framework. This framework emphasizes that these four forces are mutually interactive and that development cannot be understood by examining them in isolation. By combining the four developmental forces, we have a view of human development that encompasses the life span, yet appreciates the unique aspects of each phase of life.
1. Biological forces include genetic and health-related factors that affect development. Some biological forces, such as puberty and menopause, are universal and affect people across generations, whereas others, such as diet or disease, affect people in specific generations or occur in a small number of people.
2. Psychological forces include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development. Psychological forces are the ones used most often to describe the characteristics of a person and have received the most attention.
3. Sociocultural forces include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development. Culture refers to the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors associated with a group of people. Overall, sociocultural forces provide the context or backdrop for development. Consequently, there is a need for research on different cultural groups. Another practical problem is how to describe racial and ethnic groups.
4. Life-cycle forces reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages. The influence of life-cycle forces reflects the influences of biological, psychological, and sociocultural force ...
Chapter 1 Juvenile Justice Myths and RealitiesMyths and RealiMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Juvenile Justice: Myths and RealitiesMyths and Realities
It’s only me.” These were the tragic words spoken by Charles “Andy” Williams as the San Diego Sheriff’s Department SWAT team closed in
on the frail high school sophomore who had just turned 15 years old. Williams had just shot a number of his classmates at Santana High
School, killing two and wounding 13. This was another in a series of school shootings that shocked the nation; however, the young Mr.
Williams did not fit the stereotype of the “superpredator” that has had an undue influence on juvenile justice policy for decades. There have
been other very high-profile cases involving children and teens that have generated a vigorous international debate on needed changes in the
system of justice as applied to young people.
In Birmingham, Alabama, an 8-year-old boy was charged with “viciously” attacking a toddler, Kelci Lewis, and murdering her (Binder, 2015).
The law enforcement officials announced their intent to prosecute the boy as an adult. The accused perpetrator would be among the youngest
criminal court victims in U.S. history. The 8-year-old became angry and violent, and beat the toddler because she would not stop crying. Kelci
suffered severe head trauma and injuries to major internal organs. The victim’s mother, Katerra Lewis, left the two children alone so that she
could attend a local nightclub. There were six other children under the age of 8 also left alone in the house. Within days, the mother was
arrested and charged with manslaughter and released on a $15,000 bond after being in custody for less than 90 minutes. The 8-year-old was
held by the Alabama Department of Human Services pending his adjudication.
A very disturbing video showed a Richland County, South Carolina, deputy sheriff grab a 16-year-old African American teen by her hair,
flipping her out her chair and tossing her across the classroom. The officer wrapped his forearm around her neck and then handcuffed her. It is
alleged that the teen refused to surrender her phone to the deputy. She received multiple injuries from the encounter. The classroom teacher and
a vice principal said that they believed the police response was “appropriate.” The deputy was suspended and subsequently fired after the
Richland County Sheriff reviewed the video. There is a civil suit against the school district and the sheriff’s department for the injuries that
were sustained (Strehike, 2015).
One of the highest profile cases involving juvenile offenders was known as the New York Central Park jogger case (Burns, 2011; Gray, 2013).
In 1989 a young female investment banker was raped, attacked, and left in a coma. The horrendous crime captured worldwide attention.
Initially, 11 young people were arrested and five confessed to the crimes. These five juvenile males, four African American and one Latino,
were convicted for a range of crimes including assault, robbery, rape, and attempted murder. There were two separate jury t ...
CHAPTER 1 Philosophy as a Basis for Curriculum DecisioMaximaSheffield592
CHAPTER
1
Philosophy as a Basis for
Curriculum Decisions
ALLAN C. ORNSTEIN
FOCUSING QUESTIONS . . d implementation of curriculum?
hil h uide the orgaruzation an
1. How does p osop y g 1 d that shape a person's philosophy of
2. What are the sources of know e ge
curriculum? d that shape your philosophical view of 1
What are the sources of know e ge3.
curriculum? · diff
. d ends of education er.
?
4. How do the auns, means, an_ . at must be determined before we can
What is the major philosop~cal is~ue th
5. define a philosophy of curncul~- hil hies that have influenced curriculum
What are the four major educational p osop .6.
in the United States?
7. What is your philosophy of curriculum?
P
d still do have an impact on schools and
hilosophic issues always h~ve had ~ hools are changing fundamental~y and
society. Contemporary society ~d its :cThere is a special urgency that dictate~
rapidly, much more so th~ m e ~a:oie of schools, and calls for a philosophy o
continuous appraisal and reappraisal of th directionless in the whats and hows of
education. Without philosophy, educators a~ing to achieve. In short, our philo~~phy
organizing and implementing what we ar~ t determines, our educational decisions,
of education influences, and to a large ex en
choices, and alternatives.
PHILOSOPHY AND CURRICULUM . 1· ts with a framework for
. 11 curriculum specia is , h
Philosophy provides educators, espect i{e1 s them answer questions about what t e
organizing schools and classrooms. t f 1 how students learn, and what methods
school's purpose is, what subjects are: va;~ with a framework for broad issues and
and materials to use. Philosophy provi es e
CHAPTER ONE Philosophy as a Basis for Curriculum Decisions 3
tasks, such as determining the goals of edu and activities, and dealing with verbal traps
cation, subject content and its organization, (what we see versus what is read). Curricu
the process of teaching and learning, and, in lum theorists, they point out, often fail to rec
general, what experiences and activities to ognize both how important philosophy is to
stress in schools and classrooms. It also pro developing curriculum and how it influences
vides educators with a basis for making such aspects of curriculum.
decisions as what workbooks, textbooks, or
other cognitive and noncognitive activities to
Philosophy and the Curriculum Sp
utilize and how to utilize them, what and
how much homework to assign, how to test The philosophy of curriculum sp
students and how to use the test results, and reflects their life experiences, comma
what courses or subject matter to emphasize. social and economic background, ed
The importance of philosophy in deter and general beliefs about people. f._•• .....u
mining curriculum decisions is expressed vidual's philosophy evolves and continues
well by the classic statement of Thomas to evolve as long as there is personal growth,
Hopkins (1941): "Philosop ...
Chapter 1 Introduction Criterion• Introduction – states general MaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Introduction Criterion
• Introduction – states general nature of problem
• Identifies project as quality or leadership focused project
• Background – briefly describes general context of the topic
• Statement of the problem – ‘Therefore the problem/topic addressed in this study is…’
• Purpose of the study – describes specific objectives of the study, related to the problem described above.
• Rationale – Ties together the identified problem, the purpose/goal of the study, and identifies how the writer intends the results will be used to accomplish identified goals.
• Research questions – lists 2-4 specific research questions/objectives for the study.
• Nature of the study – identifies method of study to be used (descriptive, relational, causal, exploratory, or predictive}
• Significance of the study – personal, professional, and/or research.
• Definition of terms
• Assumptions and Limitations
Writing the Personal Statement
The personal statement is an important document in your application packet. Admissions committees not only read them, they remember the memorable ones! A strong personal statement can be make-or-break for your application process.
What is it? It’s a combination of things:
· It is a business document: you are selling yourself, and need to know how to do so persuasively.
· It is an argument: you are showing the reader that they need and want you in their
program, but rather than convince with reasons, you are often arguing using narrative.
· It is an assignment, and your target audience is looking for you to show them that you know how to give what is asked for.
Consider your audience. Beware of Web sites and other sources that simply tell you to “tell your story.” Which story will you choose and for which purpose?
Medical and Law Schools
Science Programs
Humanities MA Programs
Humanities PhD Programs
Diplomatic
Service Scholarships
Want to know
Want to know
Want to see that
Want to know
Want to know
you as a person
your work as a
you are
how you will
you as a person
researcher and
interested in
succeed both in
your work ethic
further study and
and beyond the
know your long-
program
term goals
Remember that your resume tells them that you can do good undergraduate or graduate work. Now they need to know that they are choosing a winner, one who can perform at a higher level and will finish!
Five Standard Topics:
1. your motivation for your career
2. the influence of your family or early experiences
3. the influence of extracurricular, work, or volunteer experiences
4. your long-term goals
5. your personal philosophy
Activity One:
Below is a list of attributes that applicants to professional programs highlight in their personal statements. On the right is a list of indications of the attribute. Read through the list and
· Check off those attributes you want to highlight.
· List possible stories you can tell about yourself, your family, your extracurricular activities, your goals, or your personal ph ...
Chapter 1 IntroductionThis research paper seeks to examine the reMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1: Introduction
This research paper seeks to examine the relationship between strategic performance and appraisal systems in contemporary organizations. Strategic management in organizations refers to setting goals, procedures, and objectives to gain a competitive advantage. The strategies aim at making businesses distinct from their competitors while attracting consumers to the market. Stakeholders in business entities use strategic management approaches to execute short- and long-term organizational projects. Some strategies include innovation, product segmentation, and corporate social responsibility. On the other hand, a performance appraisal system refers to identifying, evaluating, and developing the work performance of employees to aid in the process of achieving the organization's goals and processes. The organization has to track the performance progress of each employee to keep them accountable for their roles at the workplace.
The definition of the appraisal system and strategic management incorporates objectives and goals. Consequently, the purpose of both strategic management and performance appraisal is to deliver the existing objectives and stay ahead of competitors. The performance appraisal system denotes the type of assessment used by an organization to measure performance. There are different assessment methods. One of the evaluation techniques is straight ranking appraisal where employees are ranked from the best performers to poor performers. Another assessment criterion is grading where employees are assigned specific grades for their performance in different areas. There is also the management-by-objective method of review. The employees and managers set goals under the approach and measure them at the end of the agreed time. Organizations may also assess their employees based on their behaviors and conduct at the workplace. Lastly, organizations can adopt a 360-degree assessment method where employees and managers are assessed. Organizations use one or a combination of the frameworks to evaluate the employees with a view of improving performance.
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between strategic management and performance appraisal systems. The study will evaluate whether managers consider their strategies when selecting the appraisal system or consider other factors. Also, the study will assess the implications of selecting an appraisal system based on the existing strategies in different organizations and the impacts of ignoring organizational strategies when deciding on the performance of the appraisal system. The findings will be crucial in the organizational and human resource management field setting the stage for further research.
Statement of Problem
A brief literature review reveals that there is little to no information on balancing between appraisal systems and organizational strategies. Most researchers in the field tend to focus on how appraisal systems boost organizatio ...
Chapter 1 Introduction to Career Development in the Global EconoMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1: Introduction to Career Development in the Global Economy and Its Role in Social Justice
Things to Remember
· The reality of the global economy and its implications for employment in the United States
· Why the need for career development services may be at its highest level in half a century
· The language of career development The reasons that careers and career development are important in the fight for social justice
· The major events in the history of career development
History of Vocational Guidance and Career Development
As will be discussed later in this chapter, there are currently calls for the adoption of a new paradigm for the theory and practice of career counseling and career development services that focuses on both individuals and the social contexts in which they function. These ideas are not new, but throughout much of the twentieth century they were neglected. The call for understanding the individual and how he or she is influenced by his or her context is a century-old echo of the voices of the social reformers who founded the vocational guidance movement in education, business, industry, and elsewhere. Reformers in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; and Grand Rapids, Michigan, focused on immigrants from Europe who came to the United States by the tens of thousands; high school dropouts who were unprepared for the changing workplace; oppression in the workplace; substandard public schools; and the need to apply scientific principles to career planning and vocational education. It is the latter idea, the focus on scientific principles that has received the most criticism, along with the failure to adequately address multicultural issues. Currently, some career development specialists are urging practitioners to abandon theories and strategies rooted in modern philosophies in favor of those rooted in postmodernism.
Looking backward to 1913 and earlier, it is worth noting that social reformers formed the National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education (NSPIE) in 1906, which became the parent organization of the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) in 1913. These reformers were advocates for vocational education, and they carried their fight to state legislators, to the National Education Association, and beyond. One of NSPIE’s achievements was drafting and successfully lobbying for the passage of the Smith–Hughes act in 1917, legislation that laid the foundation for land grant universities and vocational education in public schools (Stephens, 1970).
These earlier reformers were advocates. One mechanism they used to initiate local reforms was the settlement house, which was a place in a working-class neighborhood that housed researchers who studied people’s lives and problems in that neighborhood. In 1901, Frank Parsons founded the Civic Service House in Boston’s North End, and in 1908, the Vocation Bureau, an adjunct of the Boston Civic Service House, was opened. Leader ...
Chapter 1 Goals and Governance of the CorporationChapter 1 LeMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1: Goals and Governance of the Corporation
Chapter 1 Learning Objectives
1. Give examples of the investment and financing decisions that financial managers make.
2. Distinguish between real and financial assets.
3. Cite some of the advantages and disadvantages of organizing a business as a corporation.
4. Describe the responsibilities of the CFO, treasurer, and controller.
5. Explain why maximizing market value is the logical financial goal of the corporation.
6. Explain why value maximization is not inconsistent with ethical behavior.
7. Explain how corporations mitigate conflicts and encourage cooperative behavior.
Goals and Governance of the Corporation
This chapter introduces the corporation, its goals, and the roles of financial managers.
Chapter 1 Outline
· Investment and Financing Decisions
· The Corporation
· The Financial Managers
· Goals of the Corporation
· Value Maximization
· Corporate Governance
Note: What are the primary differences among the various legal forms of business?
Investment and Financing Decisions
· The Investment Decision
· Real Assets
· The Financial Assets
· Financial Assets
The Investment Decision– Decision to invest in tangible or intangible assets.
Also known as the “capital budgeting” or “CAPEX” decision.
The Financing Decision– The form and amount of financing of a firm’s investments.
Real Assets– Assets used to produce goods and services.
Financial Assets– Financial claims to the income generated by the firm’s real assets.
Are the following capital budgeting or financing decisions?
· Apple decides to spend $500 million to develop a new iPhone.
· GE borrows $400 million from bond investors.
· Microsoft issues 100 million shares to buy a small technology company.
· When Apple spends $500 million to develop a new iPhone it is investing in real assets and is making a capital budgeting decision.
· When GE borrows $400 million from bond investors it is investing in financial assets and is making a financing decision.
· When Microsoft issues 100 million shares to buy a smaller company it is investing in both financial and real assets. It is making both a capital budgeting and financing decision.
What is a Corporation?
· Corporation-A business organized as a separate legal entity owned by stockholders.
· Types of Corporations:
· Public Corporations
· Private Corporations
Corporation – A business organized as a separate legal entity owned by stockholders.
Public Company – A corporation whose shares are traded in public markets such as the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ.
Private Corporation – A corporation whose shares are not traded publicly.
Benefits of the Corporation
· Limited liability
· Infinite lifespan
· Ease of raising capital
Limited Liability – The owners of a corporation are not personally liable for its obligation.
Drawbacks of the Corporation
· Corporation face the problem of double taxation
· Improper corporate structures may lead to “Agency Problem”
Double Taxation– Corpor ...
Chapter 1 Adjusting to Modern Life EXERCISE 1.1 Self-AssessmMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Adjusting to Modern Life
EXERCISE 1.1 Self-Assessment: Narcissistic Personality Inventory
Instructions
Read each pair of statements below and place an "X" by the one that comes closest to describing your
feelings and beliefs about yourself. You may feel that neither statement describes you well, but pick the
one that comes closest. Please complete all pairs.
The Scale
1. _A. I have a natural talent for influencing people.
_B. I am not good at influencing people.
2. _A. Modesty doesn't become me.
_B. I am essentially a modest person.
3. _A. I would do almost anything on a dare.
_B. I tend to be a fairly cautious person.
4. _A. When people compliment me I sometimes get
embarrassed.
B. I know that I am good because everybody keeps telling
me so.
5. _A. The thought of ruling the world frightens the hell out
of me.
_B. If I ruled the world it would be a better place.
6. A. I can usually talk my way out of anything.
_B. I try to accept the consequences of my behavior.
7. A. I prefer to blend in with the crowd.
B. I like to be the center of attention.
8. A. I will be a success.
B. I am not too concerned about success.
9. A. I am no better or worse than most people.
_B. I think I am a special person.
10. A. I am not sure if I would make a good leader.
B. I see myself as a good leader.
11. A. I am assertive.
B. I wish I were more assertive.
12. _A. I like to have authority over other people.
_B. I don't mind following orders.
13. _A. I find it easy to manipulate people.
B. I don't like it when I find myself manipulating people.
14. _A. I insist upon getting the respect that is due me.
_B. I usually get the respect that I deserve.
15. _A. I don't particularly like to show off my body.
_B. I like to show off my body.
16. _A. I can read people like a book.
_B. People are sometimes hard to understand.
17. _A. If I feel competent I am willing to take responsibility for
making decisions.
_B. I like to take responsibility for making decisions.
18. _A. I just want to be reasonably happy.
_B. I want to amount to something in the eyes of the world.
19. _A. My body is nothing special.
_B. I like to look at my body.
20. _A. I try not to be a show off.
_B. I will usually show off if I get the chance.
21. _A. I always know what I am doing.
_B. Sometimes I am not sure of what I am doing.
22. _A. I sometimes depend on people to get things done.
B. I rarely depend on anyone else to get things done.
23. _A. Sometimes I tell good stories.
_B. Everybody likes to hear my stories.
24. _A. I expect a great deal from other people.
B. I like to do things for other people.
25. A. I will never be satisfied until I get all that I deserve.
_B. I take my satisfactions as they come.
26. _A. Compliments embarrass me.
_B. I like to be complimented.
27. _A. I have a strong will to power.
B. Power for its own sake doesn't interest me.
28. A. I don't care about new fads and fashion ...
Chapter 1 The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492 MaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
CHAPTER 1
The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Chapter Outline
1.1 The Americas
1.2 Europe on the Brink of Change
1.3 West Africa and the Role of Slavery
Introduction
Globalization, the ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world, is not a new phenomenon,
but it accelerated when western Europeans discovered the riches of the East. During the
Crusades (1095–1291), Europeans developed an appetite for spices, silk, porcelain, sugar, and
other luxury items from the East, for which they traded fur, timber, and Slavic people they
captured and sold (hence the word slave). But when the Silk Road, the long overland trading
route from China to the Mediterranean, became costlier and more dangerous to travel, Europeans
searched for a more efficient and inexpensive trade route over water, initiating the development
of what we now call the Atlantic World.
In pursuit of commerce in Asia, fifteenth-century traders unexpectedly encountered a “New
World” populated by millions and home to sophisticated and numerous peoples. Mistakenly
believing they had reached the East Indies, these early explorers called its inhabitants Indians.
West Africa, a diverse and culturally rich area, soon entered the stage as other nations exploited
its slave trade and brought its peoples to the New World in chains. Although Europeans would
come to dominate the New World, they could not have done so without Africans and native
peoples.
1.1 The Americas
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
● Locate on a map the major American civilizations before the arrival of the Spanish
● Discuss the cultural achievements of these civilizations
● Discuss the differences and similarities between lifestyles, religious practices, and
customs among the native peoples
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Between nine and fifteen thousand years ago, some scholars believe that a land bridge existed
between Asia and North America that we now call Beringia . The first inhabitants of what would
be named the Americas migrated across this bridge in search of food. When the glaciers melted,
water engulfed Beringia, and the Bering Strait was formed. Later settlers came by boat across the
narrow strait. (The fact that Asians and American Indians share genetic markers on a Y
chromosome lends credibility to this migration theory.) Continually moving southward, the
settlers eventually populated both North and South America, creating unique cultures that ranged
from the highly complex and urban Aztec civilization in what is now Mexico City to the
woodland tribes of eastern North America. Recent research along the west coast of South
America suggests that migrant populations may have traveled down this coast by water as well
as by land.
Researchers believe that about ten thousand years ago, humans also began the domestication of
plants and animals, a ...
Chapter 06 Video Case - Theo Chocolate CompanyVideo TranscriptMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 06: Video Case - Theo Chocolate Company
Video Transcript:
>> It's rich, it's velvety, it's almost sinful. But creating the perfect bar at this Seattle chocolate factory is about more than just the ingredients on the wrapper.
>> I feel that everybody in the whole supply chain, all he way back to the farmers, should be better off as a result of this delicious food that we use to share with the people we love.
>> So these are these are the beans.
>> These are the beans; this is cacao.
>> At Theo Chocolate, owner Joe Whinney pays farmers two to three times more than the going rate to buy this cacao from the Democratic Republic of Congo, or DRC.
>> Where does cocoa come from? It's coming from farmers in Africa, and in Indonesia, and in Central and South America.
>> Whinney believes that Americans will be willing to pay more for chocolate if they know that, in turn, impoverished farmers will earn more.
>> Of all places, why Congo
>> Why Congo? Well, it was really Ben Affleck's fault.
>> Yes. That Ben Affleck.
>> Like this?
>> Like -- yeah. See that's really well fermented, this isn't.
>> Earlier this year, we joined Ben Affleck and Joe Whinney on a trip to the DRC. Cacao can only grow within a narrow climate zone close to the equator. In 2009, Affleck started a charity called Eastern Congo Initiative to spur economic development in this war-torn region. Five million people have died here due to decades of conflict.
>> As I was reading and I just sort of stumbled upon some of the statistics, and I was struck not only by the numbers, but by the fact that, you know, I hadn't heard about it.
>> So Affleck decided to use his celebrity as a sort of currency to attract investment. He led a small group of philanthropists, protected by armed guards, through jungles where cacao trees thrived and farmers struggled.
>> The cocoa industry here has potential if the value can be increased.
>> For the last two years, Affleck's Eastern Congo Initiative has worked with Whinney and local groups to train farmers to improve the crop. Cacao grows in these greenish-yellow pods that are cracked open to harvest. It's quite slimy, huh?
>> It is. But when you suck on it, it's absolutely delicious.
>> It doesn't taste like chocolate at all.
>> Not at all, does it.
>> It tastes like passion fruit or something.
>> Theo Chocolate has now committed to buy 340 tons of cacao from the DRC --
>> This is really good quality.
>> -- creating a dependable export market.
>> We have brought these people together. They're selling to a chocolate company in the United States. Those markets had been completely closed off to them in the past. And it's not just aid, it's investment.
>> We have security guards around us. There have been attacks recently. This is a tough place to do business.
>> It is, but that's also a place that really needs this kind of business.
>> Business in Seattle is a little sweeter these days. Theo is raising money for charity with its $5 Congo ...
Chapter 08 Motor Behavior
8
Motor Behavior
Katherine T. Thomas and Jerry R. Thomas
C H A P T E R
What Is Motor Behavior?The study of how motor skills are learned, controlled, and developed across the lifespan. Applications often focus on what, how, and how much to practice.Motor behavior guides us in providing better situations for learning and practice, including the selection of effective of cues and feedback.
(continued)
(continued)
What Is Motor Behavior? (continued)Valuable to performers and those who teach motor skills (e.g. physical education teachers, adapted physical educators, gerontologists, physical therapists and coaches)
Figure 8.1
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
What Does a Motor Behaviorist Do?Colleges or universitiesTeachingResearchService
Other research facilities: hospitals, industrial, militaryResearch with applications related to settingGrant writing
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Goals of Motor BehaviorTo understand how motor skills are learnedTo understand how motor skills are controlledTo understand how the learning and control of motor skills change across the life spanThree subdisciplinesMotor learningMotor controlMotor development
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Three Subdisciplines of Motor BehaviorMotor LearningMotor ControlMotor Development
Goals of Motor LearningTo explain how processes such as feedback and practice improve the learning and performance of motor skillsTo explain how response selection and response execution become more efficient and effective
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Goals of Motor ControlTo analyze how the mechanisms in response selection and response execution control the body’s movementTo explain how environmental and individual factors affect the mechanisms of response selection and response execution
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
To explain how motor learning and control improve during childhood and adolescenceTo explain how motor learning and control deteriorate with aging
Goals of Motor Development
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Motor Movements Studied Beyond SportBabies learning to use a fork and spoonDentists learning to control the drill while looking in a mirrorSurgeons controlling a scalpel; microsurgeons using a laser Children learning to ride a bicycle or to roller skate
(continued)
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Motor Movements Studied Beyond Sport (continued)Teenagers learning to driveDancers performing choreographed movementsPilots learning to control an airplaneYoung children learning to control a pencil when writing or learning to type on a computer
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
History of Motor Behavior
Five themes have persisted over the years in motor behavior research
Knowledge of results (feedback)
Distribution of practice
Transfer of training
Retention
Individual differences
(continued)
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Late 1800s and early 1900s: Motor skills to understand cognition and neura ...
Changes in APA Writing Style 6th Edition (2006) to 7th Edition OMaximaSheffield592
Changes in APA Writing Style 6th Edition (2006) to 7th Edition OCT 2019 according to Streefkerk, 2019.
References and in-text citations in APA Style
When it comes to citing sources, more guidelines have been added that make citing online sources easier and clearer. The biggest changes in the 7th edition are:
1. The publisher location is no longer included in the reference.
Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change. Simon & Schuster.
2. The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now shortened right from the first citation. You only include the first author’s name and “et al.”.
(Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018)
(Taylor et al., 2018)
3. Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in the reference list.
Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., … Lee, L. H. (2018).
Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Lee, L. H., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., … Nelson, T. P. (2018).
4. DOIs are formatted the same as URLs. The label “DOI:” is no longer necessary.
doi: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
5. URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date is needed. The website name is included (unless it’s the same as the author), and web page titles are italicized.
Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
6. For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the reference, and the publisher is included.
Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites [Kindle version]. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites. Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
7. Clear guidelines are provided for including contributors other than authors and editors. For example, when citing a podcast episode, the host of the episode should be included; for a TV series episode, the writer and director of that episode are cited.
8. Dozens of examples are included for online source types such as podcast episodes, social media posts, and YouTube videos. The use of emojis and hashtags is also explained.
Inclusive and bias-free language
Writing inclusively and without bias is the new standard, and APA’s new publication manual contains a separate chapter on this topi ...
CHAPTER
11 Storage Security
The primary concern of network security is to protect assets that reside on the
network. Naturally, the most significant of those assets is data. Data resides in
storage, which is either controlled or unmanaged. Storage technologies have
evolved over the past decade in complexity, capability, and capacity, and the
effectiveness of storage security controls and technologies has advanced
accordingly. Today’s storage technologies can protect data natively in many ways;
for example, many modern storage technologies include built-in encryption and
access control to protect confidentiality and integrity, redundancy to protect
availability, and onboard protection against malware.
In this chapter, we’ll cover the ways in which the built-in security features of
modern storage infrastructures can be leveraged to protect data. We’ll also look
at how to protect data on storage devices and platforms using additional
technologies outside the native functionality of storage systems, to remediate
residual risks to that data. And finally, we’ll review best practices for building
storage infrastructures to provide the best protection for data assets. Let’s begin
with a look at how storage security has changed in recent years.
Storage Security Evolution
When the first edition of this book was published almost ten years ago, 3.5-inch
floppy disk drives were still included on some computers. Being portable storage
devices, floppy disks were hard to secure. They were easily lost, or the data on
them became corrupted. They could be used to propagate malware, either
through files on the disk or through active code like the “girlfriend exploit” (as
described in Chapter 2, named for the infamous practice of breaking into a
network by giving a disk containing exploit software to a significant other who
works there, and instructing her to run the program). The use of floppy disks was
largely phased out by the late 2000s.
The next generation of storage devices, compact discs (CDs) and digital video
discs (DVDs), posed a unique threat due to their longevity. Unlike other, more
volatile storage media, these polycarbonate-encased metal optical data storage
devices seem like they will last forever if handled properly. While optical discs
are great for reliability and availability of data, their longevity elicits concerns of
its own. If you place private, confidential data on a CD or DVD and then misplace
https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/information-security-the/9780071784351/ch2.html
the disc, who knows how long it might stick around and who may discover it in
the future. For this reason, optical storage devices were banned in many
corporate environments, especially those required to comply with privacy
regulations. Moreover, once the data is burned to the media, it can’t be changed,
so you can’t retroactively apply protection to it.
Flash drives (USB sticks and the like) have exploded in ...
Chapter 02 Video Case - Banking on NatureVideo Transcript In 2008MaximaSheffield592
Chapter 02: Video Case - Banking on NatureVideo Transcript:> In 2008, Mark Tercek gave up a powerful position at Goldman Sachs to become president of the Nature Conservancy. It is the world's largest environmental group. And now he's trying to change the way that we think about business and the environment. Mark Tercek, welcome.>> Thank you>> So when you talk about changing the way people think about business and the environment, what you have brought to the table here is a partnership between businessu and an environmental group. And you've received some criticism for that.>> Yeah, we think about nature. It's got tremendous value for people. You should think about nature as infrastructure, something to invest in, to improve economies, to improve jobs, to improve life. And so of course we want out allies to include the government, working joes, but business as well. And big business increasingly has a huge environmental footprint. So if we can work with business, help them understand that taking better care of the environment is good for their business, we think they can really be powerful allies to the environmental movement.>> How does somebody go from one of the biggest of businesses, Goldman Sachs, at the height of the boom to a nature non-profit?>> Yeah, I think I've really been fortunate. I worked at Goldman Sachs for 25 years. I had a very positive experience there. Near the end of my career I wanted to shift gears. My boss at the time, Hank Paulson, said, I was thinking about leaving the firm in 2005 to become an environmentalist. He said no, stay at the firm and build an environmental effort at the firm. So Hank and I did that together. We looked for business opportunities that made business sense and that were good for the environment. It went really well. I'm really proud of what we accomplished there. And I became so convinced of this opportunity I went all the way and joined the Conservancy. I was very fortunate. The Conservancy was a great organization before I got there. That's for sure. I have the good privilege of leading it today, and we're excited about what we can do.>> How many of those opportunities are out there today, by the way? Investments that are good for business and for the environment at the same time?>> You know, we think it's almost unlimited, to be honest. We're just beginning to scratch the surface. But in case after care we work closely with companies who have a big environmental footprint. We help them understand how their business depends on nature, and the better they understand that the more incentivized they are by good old profit motives, chairholder value maximization motives to do a better job of being environmental stewards. That's a great weapon in our work.>> Hank Paulson went on to lead the Treasury when you went on to lead the Nature Conservancy. I wonder, how do you convince, because sometimes it's not in a business's best interests as far as their bottom line is concerned, to be environmental ...
CHAPTER 1 Philosophy as a Basis for Curriculum DecisioMaximaSheffield592
CHAPTER
1
Philosophy as a Basis for
Curriculum Decisions
ALLAN C. ORNSTEIN
FOCUSING QUESTIONS . . d implementation of curriculum?
hil h uide the orgaruzation an
1. How does p osop y g 1 d that shape a person's philosophy of
2. What are the sources of know e ge
curriculum? d that shape your philosophical view of 1
What are the sources of know e ge3.
curriculum? · diff
. d ends of education er.
?
4. How do the auns, means, an_ . at must be determined before we can
What is the major philosop~cal is~ue th
5. define a philosophy of curncul~- hil hies that have influenced curriculum
What are the four major educational p osop .6.
in the United States?
7. What is your philosophy of curriculum?
P
d still do have an impact on schools and
hilosophic issues always h~ve had ~ hools are changing fundamental~y and
society. Contemporary society ~d its :cThere is a special urgency that dictate~
rapidly, much more so th~ m e ~a:oie of schools, and calls for a philosophy o
continuous appraisal and reappraisal of th directionless in the whats and hows of
education. Without philosophy, educators a~ing to achieve. In short, our philo~~phy
organizing and implementing what we ar~ t determines, our educational decisions,
of education influences, and to a large ex en
choices, and alternatives.
PHILOSOPHY AND CURRICULUM . 1· ts with a framework for
. 11 curriculum specia is , h
Philosophy provides educators, espect i{e1 s them answer questions about what t e
organizing schools and classrooms. t f 1 how students learn, and what methods
school's purpose is, what subjects are: va;~ with a framework for broad issues and
and materials to use. Philosophy provi es e
CHAPTER ONE Philosophy as a Basis for Curriculum Decisions 3
tasks, such as determining the goals of edu and activities, and dealing with verbal traps
cation, subject content and its organization, (what we see versus what is read). Curricu
the process of teaching and learning, and, in lum theorists, they point out, often fail to rec
general, what experiences and activities to ognize both how important philosophy is to
stress in schools and classrooms. It also pro developing curriculum and how it influences
vides educators with a basis for making such aspects of curriculum.
decisions as what workbooks, textbooks, or
other cognitive and noncognitive activities to
Philosophy and the Curriculum Sp
utilize and how to utilize them, what and
how much homework to assign, how to test The philosophy of curriculum sp
students and how to use the test results, and reflects their life experiences, comma
what courses or subject matter to emphasize. social and economic background, ed
The importance of philosophy in deter and general beliefs about people. f._•• .....u
mining curriculum decisions is expressed vidual's philosophy evolves and continues
well by the classic statement of Thomas to evolve as long as there is personal growth,
Hopkins (1941): "Philosop ...
Chapter 1 Introduction Criterion• Introduction – states general MaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Introduction Criterion
• Introduction – states general nature of problem
• Identifies project as quality or leadership focused project
• Background – briefly describes general context of the topic
• Statement of the problem – ‘Therefore the problem/topic addressed in this study is…’
• Purpose of the study – describes specific objectives of the study, related to the problem described above.
• Rationale – Ties together the identified problem, the purpose/goal of the study, and identifies how the writer intends the results will be used to accomplish identified goals.
• Research questions – lists 2-4 specific research questions/objectives for the study.
• Nature of the study – identifies method of study to be used (descriptive, relational, causal, exploratory, or predictive}
• Significance of the study – personal, professional, and/or research.
• Definition of terms
• Assumptions and Limitations
Writing the Personal Statement
The personal statement is an important document in your application packet. Admissions committees not only read them, they remember the memorable ones! A strong personal statement can be make-or-break for your application process.
What is it? It’s a combination of things:
· It is a business document: you are selling yourself, and need to know how to do so persuasively.
· It is an argument: you are showing the reader that they need and want you in their
program, but rather than convince with reasons, you are often arguing using narrative.
· It is an assignment, and your target audience is looking for you to show them that you know how to give what is asked for.
Consider your audience. Beware of Web sites and other sources that simply tell you to “tell your story.” Which story will you choose and for which purpose?
Medical and Law Schools
Science Programs
Humanities MA Programs
Humanities PhD Programs
Diplomatic
Service Scholarships
Want to know
Want to know
Want to see that
Want to know
Want to know
you as a person
your work as a
you are
how you will
you as a person
researcher and
interested in
succeed both in
your work ethic
further study and
and beyond the
know your long-
program
term goals
Remember that your resume tells them that you can do good undergraduate or graduate work. Now they need to know that they are choosing a winner, one who can perform at a higher level and will finish!
Five Standard Topics:
1. your motivation for your career
2. the influence of your family or early experiences
3. the influence of extracurricular, work, or volunteer experiences
4. your long-term goals
5. your personal philosophy
Activity One:
Below is a list of attributes that applicants to professional programs highlight in their personal statements. On the right is a list of indications of the attribute. Read through the list and
· Check off those attributes you want to highlight.
· List possible stories you can tell about yourself, your family, your extracurricular activities, your goals, or your personal ph ...
Chapter 1 IntroductionThis research paper seeks to examine the reMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1: Introduction
This research paper seeks to examine the relationship between strategic performance and appraisal systems in contemporary organizations. Strategic management in organizations refers to setting goals, procedures, and objectives to gain a competitive advantage. The strategies aim at making businesses distinct from their competitors while attracting consumers to the market. Stakeholders in business entities use strategic management approaches to execute short- and long-term organizational projects. Some strategies include innovation, product segmentation, and corporate social responsibility. On the other hand, a performance appraisal system refers to identifying, evaluating, and developing the work performance of employees to aid in the process of achieving the organization's goals and processes. The organization has to track the performance progress of each employee to keep them accountable for their roles at the workplace.
The definition of the appraisal system and strategic management incorporates objectives and goals. Consequently, the purpose of both strategic management and performance appraisal is to deliver the existing objectives and stay ahead of competitors. The performance appraisal system denotes the type of assessment used by an organization to measure performance. There are different assessment methods. One of the evaluation techniques is straight ranking appraisal where employees are ranked from the best performers to poor performers. Another assessment criterion is grading where employees are assigned specific grades for their performance in different areas. There is also the management-by-objective method of review. The employees and managers set goals under the approach and measure them at the end of the agreed time. Organizations may also assess their employees based on their behaviors and conduct at the workplace. Lastly, organizations can adopt a 360-degree assessment method where employees and managers are assessed. Organizations use one or a combination of the frameworks to evaluate the employees with a view of improving performance.
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between strategic management and performance appraisal systems. The study will evaluate whether managers consider their strategies when selecting the appraisal system or consider other factors. Also, the study will assess the implications of selecting an appraisal system based on the existing strategies in different organizations and the impacts of ignoring organizational strategies when deciding on the performance of the appraisal system. The findings will be crucial in the organizational and human resource management field setting the stage for further research.
Statement of Problem
A brief literature review reveals that there is little to no information on balancing between appraisal systems and organizational strategies. Most researchers in the field tend to focus on how appraisal systems boost organizatio ...
Chapter 1 Introduction to Career Development in the Global EconoMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1: Introduction to Career Development in the Global Economy and Its Role in Social Justice
Things to Remember
· The reality of the global economy and its implications for employment in the United States
· Why the need for career development services may be at its highest level in half a century
· The language of career development The reasons that careers and career development are important in the fight for social justice
· The major events in the history of career development
History of Vocational Guidance and Career Development
As will be discussed later in this chapter, there are currently calls for the adoption of a new paradigm for the theory and practice of career counseling and career development services that focuses on both individuals and the social contexts in which they function. These ideas are not new, but throughout much of the twentieth century they were neglected. The call for understanding the individual and how he or she is influenced by his or her context is a century-old echo of the voices of the social reformers who founded the vocational guidance movement in education, business, industry, and elsewhere. Reformers in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; and Grand Rapids, Michigan, focused on immigrants from Europe who came to the United States by the tens of thousands; high school dropouts who were unprepared for the changing workplace; oppression in the workplace; substandard public schools; and the need to apply scientific principles to career planning and vocational education. It is the latter idea, the focus on scientific principles that has received the most criticism, along with the failure to adequately address multicultural issues. Currently, some career development specialists are urging practitioners to abandon theories and strategies rooted in modern philosophies in favor of those rooted in postmodernism.
Looking backward to 1913 and earlier, it is worth noting that social reformers formed the National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education (NSPIE) in 1906, which became the parent organization of the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) in 1913. These reformers were advocates for vocational education, and they carried their fight to state legislators, to the National Education Association, and beyond. One of NSPIE’s achievements was drafting and successfully lobbying for the passage of the Smith–Hughes act in 1917, legislation that laid the foundation for land grant universities and vocational education in public schools (Stephens, 1970).
These earlier reformers were advocates. One mechanism they used to initiate local reforms was the settlement house, which was a place in a working-class neighborhood that housed researchers who studied people’s lives and problems in that neighborhood. In 1901, Frank Parsons founded the Civic Service House in Boston’s North End, and in 1908, the Vocation Bureau, an adjunct of the Boston Civic Service House, was opened. Leader ...
Chapter 1 Goals and Governance of the CorporationChapter 1 LeMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1: Goals and Governance of the Corporation
Chapter 1 Learning Objectives
1. Give examples of the investment and financing decisions that financial managers make.
2. Distinguish between real and financial assets.
3. Cite some of the advantages and disadvantages of organizing a business as a corporation.
4. Describe the responsibilities of the CFO, treasurer, and controller.
5. Explain why maximizing market value is the logical financial goal of the corporation.
6. Explain why value maximization is not inconsistent with ethical behavior.
7. Explain how corporations mitigate conflicts and encourage cooperative behavior.
Goals and Governance of the Corporation
This chapter introduces the corporation, its goals, and the roles of financial managers.
Chapter 1 Outline
· Investment and Financing Decisions
· The Corporation
· The Financial Managers
· Goals of the Corporation
· Value Maximization
· Corporate Governance
Note: What are the primary differences among the various legal forms of business?
Investment and Financing Decisions
· The Investment Decision
· Real Assets
· The Financial Assets
· Financial Assets
The Investment Decision– Decision to invest in tangible or intangible assets.
Also known as the “capital budgeting” or “CAPEX” decision.
The Financing Decision– The form and amount of financing of a firm’s investments.
Real Assets– Assets used to produce goods and services.
Financial Assets– Financial claims to the income generated by the firm’s real assets.
Are the following capital budgeting or financing decisions?
· Apple decides to spend $500 million to develop a new iPhone.
· GE borrows $400 million from bond investors.
· Microsoft issues 100 million shares to buy a small technology company.
· When Apple spends $500 million to develop a new iPhone it is investing in real assets and is making a capital budgeting decision.
· When GE borrows $400 million from bond investors it is investing in financial assets and is making a financing decision.
· When Microsoft issues 100 million shares to buy a smaller company it is investing in both financial and real assets. It is making both a capital budgeting and financing decision.
What is a Corporation?
· Corporation-A business organized as a separate legal entity owned by stockholders.
· Types of Corporations:
· Public Corporations
· Private Corporations
Corporation – A business organized as a separate legal entity owned by stockholders.
Public Company – A corporation whose shares are traded in public markets such as the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ.
Private Corporation – A corporation whose shares are not traded publicly.
Benefits of the Corporation
· Limited liability
· Infinite lifespan
· Ease of raising capital
Limited Liability – The owners of a corporation are not personally liable for its obligation.
Drawbacks of the Corporation
· Corporation face the problem of double taxation
· Improper corporate structures may lead to “Agency Problem”
Double Taxation– Corpor ...
Chapter 1 Adjusting to Modern Life EXERCISE 1.1 Self-AssessmMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Adjusting to Modern Life
EXERCISE 1.1 Self-Assessment: Narcissistic Personality Inventory
Instructions
Read each pair of statements below and place an "X" by the one that comes closest to describing your
feelings and beliefs about yourself. You may feel that neither statement describes you well, but pick the
one that comes closest. Please complete all pairs.
The Scale
1. _A. I have a natural talent for influencing people.
_B. I am not good at influencing people.
2. _A. Modesty doesn't become me.
_B. I am essentially a modest person.
3. _A. I would do almost anything on a dare.
_B. I tend to be a fairly cautious person.
4. _A. When people compliment me I sometimes get
embarrassed.
B. I know that I am good because everybody keeps telling
me so.
5. _A. The thought of ruling the world frightens the hell out
of me.
_B. If I ruled the world it would be a better place.
6. A. I can usually talk my way out of anything.
_B. I try to accept the consequences of my behavior.
7. A. I prefer to blend in with the crowd.
B. I like to be the center of attention.
8. A. I will be a success.
B. I am not too concerned about success.
9. A. I am no better or worse than most people.
_B. I think I am a special person.
10. A. I am not sure if I would make a good leader.
B. I see myself as a good leader.
11. A. I am assertive.
B. I wish I were more assertive.
12. _A. I like to have authority over other people.
_B. I don't mind following orders.
13. _A. I find it easy to manipulate people.
B. I don't like it when I find myself manipulating people.
14. _A. I insist upon getting the respect that is due me.
_B. I usually get the respect that I deserve.
15. _A. I don't particularly like to show off my body.
_B. I like to show off my body.
16. _A. I can read people like a book.
_B. People are sometimes hard to understand.
17. _A. If I feel competent I am willing to take responsibility for
making decisions.
_B. I like to take responsibility for making decisions.
18. _A. I just want to be reasonably happy.
_B. I want to amount to something in the eyes of the world.
19. _A. My body is nothing special.
_B. I like to look at my body.
20. _A. I try not to be a show off.
_B. I will usually show off if I get the chance.
21. _A. I always know what I am doing.
_B. Sometimes I am not sure of what I am doing.
22. _A. I sometimes depend on people to get things done.
B. I rarely depend on anyone else to get things done.
23. _A. Sometimes I tell good stories.
_B. Everybody likes to hear my stories.
24. _A. I expect a great deal from other people.
B. I like to do things for other people.
25. A. I will never be satisfied until I get all that I deserve.
_B. I take my satisfactions as they come.
26. _A. Compliments embarrass me.
_B. I like to be complimented.
27. _A. I have a strong will to power.
B. Power for its own sake doesn't interest me.
28. A. I don't care about new fads and fashion ...
Chapter 1 The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492 MaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
CHAPTER 1
The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Chapter Outline
1.1 The Americas
1.2 Europe on the Brink of Change
1.3 West Africa and the Role of Slavery
Introduction
Globalization, the ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world, is not a new phenomenon,
but it accelerated when western Europeans discovered the riches of the East. During the
Crusades (1095–1291), Europeans developed an appetite for spices, silk, porcelain, sugar, and
other luxury items from the East, for which they traded fur, timber, and Slavic people they
captured and sold (hence the word slave). But when the Silk Road, the long overland trading
route from China to the Mediterranean, became costlier and more dangerous to travel, Europeans
searched for a more efficient and inexpensive trade route over water, initiating the development
of what we now call the Atlantic World.
In pursuit of commerce in Asia, fifteenth-century traders unexpectedly encountered a “New
World” populated by millions and home to sophisticated and numerous peoples. Mistakenly
believing they had reached the East Indies, these early explorers called its inhabitants Indians.
West Africa, a diverse and culturally rich area, soon entered the stage as other nations exploited
its slave trade and brought its peoples to the New World in chains. Although Europeans would
come to dominate the New World, they could not have done so without Africans and native
peoples.
1.1 The Americas
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
● Locate on a map the major American civilizations before the arrival of the Spanish
● Discuss the cultural achievements of these civilizations
● Discuss the differences and similarities between lifestyles, religious practices, and
customs among the native peoples
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Between nine and fifteen thousand years ago, some scholars believe that a land bridge existed
between Asia and North America that we now call Beringia . The first inhabitants of what would
be named the Americas migrated across this bridge in search of food. When the glaciers melted,
water engulfed Beringia, and the Bering Strait was formed. Later settlers came by boat across the
narrow strait. (The fact that Asians and American Indians share genetic markers on a Y
chromosome lends credibility to this migration theory.) Continually moving southward, the
settlers eventually populated both North and South America, creating unique cultures that ranged
from the highly complex and urban Aztec civilization in what is now Mexico City to the
woodland tribes of eastern North America. Recent research along the west coast of South
America suggests that migrant populations may have traveled down this coast by water as well
as by land.
Researchers believe that about ten thousand years ago, humans also began the domestication of
plants and animals, a ...
Chapter 06 Video Case - Theo Chocolate CompanyVideo TranscriptMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 06: Video Case - Theo Chocolate Company
Video Transcript:
>> It's rich, it's velvety, it's almost sinful. But creating the perfect bar at this Seattle chocolate factory is about more than just the ingredients on the wrapper.
>> I feel that everybody in the whole supply chain, all he way back to the farmers, should be better off as a result of this delicious food that we use to share with the people we love.
>> So these are these are the beans.
>> These are the beans; this is cacao.
>> At Theo Chocolate, owner Joe Whinney pays farmers two to three times more than the going rate to buy this cacao from the Democratic Republic of Congo, or DRC.
>> Where does cocoa come from? It's coming from farmers in Africa, and in Indonesia, and in Central and South America.
>> Whinney believes that Americans will be willing to pay more for chocolate if they know that, in turn, impoverished farmers will earn more.
>> Of all places, why Congo
>> Why Congo? Well, it was really Ben Affleck's fault.
>> Yes. That Ben Affleck.
>> Like this?
>> Like -- yeah. See that's really well fermented, this isn't.
>> Earlier this year, we joined Ben Affleck and Joe Whinney on a trip to the DRC. Cacao can only grow within a narrow climate zone close to the equator. In 2009, Affleck started a charity called Eastern Congo Initiative to spur economic development in this war-torn region. Five million people have died here due to decades of conflict.
>> As I was reading and I just sort of stumbled upon some of the statistics, and I was struck not only by the numbers, but by the fact that, you know, I hadn't heard about it.
>> So Affleck decided to use his celebrity as a sort of currency to attract investment. He led a small group of philanthropists, protected by armed guards, through jungles where cacao trees thrived and farmers struggled.
>> The cocoa industry here has potential if the value can be increased.
>> For the last two years, Affleck's Eastern Congo Initiative has worked with Whinney and local groups to train farmers to improve the crop. Cacao grows in these greenish-yellow pods that are cracked open to harvest. It's quite slimy, huh?
>> It is. But when you suck on it, it's absolutely delicious.
>> It doesn't taste like chocolate at all.
>> Not at all, does it.
>> It tastes like passion fruit or something.
>> Theo Chocolate has now committed to buy 340 tons of cacao from the DRC --
>> This is really good quality.
>> -- creating a dependable export market.
>> We have brought these people together. They're selling to a chocolate company in the United States. Those markets had been completely closed off to them in the past. And it's not just aid, it's investment.
>> We have security guards around us. There have been attacks recently. This is a tough place to do business.
>> It is, but that's also a place that really needs this kind of business.
>> Business in Seattle is a little sweeter these days. Theo is raising money for charity with its $5 Congo ...
Chapter 08 Motor Behavior
8
Motor Behavior
Katherine T. Thomas and Jerry R. Thomas
C H A P T E R
What Is Motor Behavior?The study of how motor skills are learned, controlled, and developed across the lifespan. Applications often focus on what, how, and how much to practice.Motor behavior guides us in providing better situations for learning and practice, including the selection of effective of cues and feedback.
(continued)
(continued)
What Is Motor Behavior? (continued)Valuable to performers and those who teach motor skills (e.g. physical education teachers, adapted physical educators, gerontologists, physical therapists and coaches)
Figure 8.1
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
What Does a Motor Behaviorist Do?Colleges or universitiesTeachingResearchService
Other research facilities: hospitals, industrial, militaryResearch with applications related to settingGrant writing
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Goals of Motor BehaviorTo understand how motor skills are learnedTo understand how motor skills are controlledTo understand how the learning and control of motor skills change across the life spanThree subdisciplinesMotor learningMotor controlMotor development
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Three Subdisciplines of Motor BehaviorMotor LearningMotor ControlMotor Development
Goals of Motor LearningTo explain how processes such as feedback and practice improve the learning and performance of motor skillsTo explain how response selection and response execution become more efficient and effective
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Goals of Motor ControlTo analyze how the mechanisms in response selection and response execution control the body’s movementTo explain how environmental and individual factors affect the mechanisms of response selection and response execution
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
To explain how motor learning and control improve during childhood and adolescenceTo explain how motor learning and control deteriorate with aging
Goals of Motor Development
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Motor Movements Studied Beyond SportBabies learning to use a fork and spoonDentists learning to control the drill while looking in a mirrorSurgeons controlling a scalpel; microsurgeons using a laser Children learning to ride a bicycle or to roller skate
(continued)
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Motor Movements Studied Beyond Sport (continued)Teenagers learning to driveDancers performing choreographed movementsPilots learning to control an airplaneYoung children learning to control a pencil when writing or learning to type on a computer
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
History of Motor Behavior
Five themes have persisted over the years in motor behavior research
Knowledge of results (feedback)
Distribution of practice
Transfer of training
Retention
Individual differences
(continued)
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Late 1800s and early 1900s: Motor skills to understand cognition and neura ...
Changes in APA Writing Style 6th Edition (2006) to 7th Edition OMaximaSheffield592
Changes in APA Writing Style 6th Edition (2006) to 7th Edition OCT 2019 according to Streefkerk, 2019.
References and in-text citations in APA Style
When it comes to citing sources, more guidelines have been added that make citing online sources easier and clearer. The biggest changes in the 7th edition are:
1. The publisher location is no longer included in the reference.
Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change. Simon & Schuster.
2. The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now shortened right from the first citation. You only include the first author’s name and “et al.”.
(Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018)
(Taylor et al., 2018)
3. Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in the reference list.
Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., … Lee, L. H. (2018).
Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Lee, L. H., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., … Nelson, T. P. (2018).
4. DOIs are formatted the same as URLs. The label “DOI:” is no longer necessary.
doi: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
5. URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date is needed. The website name is included (unless it’s the same as the author), and web page titles are italicized.
Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
6. For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the reference, and the publisher is included.
Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites [Kindle version]. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites. Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
7. Clear guidelines are provided for including contributors other than authors and editors. For example, when citing a podcast episode, the host of the episode should be included; for a TV series episode, the writer and director of that episode are cited.
8. Dozens of examples are included for online source types such as podcast episodes, social media posts, and YouTube videos. The use of emojis and hashtags is also explained.
Inclusive and bias-free language
Writing inclusively and without bias is the new standard, and APA’s new publication manual contains a separate chapter on this topi ...
CHAPTER
11 Storage Security
The primary concern of network security is to protect assets that reside on the
network. Naturally, the most significant of those assets is data. Data resides in
storage, which is either controlled or unmanaged. Storage technologies have
evolved over the past decade in complexity, capability, and capacity, and the
effectiveness of storage security controls and technologies has advanced
accordingly. Today’s storage technologies can protect data natively in many ways;
for example, many modern storage technologies include built-in encryption and
access control to protect confidentiality and integrity, redundancy to protect
availability, and onboard protection against malware.
In this chapter, we’ll cover the ways in which the built-in security features of
modern storage infrastructures can be leveraged to protect data. We’ll also look
at how to protect data on storage devices and platforms using additional
technologies outside the native functionality of storage systems, to remediate
residual risks to that data. And finally, we’ll review best practices for building
storage infrastructures to provide the best protection for data assets. Let’s begin
with a look at how storage security has changed in recent years.
Storage Security Evolution
When the first edition of this book was published almost ten years ago, 3.5-inch
floppy disk drives were still included on some computers. Being portable storage
devices, floppy disks were hard to secure. They were easily lost, or the data on
them became corrupted. They could be used to propagate malware, either
through files on the disk or through active code like the “girlfriend exploit” (as
described in Chapter 2, named for the infamous practice of breaking into a
network by giving a disk containing exploit software to a significant other who
works there, and instructing her to run the program). The use of floppy disks was
largely phased out by the late 2000s.
The next generation of storage devices, compact discs (CDs) and digital video
discs (DVDs), posed a unique threat due to their longevity. Unlike other, more
volatile storage media, these polycarbonate-encased metal optical data storage
devices seem like they will last forever if handled properly. While optical discs
are great for reliability and availability of data, their longevity elicits concerns of
its own. If you place private, confidential data on a CD or DVD and then misplace
https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/information-security-the/9780071784351/ch2.html
the disc, who knows how long it might stick around and who may discover it in
the future. For this reason, optical storage devices were banned in many
corporate environments, especially those required to comply with privacy
regulations. Moreover, once the data is burned to the media, it can’t be changed,
so you can’t retroactively apply protection to it.
Flash drives (USB sticks and the like) have exploded in ...
Chapter 02 Video Case - Banking on NatureVideo Transcript In 2008MaximaSheffield592
Chapter 02: Video Case - Banking on NatureVideo Transcript:> In 2008, Mark Tercek gave up a powerful position at Goldman Sachs to become president of the Nature Conservancy. It is the world's largest environmental group. And now he's trying to change the way that we think about business and the environment. Mark Tercek, welcome.>> Thank you>> So when you talk about changing the way people think about business and the environment, what you have brought to the table here is a partnership between businessu and an environmental group. And you've received some criticism for that.>> Yeah, we think about nature. It's got tremendous value for people. You should think about nature as infrastructure, something to invest in, to improve economies, to improve jobs, to improve life. And so of course we want out allies to include the government, working joes, but business as well. And big business increasingly has a huge environmental footprint. So if we can work with business, help them understand that taking better care of the environment is good for their business, we think they can really be powerful allies to the environmental movement.>> How does somebody go from one of the biggest of businesses, Goldman Sachs, at the height of the boom to a nature non-profit?>> Yeah, I think I've really been fortunate. I worked at Goldman Sachs for 25 years. I had a very positive experience there. Near the end of my career I wanted to shift gears. My boss at the time, Hank Paulson, said, I was thinking about leaving the firm in 2005 to become an environmentalist. He said no, stay at the firm and build an environmental effort at the firm. So Hank and I did that together. We looked for business opportunities that made business sense and that were good for the environment. It went really well. I'm really proud of what we accomplished there. And I became so convinced of this opportunity I went all the way and joined the Conservancy. I was very fortunate. The Conservancy was a great organization before I got there. That's for sure. I have the good privilege of leading it today, and we're excited about what we can do.>> How many of those opportunities are out there today, by the way? Investments that are good for business and for the environment at the same time?>> You know, we think it's almost unlimited, to be honest. We're just beginning to scratch the surface. But in case after care we work closely with companies who have a big environmental footprint. We help them understand how their business depends on nature, and the better they understand that the more incentivized they are by good old profit motives, chairholder value maximization motives to do a better job of being environmental stewards. That's a great weapon in our work.>> Hank Paulson went on to lead the Treasury when you went on to lead the Nature Conservancy. I wonder, how do you convince, because sometimes it's not in a business's best interests as far as their bottom line is concerned, to be environmental ...
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Chapter 1 - Overview Gang Growth and Migration Studies v A
1. Chapter 1 - Overview
Gang Growth and Migration Studies
v A
Now we will examine the problems and issues of not having a
nationally accepted definition for a street gang. We will also
examine mechanisms that influence gang migration and growth.
After reading this section you will also understand that there are
sub-populations within the general gang population.
Two of the most frequently asked questions about the gang sub-
culture are: Why do gangs grow? Why do gangs migrate? Some
law enforcement officials, politicians, educators and parents
might suggest and believe that youth in their city are only
“imitating” tougher L.A. street gangs or that the gang problem
in their jurisdiction is result of migrating gang members from
Los Angeles or Chicago. You will hear the terms “wanna be” or
“street comer groups” or “misguided youth” used to describe the
groups and you can be given a number of reasons why the
groups in these areas are not gangs. You might also hear
comments suggesting that gang imitation and migration are the
reasons why street gangs have now been reported in all 50
states.
Gang Definition
There is another issue here that has to be addressed before the
questions can be asked. It is accepting a standard to measure
gang growth and migration. That standard is the definition of a
street gang. Developing and then using a nationally accepted
definition for a street gang becomes the fundamental basis to
build examination of growth and migration. Having a standard
definition becomes the fundamental building block to answer
the two questions.
Studying gang growth is a little more complicated than just
surveying cities for data. Without a standard gang definition to
2. identify a gang, any official findings could be biased and
misleading. Any responding jurisdiction could potentially use a
different definition to identify the gangs in their area. Often,
law enforcers, the public, educators and politicians use a penal
code gang based definitions of a criminal street gang as a
general working definition for a street gang. If the gang does fit
within this legal definition used for penalty enhancement only,
then the group is not reported as a gang according to this
philosophy. The jurisdiction has no gangs. You can clearly see
the issue here.
This will certainly lead to under reporting the number and types
of street gangs present. Using a legal based definition of a street
gang is appropriate from a prosecutor’s point of view.
Unfortunately, too many communities, politicians, educators,
parents and law enforcement officials use this philosophy. This
way of thinking will only reinforce denial and delay the
identification and treatment of the gang-community issue.
Many states now have gang enhancement laws similar to
California Penal Code Section 186.22. In California this law is
commonly known as the STEP Act. It outlines a legal definition
for a violent criminal street gang. That definition is used to
qualify a defendant(s) for sentencing
46
Gang Growth and Migration Studies
enhancement, after being convicted for any number of specific
crimes listed in the legal text. The crimes that qualify are felony
grade and are commonly committed by street gang members.
The California code defines a criminal street gang as:
Any on-going organization, association or group of three or
more persons, whether formal or informal, having as one of its
primary activities, the commission ofone or more ofthe criminal
acts enumerated...
The enumerated section refers to a long list of serious crimes
ranging from murder and carjacking to money laundering and
3. extortion. If a gang member is convicted of an alleged crime,
and the crime is proven to benefit the gang, the enhancement
will be applied when sentenced by the court. In 2006, the
California legislature added ID theft and a few other fraud type
crimes to the list. Enhancements like PC 186.22 are used as a
deterrent to gang violence. If you get convicted of a gang
related crime that fits the legal definition you can be sentenced
to a longer term in jail.
All gangs have the willingness, readiness and capability to use
violence. But, much of the street gang life entails delinquent-
type behavior and misdemeanor law violations. Often, the
community over looks this behavior and they will become
alarmed until a serious violent crime occurs. Many people,
including law enforcement officials, politicians and parents
believe that a group has to be involved in a drive-by shooting or
murder for the group to be called a gang. And when this
happens, the behavior is referred to as an “isolated incident” or
a “spike in activity.” This way it is easier to say, “We do not
have a gang problem.”
Not all gang activity qualifies for prosecution under STEP Act
type laws. Therefore, a Step Act type or legal definition of a
street gang should not be used to define a gang or its activity. In
fact, many street gangs do not fit this very special legal
definition. As I suggested earlier, we need to use a simple more
direct approach. A good working definition for a street gang is:
1. Three or more individuals
2. in association
3. with a common identifier (like a name, graffiti, hand sign)
4. committing crime (infractions, misdemeanors, felony)
All gang members have the potential to commit violent acts.
Some of the more violent gangs commit and tend to have a
history of continual involvement in felony conduct. In fact,
many gang members commit delinquent acts and misdemeanor
crimes to benefit themselves and/or their gang. What I am
suggesting is that a gang is a gang, not a street comer group or
misguided youth. In other words, a group does not have to meet
4. a legal enhancement standard based on a penal code law to
qualify as a gang.
Still, there is no nationally accepted definition of a gang, even
between law enforcement agencies. Some other definitions
claim turf is an essential component. Others have self-admission
as a critical factor and another one requires that the group must
commit major felony level crimes before it should be considered
as a gang. State by state, there are literally dozens of
definitions. The academic professionals and social scientists
tend to use an academic based definition. Many schools use an
administrative based definition. Even the U.S. military has
developed their definition of what a street gang is. Sometimes,
the definition of a gang can literally change city-by-city and
county-by-county.
With so many definitions, it becomes virtually impossible to
accurately determine how many gang members and street gangs
exist in America. They are not measured in the same way.
Without accurate data, there is also no way to monitor the
growth and activity of street gangs. More importantly without
accurate data, it becomes difficult to use and place valuable
resources.
47
Chapter 1 - Overview
To complicate this issue a little more. Consider that it is
possible for a gang’s criminal activity to be dormant for a
while. It will appear as if the gang has gone away or it is no
longer involved in crime. Then, there is a sudden spurt of
reported criminal activity. As conflicts arise and develop gang
members will take part in retaliatory actions until the problem
is settled. Gangs that were dormant can become active again.
The cause of the sudden activity can be just about anything
from bad drug deals, insults to a stolen girl friend. Just because
there has not been a law enforcement response to the
neighborhood does not mean the gang has disbanded, it has just
5. been inactive.
Commonly, gangs tend to retaliate as the opportunity presents
itself. The majority of gang crime appears to be opportunistic in
nature. Most violent acts between gangs also appear to the
result of a chance encounter. Today, since so many gang
members are armed, especially when traveling outside their
home base, violent confrontation should be anticipated. But
there have been cases where a gang will wait for a year or more
before retaliating and where they have planned an attack.
No wonder it is so difficult to get an accurate picture of what is
going on. This is why a standard definition needs to be used. It
will provide a vehicle for us to get an accurate pulse on the
number of gang members and street gangs in the country. It will
also become the basis to track this data. And it will help to
distribute the appropriate resources to minimize the impact of
gangs in our communities.
Growth
The information that helps explain the national situation is
limited. Let’s take a look at some data collected by the U.S.
Department of Justice. A 1997, Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) report was based on
information collected in a 1995 survey of police and sheriff
departments. When the data was analyzed, some surprising
findings were reported on the number and size of U.S. street
gangs.
According to the National Youth Gang Center gangs are not
reported in all 50 states. Trend wise, there was a large increase
in the number of identified and reported gangs in the mid to late
1990s. The number of gangs being reported actually decreased
staring 1999 and remained that way until 2004. Beginning in
2005 the number of gang being reported in the country again
started to increase. The same trend could be seen with the actual
number ofgang members being reported. This is all based on
law enforcement data (IIR, 2009)
What causes findings like this to be reported? During the 1995
survey, the country as a whole was becoming aware of the street
6. gang phenomenon. One factor was the reported growth in the
number of street gangs in the country. Malcolm Klein, a well -
known University of Southern California sociologist, confirmed
the growth of street gangs, by studying the number of cities
across the country that reported the presence of street gangs.
Amazingly, Klein’s studies revealed only 58 cities across the
country reporting street gang activity in 1960. That number
grew to 101 cities in 1970. In 1980, 179 cities across the
country reported gang activity. Not surprising, most of the
reported gangs were on the west coast in California. By 1992,
769 cities reported the presence of street gangs (Klein, 1995).
By late 1998, street gangs were reported in all 50 states, with
over 1200 cities reporting the presence of street gangs. There is
abundant evidence of the growth of street gangs.
One Percent Rule
V
As the number of street gangs increased, the nation also
experienced a growth in the number of gang members.
Basically, the gang population exploded during this time. In
early 1980 there was thought to be only about 300,000 gang
members in the United States. At that time, California alone
reported almost 150,000 gang members in the state. Because of
denial, inaccurate reporting and non-reporting, there is no
accurate estimate for the country’s gang population. Many of
my peers and I suspect there were more gang members than
reported.
48
Gang Growth and Migration Studies
Other reports from government agencies estimate the national
gang population between
650.000 and 850,000 members (National Drug Intelligence
Center and U.S. Department of Justice). The number of different
gangs also varies depending on what study is used. The
estimates vary between 25,000 and 35,000 gangs. In April, 2008
7. the U.S. department of Justice submitted a report that suggested
there were 1 million gang members in the country (US DOJ,
2008). It is logical to see how the findings are dependent on the
survey responses. The responses become the critical variable in
determining an accurate picture. With a tendency to under
report or not report gang activity, it is easy to see how official
findings may be inaccurate.
The findings of informal studies I conducted in several cities in
California, Washington, Nevada, Arizona and Georgia suggest a
different outcome. I used the definition of a street gang
mentioned in this text and spoke with gang investigators. I
believe a more accurate estimation of the U.S. gang population
comes from what I call the “one percent rule.” This theory
states that gang populations will run about one percent or less
ofthe general population. The ad hoc studies conducted suggest
this, whether a single city or an entire county is examined. The
findings suggest that the total gang population accounts for less
than one percent of the general population. They tend to be
between .6 and .7 percent.
There were a few exceptions. In locations where gangs
originally developed, a slightly higher percentage was
calculated. In these cities the data suggested that gang
populations on average ran between .7 and .9 percent, but not
greater than 1.1 percent based on 2004 data. The data from ICE
deportations also suggests that illegal immigrant gang
populations run about 1 percent of the total deported population
(Valdez, 2009). The U.S. military also suggests that active duty
military personnel who are involved in gangs runs around 1
percent or less of the entire active duty population (Smith,
2008).
For example, in 2005 the general Los Angeles County
population was estimated at 9.935 million people (U.S. Census
Bureau, 2006). Los Angeles is also considered to be the
birthplace of Flispanic gangs. In March 2006, the Cal -Gang
intelligence system reported an estimated
89.000 street gang members in the county. The one percent
8. theory predicts that .89 percent of the L.A. population were
gang members. The same analysis in Orange and San Diego
counties (California) suggested a .85 percent gang population.
In other cities that I have been able to get statistical data on
gang populations, gang populations are well under one percent.
Reported gang populations change for many reasons. Anecdotal
law enforcement evidence from 1993-2006 tends to support that
theory. The latest data from Los Angeles County suggests that
the gang population is less than 1 percent of the general
population that is a change from 1998. This is a great example
of the value of using a standard definition for a gang member
and street gang. You can track, compare and develop a history
of the number of gang members, types of street gangs and gang
related activity accurately.
Based on these ad hoc studies and using this theory let’s
examine the U.S. population. The last census (2000) estimated
the national population close to 285 million people. The one
percent theory suggests that the U.S. gang population should be
closer to 2 million. This is more than double the highest
Department of Justice estimate. If this is true the gang problem
is more severe than we want to believe or previously thought.
Under estimation ofgang populations and activity can hinder or
prevent the implementation of suppression, intervention and
prevention programs. The inaccurate data can cause a false
sense of security to develop.
If you also take into account the fact that the U.S. population
reached a benchmark size in October, 2006 the gang populations
could be higher. By October, 2006 there were over 300 million
people living in the country. This would predict that the gang
population should be closer to 2.5 million, triple the highest
academic based estimate.
Age and Activity
In California the number of street gang members was estimated
at 300,000 (California Department of Justice, 2003. If that
estimate is accurate, in that state, gang members outnumber
49
9. Chapter 1 - Overview
the police three to one. Nationally, the majority of street gang
members are adults. Juvenile gang members only comprise 20-
25 % ofthe total street gang population. What gang population
is the most criminally active? Media reports help suggest that
the juvenile population is the most active. Other surveys
suggest the adult gang population is the most active. In reality,
it is neither population. It is both.
We should look at the 14-24 year-old age group. The crime rates
within this age group have been very dynamic and continue to
rise. In fact, the homicide rate in this age group was estimated
to be five times higher than just the adult or juvenile age group.
This suggests that this combination age group might become a
key in developing models about street gangs.
Ad hoc studies suggest that the 14-24 year-old age group
becomes a critical factor when studying street gangs. By
examining this age group, I have found that it contains
approximately 65-70% of the total street gang population. Like
the one percent theory, there are a few exceptions. In a few
areas of the country the percentage may be a bit lower.
Knowing that the majority of street gang members fall into this
combination age group, examining this age group will help give
a clearer picture of street gang activity. One issue becomes to
try to establish the size ofthis group. Again, not using a
standard definition will lead to a biases finding. This issue
becomes a little more complicated because of the non-and under
reporting of gang activity, number of gangs and number of gang
members. However, the U.S. Department of Justice predicted
that by 2006 the overall 14-24 age population will reach 30
million. It did by November of that year. That is the largest this
population has ever been.
In those areas of the country where street gangs originated, the
14-24 year -old age group represents about 50-55 percent of the
population. This may occur in these areas because the gang
10. population is a lot older and more established verses locations
where the gangs were recently established. You should
recognize that gang membership spans a complete age spectrum.
For example, using December 1998 Cal-Gang data for Orange
County, California, the youngest gang member reported was an
8-year-old Hispanic male and the oldest was a 59 year old
Hispanic female. Shockingly, across the country children as
young as 7 years old have been reported to be gang members.
In rural parts of America, the 14-24 year-old-age group may
comprise the entire gang population. This may be true
especially if the gang is newly established. This tends to occur
in smaller towns and rural America because of the
demographics of the youth population. In these adolescent
gangs, there are no old timers, age wise around. The gang itself
has not been around long enough to have older gang members.
The gang members who refer to themselves as OG’s or
veteranos (veterans) may be in their early teens. Today, gang
membership covers a complete age spectrum and shows no
gender or racial boundaries.
However, for the greatest potential impact of any strategy this is
the age group that should be targeted for suppression,
intervention and prevention programs. This is the age group
were the greatest dollar return can be realized. This issue may
also be true for street gangs that develop outside America,
especially in under developed countries where poverty and
unemployment is high.
Migration
It has been suggested that California based gangs migrated to
other parts of the country and then started new gangs or sets of
their own gang. This may have been concluded partly because
gangs in other parts of the country displayed many
characteristics and behaviors that were consistently encountered
with L.A. based street gangs. The challenge becomes to identify
what mechanisms and/or societal factors really accounted for
this national gang growth; and to determine whether or not a
gang brand name was adopted.
11. Klein’s population studies in the early 1990s also suggested that
most gangs were home grown. Believe it or not, most street
gangs are a function of local geography and demographics.
50
Gang Growth and Migration Studies
During the late 1980s and early 1990s law enforcement did not
report many Los Angeles or Chicago based gangs in new areas.
There were a few cases, but nothing indicative of a developing
national trend. Prior to and during the period when Klein
conducted his studies, there was little if any documented street
gang movement between states.
But don t forget, it is during this time period the gangster rap
music industry was developing, movies started to have gang
themes, the media was making the public aware of increasing
gang violence, there were numerous newspaper and magazine
articles about street gangs and the use of the Internet was
increasing. Society was changing and still continues to. What
these communication medias did was help export the gang
culture to other states and worldwide. By the mid to late 1990s
it was apparent that the gang culture had literally saturated the
country and was entering mainstream society.
Consistent with Klein’s studies, many law enforcement
officials, including myself also concluded that migrating gang
members had a minimal influence on the formation of street
gangs outside California between the early 1990s. But one thing
was noted by law enforcement. When the occasional move did
happen, transplanted gang member(s) had a profound effect on
the local community where they resettled. Law enforcement
observed that when the move happened, other street gangs had a
tendency to form.
However, this may not be the case now. Since the mid 1990s
west coast and Chicago based gangs have been reported in many
states. Currently, it appears that gang migration is on the rise
and having a greater impact than before. Some of the newly
12. arrived gangs tend to be a bit more organized than their parent
groups.
Something also happens after the arrival of a west coast or
Chicago based gang member. That transplanted gang member
assumes an immediate degree of street stature simply because
he or she is from California or Chicago. In the gang culture,
there is an automatic street status given to any gang member
who claims to hail from California, especially southern
California or Chicago.
Gang migration can also be intra and interstate. Gangs can move
from city to city within a state and from state to state for a
variety of reasons. The intrastate migration of gang members
can account for the presence ofnew sets or cliques of a
particular gang in new areas of the state. For example, a gang
that is known to be active in one particular state may now be
active in another state. A question still exists, what mechanisms
account for these migrations?
Immigration
In addition, the constant influx of new immigrants adds to the
gang equation. Some gangs specifically recruit from these
populations or form new gangs themselves. 18th Street and
Mara Salvatrucha are good examples ofthis. When a new Latino
based gang forms, it will often use a west coast gang name.
There may even be a southern California based street gang with
the same name. Many times there is no direct or formal
connection to the California based street gang. But, there is an
assumption made by mid-west and east coast based gangs. If
you claim membership to a gang that appears to be a southern
California gang, all of the members have to be from California.
This gives members of the gang instant recognition.
This also occurs when a transplanted Los Angeles based gang
member gets relocated he receives instant street respect from
the local gang. Using the name of a southern California based
gang tends to enhance the new gang’s reputation. This
phenomenon has been well documented with Hispanic and
African-American types of gangs that have formed in the mid-
13. west and east coast. Even though this is not a true form of gang
migration, it tends to be a leading cause for the formation ofnew
cliques that claim a southern California affiliation in the mid-
west and east coast.
By the late 1990s Southern California based street gangs have
established themselves in the Mid-west and East Coast through
other mechanisms which tended to support the theory that
51
Chapter 1 - Overview
there had been an increasing level ofgang migration. There can
be a number ofmechanisms that contribute to gang migration.
Individually they might impact the number of migrating gang
members. However, collectively then have a larger impact than
most people would like to believe.
We need a word of caution here. There is a tendency for the
public to define all or the majority of immigrant population
based on the actions of a very small number of immigrants.
Experience and anecdotal evidence suggest just the opposite. A
small percentage of immigrants get involved in street gangs;
remember around 1 percent. Sadly, this small percentage is able
to dictate how a large percentage of us live. You must also
consider two basic types of migration processes; transnational
and national immigration and migration. One focuses on
movement within a country and the other on movement between
countries.
Quality of Life
Family moving could be another factor that influences migration
and immigration. When a family moves to a new community to
get their children out of an unsafe environment many times
these families already have a child absorbed in the gang life.
All too often, this environmental issue is the only one
addressed. Many parents have told me, ‘7 thought moving
would get my child out of the gang” In essence, the gang
mentality and behaviors that were within a child were never
14. dealt with and they were taken to the new home.
Ifthere is an existing street gang in the new area, these youth
tend to migrate toward them. It is almost as if they are on
autopilot. Regardless of how the parents try to prevent this, the
same problems appear and again the family unit is
compromised.
Under the same circumstances if there are no gangs in these
areas, the transplanted families inadvertently can potentially
bring a gang seed with them. The child now becomes a big fish
in a little pond. These children sometimes start up new gangs or
factions of the gang they belonged to. In the mid- west and east
coast, these gangs tend to take on a distinct west coast style.
They may even use names like Sureno, Sureno-13, Crips,
Bloods, MS-13, or 18th Street.
I would like you to try and remember a concept we all learned
in high school biology. Osmosis is a simple concept; between a
cell membrane water seeks to be in equal concentrations. So
water will cross the membrane until it is in equal
concentrations. I want you to consider our southern border as an
economic membrane. There is migration across the membrane
by people in search of work and opportunity. Criminals take
advantage of this behavior and blend in with those coming
across the border. Based on the actions of those few criminals
entire populations are labeled. This is known as stereotyping.
Employment
There are many minimum wage paying jobs in the mid-west and
east coast. These types of jobs are an ideal form of employment
for immigrant and migrant working families. The search for
employment has driven west coast and newly arrived families to
move to where the work is. When the family makes the
transition they bring along their children. Some youth are
members or associates of southern California based street
gangs, others can be become part of a new victim or recruitment
pool.
Once relocated, these youth have instant notoriety with the local
youth because they are gang members from southern California.
15. In turn some form a clique of their L.A. based gang, recruiting
from the local youth pool and establish a southern California
based street gang in the mid-west or east coast. The local youth
pool can also include immigrant youth.
There are a number of seasonal agriculture working families
that make a living by traveling to where the work is. As the
agricultural seasons change, the families move to the next area
in search of employment. Sometimes the children attend local
schools. The new children become
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Gang Growth and Migration Studies
the target of local gangs. They may form a gang initially for
protection and the cycle starts again. 1 hese types of relocations
can be frequent or semi-permanent.
Klein, Maxson and Miller (2001) suggest that families searching
for employment are one mechanism that aids in gang migration.
Families will relocate to get a better paying job or to increase
job opportunities. In an attempt to increase the family’s quality
of life the move often also transplants gang members from one
are to another. They are correct the economic membrane is
crossed everyday for this very reason.
Probation / Parole
Another mechanism for intrastate migration is the parole and
probation system. When a gangster is released from prison or
local jail, he or she may be paroled or place on a probation
grant in a different county or a different part of the state. The
relocated parolee or probationer will have to stay within the
jurisdictional area and could establish a new set or clique of his
gang. When this happens, the newly formed gang tends to be the
rival of any existing gang, especially if the gang is turf
oriented.
Forced Moves
Sometimes moves may be forced. Factors that have forced the
move have included when a family member is relocated through
16. a victim/witness program. Or a family member is injured and
the family relocates near the treatment center. Sometimes a
family is evicted from a rented residence. In some cases, the
family moves near the prison where a husband, son, daughter is
incarcerated. Regardless of the reason, younger siblings who are
involved in gangs are brought with the family. The gang again
can be transplanted.
Siblings who have a dysfunctional family life may be forced to
move. They may relocate to a relative or friend’s home. Often
here are only temporary accommodations. Sometimes these
youth will live on the street because they have no money to
afford rent.
Gang Alliances
Another mechanism that helps inter and intra state gang
migration is the establishing of gang alliances for national
criminal activities. Gangs from the west coast can establish
working relationships with gangs from the mid-west or east
coast. These relationships can assist to establish national drug
routes or money laundering operations.
Recent law enforcement observations have confirmed some
unusual alliances between west coast gangs and gangs from the
mid-west. Normally these gangs are rivals with each other. A
few business relationships have been documented and it is
theorized that the reason for the cooperation between the gangs
is for making money through the drug trade.
Because ofthe advent oftrans-national gangs cliques ofthe same
gang may have contacts in other countries. These alliances may
be difficult to track and monitor. In addition, trans-national
contacts can facilitate gang related criminal activities and
present prosecution issues.
Crime
Some gangs operate as mobile criminal enterprises as commonly
seen with some of the Asian gangs, especially with some Indo-
Chinese gangs. When traveling from city to city, county to
county and from state to state occasionally a gang member or
two will remain behind. It may be because of a disagreement
17. between gang members or simply because they like the area.
When this happens only a short period passes before these gang
members start recruiting members to form a new gang or they
join an existing street gang.
Indo-Chinese gangs are not the only street gangs to do this.
Some Hispanic, African-American, White and Skinhead gangs
have traveled within different parts of a state to commit crime
for profit. The Indo-Chinese gangs are not the only street gang
to travel to commit
53
Chapter 1 - Overview
crime. As a group, they attempt that type of crime more often
than other street gangs. Traveling to commit criminal activity
becomes another type of migration mechanism.
Based on the findings of current research drug trafficking
appears to be a major factor in gangs migrating between states,
within states and out ofthe country (National Alliance of Gang
investigators, 2005).
Military
Another migration mechanism involves an unwilling participant,
our U.S. military. The armed forces need to keep our military in
a ready state. This necessitates transfers and re-assignments.
This movement becomes a built-in mechanism that has been
used by enlisted gang members. These gang members use the
military as a resource. Transfers and re-assignments can also
facilitate the gang recruitment process. It is easy to understand
why all types of gangs are represented in our national military
installations, overseas and aboard Navy surface vessels.
The longer an unnoticed enlisted gang member can stay in the
military, the more transfers and relocations he can get. An
active gang recruiter can recruit and spread his gang all over the
world. The key is to be a good soldier, marine, airman or
seaman. The enlisted person that brings the least attention to
himself is never noticed. In the military, this can be easily
18. accomplished by doing your job.
As enlisted/officer transfers occur, family moves are inevitable.
If a dependant belongs to a local street gang off base before the
move, when the family relocates to new base, so does the gang
member and gang. Just as in the civilian population, the
dependant gang member(s) can become a big fish on a base with
little or no gang problem. This can be particularly perplexing
for any military police or investigative service. To compound
the issue the military is generally not allowed to keep gang
intelligence files. As a result the military police and
investigative service units assigned to one base often do not
pass on information to sibling units at other bases. Intra and
inter communications between other branches of the service id
non-existent when it comes to sharing intelligence on gang
activity.
Divorce
A divorce or separation is not thought of as a gang migration
mechanism. But a family break up can be just that.
Unfortunately, the United States has seen a decline in the
traditional two-parent family. One early 1990s estimate
indicated that 18 million American children (27 percent of the
nation’s children) are growing up in single parent homes. As
divorce and separation rates continue to climb we see the un-
anticipated impact on gang migration.
Youth are more likely to have problems when parents divorce or
separate. This makes them prime targets for the gang
association and membership. If a child is already part of gang to
escape an emotional or physically abusive home, the subsequent
court ordered custody to one parent and subsequent move
become the mechanism that allows that gang member to move.
This can happen whether the re-location and parent assignment
is voluntary or court ordered.
These divorces and custody battles can be very emotional and
ultimately the children bear the blunt. No matter what is done or
said many times the children feel they are responsible for the
divorce. As the children are tugged between households, they
19. yearn for a consistent family life. The gang family can offer
that. As one 16 year-old gangster told me, “My homies,
myfamily is always therefor me.” The sad fact is the
replacement or gang family demancls unquestioned loyalty and
with that loyalty comes a commitment and willingness to
employ violence.
Schools
Sometimes, gang migrations may be caused by a school
expulsion. If a child is expelled from school, often the student
gang member relocates to a relative or friends home in a new
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Gang Growth and Migration Studies
school district. This type of student then registers in the new
school district; enters the student population and brings his
gang mentality with him. All too often, the new school
experiences the presence ot the gang member transplant very
quickly. Teachers have commented they first notice the new
gang member’s presence through written schoolwork or through
classroom behavior.
Some students do make an attempt to turn their lives around.
However, as new students sometimes the existing students
immediately single them out. If the new school already has an
existing gang influence, the new student’s entry can be difficult.
This is especially true if the new student has gang tattoos,
because the tattoos would advertise his gang membership to a
foreign gang.
Do not forget that some gang members go to college. When they
enroll they also can enroll their gang life style. This can be seen
in college dorm life. Although somewhat more subtle than
living in the neighborhood, the gang presence is almost always
noticed.
Drug/Human Trafficking
The previously mention factors in themselves may not be
considered as migration influences by other professionals.
20. Individually, they may not impact gang migration much.
Collectively they do. Of all the migration factors the next one is
probably the most influential. Probably because money is
involved and gang members tend to make illegal activities the
primary way to develop income.
The trafficking of illegal drugs and human beings has become a
common enterprise that some street gangs have engaged in.
Research also suggests that younger street gang members are
selling drugs. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention reported in the executive summary for the 1998
National Gang survey that one third of the youth gangs were
drug selling gangs (OJJDP, 1998).
Not at the organized level associated with major drug cartels or
prison gangs. But at the street level and the dealers tend to be
younger local street gang members (National Drug Intelligence
Center, 1998). And why not? The country as a whole contains
about 1/21st of the world’s population. As a nation we consume
over 50 percent of the world’s illegal drugs (DEA, 1999).
Evidence to support this theory may have some anecdotal
origin, but it is strong. For example, in 2006 a 2400 foot long
tunnel was found leading from a home in Mexico to another
home across the border in the San Diego area. DEA officials
were able to show that the tunnel complete with lighting and
ventilation was used to transport drugs into the United States. A
drug dealer can make enormous amounts of unreported income
selling drugs. A sales territory can become very important,
especially to those who use and are addicted to drugs.
This candid observation becomes important when discussing
gang migration. Drug dealers need product to sell. The drugs
that are sold locally come from drug suppliers who often
operate out of the country. Sometimes the suppliers are often
trusted members of the gang, extended family members or
trusted dealers. If you relocate to another part of the country
there is a tendency to maintain your relationships with your
drug connections back home.
This implies that if you are a west coast transplant your drug
21. supply comes from the west coast. This in turn facilitates the
interstate transport of illegal drugs. And in turn, spawns a new
tentacle within the gang sub-culture to develop a specialty
crime; drug trafficking. Gang members and associates are used
for the interstate transport of drugs for their street gangs. This
includes using public transportation like buses and trains,
personal cars and commercial airlines.
An academic study (Goldstein and Huff, 1993) tends to support
three mechanisms that influence this type of gang migration.
Moving into smaller cities means that competition between drug
dealers and suppliers tends to be less intense because there are
fewer gang
55
Chapter 1 - Overview
members. This makes it easier for migration gang members to
establish narcotic trafficking. The first street gang into a
specific location is able to designate its own boundaries. This
can allow a gang to develop a monopoly. This type of scenario
can also allow members of this gang to claim they own the
entire town. Of course the gang will have to defend this drug
sales turf from other gangs.
Secondly, illegal drugs are often more scarce in smaller cities
and rural towns. This will provide a mechanism to make a
greater profit. Remember the law of supply and demand. A low
supply of product will result in higher prices. All we have to do
is remember what happened during the gas shortages. This
factor will continue to be important because the majority of
drug supply lines bypass rural towns and small cities.
Last, in rural towns and small cities the local law enforcement
may be less experienced at dealing with gang members, and or
gang members who traffic illegal drugs (Jensen and Yerington,
1997). It should be no surprise to note the executive summary
of the 1998 National Youth Gang survey also suggested that
rural America was seeing the largest increase of gang that sell
22. drugs (OJJDP, 2000).
Gang Studies
The street gang phenomenon had relatively little scientific
inquiry until the 1970s. Prior to that time, only a few academic
studies on the dynamics, profiles, types or the customs and
practices of street gangs where conducted. It has been generally
accepted that a study completed by Thrasher (1927) was the
first gang research project in the country. However, the majority
of research on street and prison gangs is less than 50 years old
and much of that, less than 15 years old. Even though gang
behaviors can be traced back to colonial America only a few
studies done in 1960 sparked the interest in street gang
research.
There were a couple of societal influences that sparked a 1970s
academic interest in street gangs. One was certainly media
coverage. The entertainment and music industry took advantage
of the gang sub-culture. Movies gave fictional accounts of what
street gang life should be while glorifying street gang violence.
Hardcore rap music today still continues to express a great
anger with the system. Hard core rap song lyrics promote the
idea of a conspiracy by White America to systematically
eradicate the Black man. The use violence against women and
the police was and still is a popular theme. These themes are
also carried in Hispanic gang and White Supremacist rap music.
The advent of watching live police shootings and pursuits on
national television also aided in the spread ofwhat I call
vicarious violence. People watched TV, saw the movie or
listened to the rap music, then walked away, as if nothing has
happened. There was no consequence, because what was
experienced was entertainment. Without realizing it, many
young people experienced violence and nothing physically
happened to them, or so it was thought. Many criminal justice
professionals have known about this phenomenon that mental
health professionals have observed and commented about.
Two things can happen. First, the viewer or listener has a
tendency to become desensitized. Secondly, for some people,
23. the movie characters are not fictional, but real life people. The
rap music lyrics are not only representative and just verbal
frustrations of a small segment of the African-American
population. For some gang members they actually represent
their real struggles against the police and the establishment.
Some gang members identify with the rap music artist or movie
character.
The result, of course, is that for some young people, fiction
becomes reality. Some street gangsters began, have and
continue to aspire to be like the character they saw in the
movie. In fact, for some gang members there is a direct
connection between the movies and their own lives. In 1999
Jokey, a female gang member from the Drifters street gang, in
Los Angeles said, “... people spend seven dollars to go to a
movie and see what I live everyday for free” An
56
Gang Growth and Migration Studies
astonishing remark for a pregnant female gang member who was
smoking marijuana laced with crack. She also chose to be
homeless and was only 18 years old.
Ironically, only a few major news networks produce specials
about life in the gang sub-culture. When they are aired, some
criminal justice experts claim these specials only glorify the
gang life. Investigative reporters have told me they believe the
public has a right to know about street life. Chris Blatchford,
investigative reporter, FOX News, Channel 11, Los Angeles
told me in an interview, “that some reporters might have a
tendency to push because of the intense competition between
news agencies. ” Blatchford was also quick to point out that
reporters have a job to do and that job is to get the news out.
Formal academic studies tend to show that the street gang life
for the majority of street gang members is nothing like what is
portrayed in the news specials. This is true. The reality is that
street gang life is mixture of both perspectives. The academic
24. studies may show what the majority of street gang members do.
The news specials document what the violent minority does.
From a criminal justice perspective, we deal with the violent
minority most of our time. Research suggests that the violent
minority gang membership is thought to be somewhere between
8-10 percent of the total gang population and appears to be
responsible for about 52 percent of the violent gang crime
(Smith and Kent, 1995).
Another factor that prompted formal studies was the growth
ofviolent gang crime in the late 70s and early 80s. These
changes in crime trends also caused academic professionals,
social scientists and criminal justice professionals to look at
specific age groups. As foretold, the mid 1990s became the
crime peak that many professionals predicted in the late 1970s
and early 1980s. But something odd happened, instead of a
rising through the mid to late 1990s, the crime rates took a
slight downward trend and then leveled off, during 1997 and
1998.
The violent crime rates still continued to drop slightly into the
year 2000. Some crime categories stayed static during 2003 and
2004 and a few tended to rise. Although violent gang homicides
seem to be stable, violent assaults that do not include murder
are on the increase. Drug trafficking by gang members was also
on the rise during 2003 and 2004.
A national attitude soon developed. We are safer now because
the crime rate has dropped. The media was the tool used to
spread the good news by citing U.S. Department of Justice
reports based on crime rate data for juveniles and adults. This
has helped promote an attitude that there is no longer a
problem. Well, I don’t completely agree with this interpretation
of the crime rate data. Yes, ifwe look at just adult and juvenile
crime rates separately, there has been a decrease and
stabilization of the crime rates.
However, the level at which crime rates have stabilized it is still
3 to 5 times higher than they were in the 1960s. Just because the
crime rates have decreased and leveled off, are we really safe r?
25. Besides, the crime rate indexes show that violent juvenile crime
committed with a gun is still rising and offers no explanation of
why juvenile homicide rates increased 150 percent before
stabilizing. Nor does this change offer any explanation why
juvenile crime has out-paced adult crime between 1990 and
2000 and why it appears to continue to do so.
10-10-80 Theory
There is really no accurate way to determine the number of gang
members in the country because of the definition issue. Only
gross estimates can be made based on available data from
surveys on street gangs and gang populations. The gang
population has a minority membership that is involved in the
majority of violent crime. It is estimated to be somewhere
between 8 and 10 percent. The majority of the time gang life
involves around, legal, delinquent and misdemeanor behavior.
All gangs have a willingness and potential to use violence.
Some street gangs violence randomly, as they feel it is needed
and some use violence consistently. Trend-wise, it appears that
more gang members are getting involved in drug sales. If this
increases, drug sales could fuel gang migration within and
without of a state.
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Chapter 1 - Overview
I want to present the 10-10-80 theory here. I am suggesting that
many formal academic studies work with about 80 percent of
the gang population. Most academic research does not target the
most active gang members in the country. The behavior models
that are developed and suggested may be accurate for 80 percent
of the gang population.
Research completed by the Westminster Police Department
suggests that the majority of violent gang crime (over 50
percent) is committed by 8 to 10 percent of the gang members
(Smith and Kent, 1995). This implies that there may a sub-group
of gang members within the general gang population. I concur
26. because anecdotal law enforcement evidence suggests that this 8
to 10 percent group accounts for a disproportional amount of
gang crime. Therefore, behavior models for this group may not
fit published academic models because they describe two
different groups of gang members. Basically we are comparing
lemons and oranges, both are citrus fruits but distinctly
different, yet both share many of the same characteristics.
In my theory I am also suggesting that the criminal justice
profession never contacts a small percentage of the gang
population. These gang members successfully conceal their
gang membership and activities much like many drug
traffickers. The actual percentages may be smaller a
comprehensive research project would ultimately be able to
determine that.
However, what my theory suggests is that the majority of gang
members do not commit the majority of the violent gang crime.
I suggest that a ratio exists between three sub-groups within the
general gang population and the relationships within these
groups affect suppression, intervention and prevention program
design and implementation. Criminal justice professionals and
the media often deal with the 10 percent group that commits the
majority of crime. Academic professionals deal with a majority
of the gang population. A small percentage, roughly 10 percent
are not contacted at all, hence the 10-10-80 name. These three
sub groups comprise the entire gang population (Valdez, 2000).
Summary
Even though a number of gang migration mechanisms have been
identified in this text there are probably more. In the early
1990s migrating gang members accounted for a limited number
ofnew gangs that formed across the country. When a migrating
gang member forms a new gang the impact may be felt
immediately. The exported gang culture and local societal
factors have had the greatest influence on the formation of
street gangs across the country. Most gangs form within the
geographical boundaries of their city or town and draw their
27. membership from the local population. However, migrating
gang members are having an increasing effect on this
phenomenon. A small percentage of gang members account for a
disproportionate amount of the violent gang related crime.
58