Muktesh Chander, an IPS officer, gave a presentation on the history and applications of hypnosis. He discussed how hypnosis has been practiced since ancient times under different names. In the 18th century, Franz Mesmer discovered "animal magnetism" which sparked further research. Hypnosis was later recognized by medical organizations as a valid technique and has various applications including pain relief and stress management. Chander addressed controversies around using hypnosis for witnesses and in criminal investigations. He recommended guidelines and safeguards for its evidentiary use.

1. Feb 18, 2015 1
A presentation by
Muktesh Chander IPS
BE,LLB, MA(Cr.),DCL,DHRM,Cert SQC&OR
FIETE,MCSI
Addl. Commissioner of Police
Crime, Delhi Police

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Muktesh Chander
 Ignorance
 Controversies
 Mysteries
 Negative Connotations
 Different perceptions
 Skepticism

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Muktesh Chander
 Stage Magicians
 Occultists
 Frivolous Practitioners
 Faith Healers
 Fiction books, movies & television

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Muktesh Chander
Truth from Myth
Fact from Fiction
Science from Superstition

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Muktesh Chander
Since ancient times
Embers papyrus of Egypt 1550 BC
“Sammohini” finds mention in Sushruta
Samhita (600BC) and in “Bhoj Prabhandh”
of Ballala Sen 527 AD.
Sleep Temples of Asclepius, Ancient Greek
Meditation

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Muktesh Chander
Franz Anton Mesmer (1774) a Viennese
Physician discovered what he called
“Animal Magnetism”.
Excitement due to discovery of electricity
and Magnetism.

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Muktesh Chander
Extravagant
Flamboyant
Dramatisation
Rich clients

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Muktesh Chander
John Elliotson 1791-1868 a London
Physician
Dr. James Esdaile 1808-1859 a Scottish
surgeon of East India Co.
Bernheim
Sigmund Freud
Contd..

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Muktesh Chander
Dr. Auguste Ambroise Liebeault
Dr. Jean Martin Charcot
Abbe Jose Faria from Goa (published
book “Causas do Sono Lucido”)

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Muktesh Chander
Statue of Jose Custodia
da Faria (Abbe Faria) in
front of Adil Khan Palace
(Old Secretariat) on the
bank of river Mandovi,
Panaji, Goa created by
sculptor Ram Chandra
Pandurang Kamat and
installed in 1945.
Photograph by Hari
Sirohi.

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Muktesh Chander
‘Sammohini Vidya’
Animal magnetism
Mesmerism
Somnambulism
Lucid Sleep
Monoideism
Contd..

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Muktesh Chander
Auto suggestion
Biofeedback
Relaxation Therapy
Neurolinguistic Programming

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Muktesh Chander
Hypnos= Sleep (Greek)
Coined by Dr. James Braid, English
Physician
Hypnosis is misnomer

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Muktesh Chander
Approval of British Medical Association
(1955)
American Medical Association (1958)
Canada
Australia
IMA still does not recognise Hypnosis

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Muktesh Chander
It is not magic or trick
It is not sleep
It is not unconsciousness
It is not power of strong mind over weak
It is not control of hypnotist over his
subject

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Muktesh Chander
British Medical Association
defines hypnotism as “A temporary
condition of altered attention in the
subject which may be induced by
another person and in which a
variety of phenomena may appear
spontaneously or in response to
verbal or another stimuli… "
Contd..

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Muktesh Chander
The Hypnotism Act of 1952 of UK
defines hypnotism as "any act or
process which produces or is
intended to produce in any person
any form of induced sleep or trance
in which the susceptibility of the
mind...is increased or intended to be
increased".

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Muktesh Chander
1. Law of concentrated attention
Whenever attention is concentrated on an idea over and over again, it
spontaneously tends to realize itself
2. Law of reversed effect
The harder one tries to do something, the less chance one has of success
3. Law of Dominant effect.
A strong emotion/suggestion tends to replace a weaker one

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Muktesh Chander
1. People are credulous
2. Any physiological or psychological
change tends to appear in a person if he is
expecting it

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Muktesh Chander
Conscious mind -------------- 10%
Sub-conscious mind --------------- 90%
In hypnosis brain switches to Alpha
Level(EEG response) and it is an altered
state of conscious with focused attention.
Ultimately all hypnosis is self hypnosis
only.

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Muktesh Chander
Pain relief
Stress Management
Removing fears/phobias
Self improvement
Hypnotherapy

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Muktesh Chander
Application of Hypnosis to
Victim
Witness
Accused ?
In the process of Criminal Justice System

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Muktesh Chander
Ability to recall details can be enhanced
(Hypermnesia)
Association with fear, shock, PTSD due to
conditioning can be removed
It is an aid to investigation
It is not a truth detection technique
It is not narco analysis

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Muktesh Chander
Standards
Frye Standard
Daubart Standard

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Muktesh Chander
1. Rock Vs Arkansas 1986 US Supreme
Court
2. Harding Vs State 1968 Maryland
Supreme Court
Open Admissibility Rule
Contd.

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Muktesh Chander
3. State V. Mack 1980 Minnesota Supreme
Court
People V. Shirley 1982 California
Supreme Court
Per Se Exclusion Rule
4. State V. Hurd 1981 New Jersey Court
Totality of circumstance or
Admissibility with safeguard Rule

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Muktesh Chander
1. Record prehypnotic version of witness
2. Informed consent
3. Well qualified, independent hypnotist
4. Session to be videotaped
5. Police not to be present
6. Avoid leading questions

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Muktesh Chander
"Just when a scientific principle or
discovery crosses the line between the
experimental and demonstrable stages is
difficult to define. Somewhere in this
twilight zone the evidential forces of the
principle must be recognised" -Frye
Standard. {Frye V.United States, 293
F.1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923)}

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Muktesh Chander
Maharaja Sayaji Rao University, Gujrat
offers PG Diploma in Clinical Hypnosis.
Indian Society of Clinical and
Experimental Hypnosis, Ahmedabad.
Number of Hypnotist available.

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Muktesh Chander
There is need to understand & use hypnosis
in select cases.
No Supreme Court judgment so far has
been used in some cases sporadically.

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Muktesh Chander
1. Hypnosis for Beginners by William W
Hawitt, published by Llewellyn Publications,
USA.
2. Hypnosis, Trance as a Coping Mechanism,
published by Plenum Medical Book
Company, New York.
3.Investigative Forensic Hypnosis by Joe
Niehaus, published by CRC Press.
Contd..

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Muktesh Chander
4. Hypnosis, Memory and Behaviour in
Criminal Investigation by McKonekey, K.M.
& Sheehan, PW, published by Guil Ford,
New York.
5. Hand book of Investigative Hypnosis by
Reiser M, published by LEHI, Los Angels.
Contd..

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Muktesh Chander
6. Hypnosis for Change by Josie Hadley &
Carol Staudacher, published by Ballantine
Books, New York.
7. Hypnosis: Developments in Research and
New Perspectives by Fromm, Erika and Shor,
Ronald E., published by Aldine Publishing
Company.
Contd..

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Muktesh Chander
8.Texas State Police Guidelines on
Investigative Application of Hypnosis.
9. Hypnotic Hypermnesia by Dr. Relinger,
Helmet, American Journal of Clinical
Hypnosis, Vol 26 (3),1984.
Contd..

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Muktesh Chander
10. Facilitating Memory with Hypnosis by
G.F. Wago staff & others, International
Journal of Clinical and Experimental
Hypnosis, Oct-2004.
11.Criminal Resource Manuals 287 to 295
US Deptt. of Justice.
Contd..

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Muktesh Chander
12. The use of Hypnosis by the police in
investigation of crime. Home office circular
no. 66/1988, of U.K.
13.The Handbook of Forensic Psychology by
Allen K. Hess & Irving B. Weiner published
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
Contd..

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Muktesh Chander
14.Clinical Hypnosis and Memory:
Guidelines for Clinicians and Forensic
Hypnotists by American Society of Clinical
Hypnosis, 1995.
15.The Principles of Hypnosis by Dylan
Margan.
Contd..

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Muktesh Chander
16. Police Use of Investigative Hypnosis -by
Martin Reisea, American Journal of
Forensic Psychology, 1984 Vol.II, No.3.
17. http ://www.abbefaria.com
18.A Man Ahead of His Times by Dr.Mikhail
Buyanov, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1989.
Contd..

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Muktesh Chander
19. Hypnosis for the Seriously Curious by
Kenneth S. Bowers published by
Brooks/Cole publishing company, California.
20. Hypnosis in Medicine and Surgery by J.
Esdaile 1957, Julian Press, Inc.

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Muktesh Chander
E mail muktesh@bol.net.in
URL http://mukteshchander.tripod.com