Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. are his works still valid today? I think so. it is still valid in psychiatry and more valid in psychology and some other fields.

1. SIGMUND FREUDS CONTRIBUTION TO MODERN DAY
PSYCHIATRY PRACTICE IN NIGERIA.
IGBINLADE ADEDAMOLA SEGUN
(M.D.) V.N KARAZIN NAT’L UNIVERSITY, KHARKOV,
UKRAINE.
JUNIOR REGISTRAR, FETHI, IDO-EKITI, EKITI STATE,
NIGERIA.

2. OUTLINE
• LIFE OF SIGMUND FREUD
• NOTABLE WORKS OF SIGMUND FREUD
• DRAWBACKS TO HIS WORKS
• NEO FREUDIANS
• PSYCHOANALYSIS
• RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS IN PSYCHIATRY
• PSYCHIATRY IN NIGERIA
• RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS IN PSYCHIATRY IN
NIGERIA
• CONCLUSION

3. LIFE OF FREUD
• Sigmund Freud ( 1856-1939) was born in Freiburg, a small town
in Moravia, which is now part of the Czech Republic. When Freud
was 4 years old, his father, a Jewish wool merchant, moved the
family to Vienna, where Freud spent most of his life. Following
medical school, he specialized in neurology and studied for a year
in Paris with Jean-Martin Charcot. He was also influenced by
Ambroise-Auguste Liebeault and Hippolyte-Marie Bernheim, both
of whom taught him hypnosis while he was in France. After his
education in France, he returned to Vienna and began clinical
work with hysterical patients. Between 1887 and 1897, his work
with these patients led him to develop psychoanalysis.

4. End Of Life
• Nazi invaded Austria in 1938, and Freud fled to London
where he was till he died september 23rd 1939 at 83 yrs
after a 16yr battle with cancer
• Freud died of oral cancer in 1939, at the age of eighty-
three. The last sixteen years of his life were a series of
nicotine withdrawal symptoms, heart palpitations, painful,
dangerous surgeries, and the replacement of most of his
jaw with painful, inefficient substitutes. He smoked until
the end.

5. NOTABLE WORKS OF FREUD
• Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer discussed from which
the ‘talking cure therapy’ arose. This led to catharsis.
• By the time Freud started this with his patients he
encouraged patient to talk freely without inhibition. This
he termed ‘free association’
• At this point he started noticing patients had some form
of feelings for him, some affectionate, and some hostile.
This he termed ‘Transference’
Josef Breuer

6. NOTABLE WORKS OF FREUD
• SEDUCTION THEORY proposes that patient with hysteria
usually remembered and accuse someone usually an
older man of seducing and sometimes having their way
with them, this, he considered to be the basis of the
traumatic memory that caused hysteria
• Sigmund Freud and Wilhelm Fliess were friends and
rubbed minds together, especially the role of sex in
disorders.
• Dreams.
• OEDIPUS COMPLEX
• INFANTILE SEXUALITY
Wilhelm
Fliess

7. NOTABLE WORKS OF FREUD
• PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
• Topographical model of the mind- Unconscious,
Preconscious Conscious
• Structural model of the mind- Id, Ego, Superego
• Defence mechanisms

8. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
• Oral Stage (Birth to 1 year)
• In the first stage of psychosexual development, the libido
is centered in a baby's mouth. During the oral stages, the
baby gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things
in its mouth to satisfy the libido, and thus its id demands.
Which at this stage in life are oral, or mouth orientated,
such as sucking, biting, and breastfeeding.
• Freud said oral stimulation could lead to an oral fixation in
later life. We see oral personalities all around us such as
smokers, nail-biters, finger-chewers, and thumb suckers.
Oral personalities engage in such oral behaviors,

9. Anal Stage (1 to 3 years)
• During the anal stage of psychosexual development the
libido becomes focused on the anus, and the child derives
great pleasure from defecating.
• Early or harsh potty training can lead to the child
becoming an anal-retentive personality who hates mess,
is obsessively tidy, punctual and respectful of authority.
They can be stubborn and tight-fisted with their cash and
possessions.
• In adulthood, the anal expulsive is the person who wants
to share things with you. They like giving things away. In
essence, they are 'sharing their s**t'!' An anal-expulsive

10. • Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)
• The phallic stage is the third stage of psychosexual
development, spanning the ages of three to six years,
wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon their
genitalia as the erogenous zone.
• The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences,
which sets in motion the conflict between erotic attraction,
resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear which Freud called
the Oedipus complex (in boys) and the Electra complex
(in girls).

11. • Latency Stage (6 years to puberty)
• The latency stage is the forth stage of psychosexual
development, spanning the period of six years to puberty.
During this stage the libido is dormant and no further
psychosexual development takes place (latent means
hidden).

12. • Genital Stage (puberty to adult)
• The genital stage is the last stage of Freud's
psychosexual theory of personality development, and
begins in puberty. It is a time of adolescent sexual
experimentation, the successful resolution of which is
settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with
another person in our 20's.
• Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather
than self-pleasure like during the phallic stage

13. Topographical model of the mind
• UNCONCIOUS (a place of sexual and aggressive wishes,
memories and fantasies)
• PRECONSIOUS (gatekeeper that permits or prevents
wishes from enetring into consciousness)
• CONSCIOUS (seat of awareness)

14. Structural model of the mind
The id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that
contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden
memories.
The super-ego operates as a moral conscience.
The ego is the realistic part that mediates between the
desires of the id and the super-ego.

15. Anna Freud
• She is recognized as the founder of child psychoanalysis,
despite the fact that her father often suggested that
children could not be psychoanalyzed. However, she
strongly believed that psychoanalysis was not appropriate
for children under the age of six, who could be better
served through other methods
• She also expanded on her father's work and identified
many different types of defense mechanisms that the ego
uses to protect itself from anxiety.

16. • While Sigmund Freud described a number of defense
mechanisms, it was his daughter Anna Freud who
provided the clearest and most comprehensive look at
mechanisms of defense in her book The Ego and the
Mechanisms of Defense (1936)..
• Anna Freud is best known for:
Contributions to ego psychology
Defense mechanisms
Founder of child psychoanalysis

17. Drawbacks
• Hans Eysenck in 1952 claims that the outcome of people
who undergo psychoanalaytic therapy is no different from
people who didn’t undergo therapy. The article was later
refuted.
• Thomas scacsz, a psychoanalyst says he accepts the
therapy, but rejects the theory, because it is just advice,
not science.
• No much body of scientific patterns to establish Freudian
theories.
• Many scientist however do not agree that psychoanalysis
is a science, but rather a therapy.

18. NEO FREUDIANS
• Neo-Freudian psychologists were thinkers who agreed
with many of the fundamental tenets of Freud's
psychoanalytic theory but changed and adapted the
approach to incorporate their own beliefs, ideas, and
opinions.

19. Neo-Freudian Disagreements
• There are a few different reasons why these neo-Freudian
thinkers disagreed with Freud. For example, Erik Erikson
believed that Freud was incorrect to think that personality
was shaped almost entirely by childhood events. Other
issues that motivated neo-Freudian thinkers included:
Freud's emphasis on sexual urges as a primary motivator
Freud's lack of emphasis on social and cultural influences
on behavior and personality
Freud's negative view of human nature

20. Major Neo-Freudians
• Carl Jung
• Carl Jung and Freud once had a close friendship, but
Jung broke away to form his own ideas. Jung referred to
his theory of personality as analytical psychology, and he
introduced the concept of the collective unconscious. He
described this as a universal structure shared by all
members of the same species containing all of the
instincts and archetypes that influence human behavior.
• Jung still placed great emphasis on the unconscious, but
his theory placed a higher emphasis on his concept of the
collective unconscious rather than the personal
unconscious. Like many of the other neo-Freudians, Jung
also focused less on sex than Freud did in his work.

21. • Alfred Adler
• Alfred Adler believed that Freud's theories focused too
heavily on sex as the primary motivator for human
behavior. Instead, Adler placed a lesser emphasis on the
role of the unconscious and a greater focus on
interpersonal and social influences.
• His approach, known as individual psychology, was
centered on the drive that all people have to compensate
for their feelings of inferiority. The inferiority complex, he
suggested, was a person's feelings and doubts that they

22. • Erik Erikson
• While Freud believed that personality was mostly set in
stone during early childhood, Erikson felt that
development continued throughout life. He also
believed that not all conflicts were unconscious. He
thought many were conscious and resulted from the
developmental process itself.
• Erikson de-emphasized the role of sex as a motivator
for behavior and instead placed a much stronger focus
on the role of social relationships.

23. • His eight-stage theory of psychosocial development
concentrates on a series of developmental conflicts that
occur throughout the lifespan, from birth until death. At
each stage, people face a crisis that must be resolved to
develop certain psychological strengths.

24. • Karen Horney was one of the first women trained in
psychoanalysis, and she was also one of the first to
criticize Freud's depictions of women as inferior to men.
Horney objected to Freud's portrayal of women as
suffering from "penis envy."
• Instead, she suggested that men experience "womb
envy" because they are unable to bear children. Her
theory focuses on how behavior was influenced by a
number of different neurotic needs.

25. • While both Freudian and neo-Freudian ideas have largely
fallen out of favor, they did play a role in shaping the field
of psychology. Neo-Freudian ideas also contributed to the
development of other theories of psychology that often
focused on things such as personal and social
development.

26. PSYCHOANALYSIS
• The psychoanalytic process involves bringing to the
surface repressed memories and feelings by means of a
scrupulous unraveling of hidden meanings of verbalized
material and of the unwitting ways in which the patient
wards off underlying conflicts through defensive
forgetting and repetition of the past.
• The overall process of analysis is one in which
unconscious neurotic conflicts are recovered from
memory and verbally expressed, reexperienced in the
transference, reconstructed by the analyst, and,
ultimately, resolved through understanding. Freud
referred to these processes as recollection, repetition, and
working through, which make up the totality of
remembering, reliving, and gaining insight.

27. RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS IN PSYCHIATRY
• Although still disputed, psychoanalysis left an important
legacy to psychiatry. It taught a generation of psychiatrists
how to understand life histories and to listen attentively to
what patients say. In an era dominated by neuroscience,
diagnostic checklists, and psychopharmacology, we need
to find a way to retain psychotherapy, whose basic
concepts can be traced back to the work of Freud, as part
of psychiatry.
• Psychoanalysis is the bedrock of psychotherapy, it is the
springboard from which psychotheapy arose.
• Components of psychoanalysis are still be used in
psychotherapy today

28. RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS IN PSYCHIATRY IN
NIGERIA

29. • Mental Disorders implicated most in years lived with
disabilities in Nigeria include:
1. Depression
2. Anxiety Disorders
3. Schizophrenia
4. Autism spectrum disorders

30. YLD
• One YLD represents the equivalent of one full year of
healthy life lost due to disability or ill-health.
Disaggregation: Age, Sex, Cause. Method of estimation:
Prevalence YLDs are used here.

31. Depression
• Psychoanalysts historically believed that depression was
caused by anger converted into self-hatred ("anger
turned inward"). A typical scenario regarding how this
transformation was thought to play out may be helpful in
further explaining this theory.
• The psychoanalyst uses talk therapy to explore thought
patterns, reactions, and feelings. Once the unconscious
mental material is brought forward in discussion, you will
have better control over your emotions and behaviors.

32. Depression
• Psychoanalysts have suggested that childhood deprivation
of maternal affection through separation or loss
predisposes to depressive disorders in adult life. Overall,
however, epidemiological studies do not suggest that loss
of a parent by death in childhood increases the risk of
depressive disorder in adulthood. By contrast, there is
more support for the proposal that depressive disorder in
later life is associated with parental separation,
particularly divorce.

33. Depression
• The key factor here appears to be not so much the loss
itself as the discord and diminished care that result from
it. Indeed, family discord and lack of adequate care
predispose to depression even in families where
separation does not occur (Brown, 2009).

34. Anxiety Disorders
• The psychodynamic theory has explained anxiety as a
conflict between the id and ego. Aggressive and impulsive
drives may be experienced as unacceptable resulting in
repression. These repressed drives may break through
repression, producing automatic anxiety
• Psychoanalytic treatment attempts to uncover the
unconscious psychological meaning; the treatment often
focuses on psychodynamic conflicts that include
separation/autonomy and anger expression/management.

35. Schizophrenia
• Freud elaborated his theory of schizophrenia in his 1911
analysis of the Judge Schreber case. He proposed that
libido was withdrawn from external objects and attached
to the ego, resulting in exaggerated self- reference. The
withdrawal of libido deprived the external world of
salience, so meaning was derived from abnormal beliefs.
The libidinal withdrawal meant the patient could not form
a transference and therefore could not be treated by
psychoanalysis. Although Freud developed his general
ideas later and elaborated his theory he did not replace it.

36. Schizophrenia
• Melanie Klein (1952) believed that schizophrenia
originated in infancy. In the ‘paranoid schizoid position’,
the infant neutralized innate aggressive impulses by
splitting his ego and his experience of his mother into two
parts, one wholly bad and the other wholly good. Only
later did the child realize that the same person could be
good at one time and bad at another. Failure to pass
through this stage adequately was the basis for the later
development of schizophrenia and the sense of
persecution common in it.

37. Personality
• Erikson extended Freud’s schema, using less offputting
terms, for the individual developmental challenges.
• Erikson’s eight developmental stages continued right into
late adult life and each was presented as a conflict, such
as ‘trust versus mistrust’, ‘autonomy versus doubt’, that
had to be resolved. Erikson emphasizes the importance of
adolescence.

38. Schizoid Personality Disorder
• Melanie Klein outlined what she called the ‘paranoid–
schizoid position’ (Klein, 1952). This was an early
developmental phase before infants could sustain a clear
understanding of their mother as an individual who came
and went (the ‘depressive position’, so called because the
infant could then miss the mother)

39. Autism
• Psychoanalysts view autism as a disorder in which the
development of a sense of self and a sense of others is
altered dramatically (Mayes & Cohen, 1994).
• The therapist focuses on the behavior, mood, or emotion
of the child and then translates it to the child and waits
for a sign that the child feels understood, such as a
furtive glance. And from there, the therapist enters the
child's world," she explains. Sometimes, this translation is
putting the child's actions into words such as saying "you
are picking up a cup."

40. Autism
• "Psychoanalysis should be part of the package because
unless you have a really gifted specialist, you are not
going to get at the meaning of what these children are
trying to convey," she says.
• Another therapy known as applied behavior analysis
(ABA) is aimed at supporting the behaviors that you want
in the child and extinguishing those you don't, while
psychoanalysis works at trying to understand the child.

41. Substance Abuse
• In Freudian psychology, oral fixation is caused by unmet
oral needs in early childhood. This creates a persistent
need for oral stimulation, causing negative oral behaviors
(like smoking and nail biting) in adulthood. Though this
theory is well known, it has received criticism from
modern psychologists.
• A fixation in the oral stage in the psychosexual stage of
development

42. FREUDS FAMOUS COUCH

43. CONCLUSION
• Although still cannot be subjected to proper scientific
scrutiny, it is undeniable that psychoanalysis has been
able to pave way for psychiatry and even psychology as
specialties, as techniques in it are still valid till date, and
arguably will still be relevant in years to come.

44. References
• Kaplan and Sadocks Synopsis of psychiatry 11th edition
• Revision Notes in Psychiatry
• Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry 7th edition
• Youtube
• Google
• verywellmind.com
• statista.com

45. • THANK YOU