This document provides an introduction to key concepts in psychology including: - Freud's psychosexual stages of development and structural model of the mind (id, ego, superego). - Erikson's psychosocial stages of development. - Maslow's hierarchy of needs and humanistic theories of Rogers and how they can be applied in healthcare. - Examples are given to illustrate concepts like transference and applying theories to case studies.

1. Introduction to Psychology Instructor: Louise Lee Email: [email_address]

2. Psychology Theories What is psychology? Scientific studies of mental processes and behavior Goals of psychology Describe Explain Predict Control / prescribe

3. Two Schools of Psychology Psychoanalysis (Freud, Erikson) VS Humanism (Rogers, Maslow)

4. Freud’s theory of the human mind Id Pleasure principle (sex, aggression) Ego Reality principle (reason) Superego Moral principle (social norms & values)

5. Freud’s theory of motivation The unconscious: feelings, wishes, desires, repressed memories Behavior is motivated by the unconscious

6. Freud’s psychosexual development Genital Stage ~ over 12 Latency Stage ~ 6-12 Phallic Stage ~ 4-6 Anal Stage ~ 2-4 Oral Stage ~ 0 – 2 Stages of Development Age

7. Oral Stage 0-2 years old Mouth Sucking, chewing Frustration distrustful, pessimistic Overindulgence gullible, too optimistic

8. Anal Stage 2-4 years old Anus, bladder Toilet training Conflict: Retain and release bodily waste Frustration anal retentive Over-indulgence anal explosive

9. Phallic Stage 4-6 years old the genitals Conflict: masturbate vs guilt and shame Boy’s conflict: Oedipal Complex Resolution: Castration anxiety Girl’s conflict: Electra Complex, penis envy Frustration Incapable of love, insecure Over-indulgence vain, proud

10. Latency Stage & Genital Stage Latency 6-12 years old Sexual desires lie dormant Genital Above 12 years old Refocus on genitals Develop intimate relationships

11. Frustration & Overindulgence Frustration Over-indulgence Fixation: an individual gets stuck at a particular stage of development Mental health issues

12. Transference & Countertransference Transference Project irrational feelings and attitudes from the past onto people in the present. Countertransference Unconscious attitudes that a therapist or a nurse develops towards a client in response to a client’s behavior.

13. Quick Review What principles do the id, ego, and superego operate with? What happens if a person has a very strong superego? Which part of the body dominates the oral stage? What is the conflict in the anal stage? How do the id and ego plays out in that conflict? What happens if an individual fails to resolve the conflict at a particular stage? Give your own example of transference and countertransference. Can you also think of an example in the practice of dental hygiene?

14. Erikson’s psychosocial development Integrity versus Despair (old age) Generality versus Stagnation (adulthood) Intimacy versus Isolation (young adulthood) Identity versus Role Confusion (adolescent) Initiative versus Guilt (4-6) Autonomy versus Doubt (2-4) Trust versus Mistrust (0-2) Erikson’s Stages

15. Freud and Erikson Compare and contrast Freud’s and Erikson’s theories.

16. Freud’s psycho sexual and Erikson’s psycho social theory Erikson Freud Initiative versus guilt Phallic Stage Autonomy versus doubt Anal Stage Trust versus mistrust Oral Stage

17. Humanistic Theories of Development Maslow and Rogers Focus on human values, self-actualization, love, care. Human beings are basically good

18. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-Actualization Self-Esteem Love and Belonging Safety and Security Physiological Needs

19. Nursing diagnosis categories Ineffective role performance Powerlessness, low self-esteem Social isolation, lack of social support Health / Home Management Problems Physical Health Problems, i.e, impaired ventilation

20. Applying Maslow’s Theory in the Healthcare Context Maslow’s theory can be applied to: identify a patient’s needs prioritize healthcare interventions

21. Case Examples Case 1. Mr. Tuttle is 50 years old. He was admitted to the intensive care unit with a heart attack He is an internationally known businessman, a vice president of a big company and well-liked by his employees. His blood pressure has been high for the past two years. He is very anxious and perspiring profusely. He has many of the predisposing factors for heart problems present in his history, family and lifestyle. Case 2. Ms. Novack is 85 years old. She has moderate diabetes, but other than that she is healthy. However, she has been feeling depressed. Her spouse died recently. Her sons and daughters visit her only once or twice a year. The nurse visits her on a regular basis, but Ms. Novack refuses to take her medication. Case 3: Mr. Phillips is 48 years old lawyer. He suffers from insomnia. He also takes anti-depressants regularly. He lives by himself in an expensive neighborhood. Because he is usually busy and under stress, he does not have friends or partners. He often wonders if he really likes his job.

22. Carl Rogers “ How can I provide the kind of relationship in which this person may use for personal growth?” Client-centered Approach Genuine Empathetic Understanding Unconditional acceptance

23. Quick Review What are the differences between the psychoanalysts and humanists? What does Maslow mean by self-actualization? Can you discuss how the three qualities of client-centered approach figure in relationship of a client and a dental hygienist?