3. Freud
Personality Structure Developmental Stages
q Id q Oral
q Ego q Anal
q Superego
q Phallic
Levels of Awareness
q Conscious
q Latency
q Preconscious q Genital
q Unconscious
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4. Erikson
s Trust v. mistrust
s Autonomy v. shame and doubt
s Initiative v. guilt
s Industry v. inferiority
s Identity v. role confusion
s Intimacy v. isolation
s Generativity v. stagnation
s Wisdom v. despair
5. Erikson vs. Freud
Erikson Freud
• stressed ego • stressed id
• psychosocial aspects of • psychosexual aspects of
development development
• considers life span • personality formed by age
development of 5
• studied healthy people • studied neurotic people
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6. Sullivan
Needs Self System
q Satisfactions q Good-me
q Security q Bad-me
Anxiety q Not-me
q Empathetic between
child and mother Security Operations
q Can be described;
q Selective inattention
observable behaviors
q Individuals strive for q Dissociation
anxiety reduction
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7. Peplau
4 Phases of Interpersonal Process
q Orientation
q Identification
q Exploitation
q Resolution
Described 4 Levels of Anxiety
Mild-Moderate-Severe-Panic
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8. Peplau, cont.
Ideas about Nursing
q Focus is on client
q Nurse is participant observer
q Nurse has awareness of role
q Nursing is investigative
q Nurses use theory
q Developed process recording
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9. Piaget
Stages of Cognitive Development
q Sensorimotor
q Preoperational
q Concrete operations
q Formal operations
Schema
q Developed to organize and understand the world
Processes Used to Develop Schemata
q Assimilation
q Adaptation
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10. Maslow
Needs Hierarchy
q Physiological needs
q Psychological needs
q Meta-needs
Beliefs about Humankind
q Needs are fulfilled by and through other humans
q A person does the best he/she can at the time
q With adequate understandable information, a person will
make good decisions
q Man has a higher nature
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11. Kohlberg
Level I Preconventional (ages 4-10)
q Emphasis on external control, avoiding punishment
Level II Conventional Role Conformity (ages 10-13)
q Want to please other and be considered “good”
q Develop social concern and conscience
Level III Autonomous Moral Principles (after age 13, if
ever)
q Acknowledges the possibility of conflict between 2 accepted
standards and tries to decide between them
q Acts in accord with internalized standards
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12. Psychotherapies
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic
q Focus:
- internal experience
- defense mechanisms
- transference and past relationships
q Therapist: more non-directive
Cognitive Therapy
q Focus:
- thoughts/cognitions
- correcting cognitive distortions
q Therapist: active and directive
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13. Psychotherapies, cont.
Interpersonal Therapy
q Focus: interpersonal relationships
q Problems:
- Grief
- Role disputes
- Role transition
- Interpersonal deficit
q Therapist: active and directive
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14. Psychotherapies, cont.
Behavioral Therapy
q Focus: learning more adaptive behavior
q Applications: - Operant conditioning
q Positive reinforcement
q Negative reinforcement
q Punishment
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