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PSY 331 Presentation Slides Abyana
- 1. Perceived Ethnic Prejudice on the gay scene Nurul Abyana (50294310) Aastha Srivastava (50210717)
- 2. Introduction
- 3. Table of Contents 01 02 03 04 PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK METHOD RESULTS/DISCUSSION Identity Process Theory Approach of Experiment 3 Superordinate themes 05 06 Linked to Identity Process Theory SHORTCOMINGS OF RESEARCH CONCLUSION
- 4. ❏ Uncover discrimination that ethnic minority gay men may face from within the LGBT community as a result of their ethnic minority identity. ❏ To examine how British South Asian gay men cope with threats to identity that come with perceived ethnic prejudice. ❏ Investigates the intersection of religion, ethnicity, and sexuality through the lens of identity process theory. Purpose of Experiment
- 5. Identities and experiences of ethnic minority LGB individuals in Western countries (e.g., Crawford, Allison, Zamboni & Soto, 2002; Jaspal, 2014; Yip, 2007) ❏ Social psychological challenges individuals face in attempting to reconcile their sexual and ethnic/religious identities. Previous Research
- 6. Identity Process Theory When the individual is unable to construct an identity that is characterised by appropriate levels of; (a) self-esteem (b) continuity (c) self- efficacy (d) distinctiveness and (e) coherence he/she faces identity threat, which can be aversive for psychological well-being. → attempt to cope with threat by engaging in intrapsychic, interpersonal, and intergroup strategies. Theoretical Framework
- 8. Identity Process Theory ❏ Affiliation, acceptance and inclusion in ethnoreligious groups are susceptible to contestation. ❏ E.g. British South Asian gay men would question authenticity of Muslim identity as a result of sexual orientation ❏ Belonging in the sexual ingroup is curtailed by ethnic prejudice encountered in gay space ❏ Brewer’s (1991) Optimal Distinctiveness Theory: people strive to maintain an optimal balance of distinctiveness and belonging.
- 9. Method Participants Snowball sampling strategy ❏ 12 self-identified young British South Asian gay men ( West Midlands area), 18-25 years old ❏ 7 Pakistani background, identified as Muslims ❏ 5 Indian background, identified as Sikhs ❏ Education Levels ❏ 6 university-level qualifications ❏ 6 college education ❏ Relationship Status ❏ 4 monogamous relationship ❏ 3 open relationship ❏ 5 single ❏ Disclosure of Sexual Identity ❏ All reported having disclosed their sexual identity to small number of close friends but only 2 claimed to be completely out.
- 10. Method Approach of Experiment ❏ 10 exploratory, open-ended questions ❏ Digitally Recorded → Transcribed Structure (Question Flow) ❏ Self-Description ❏ Self-Categorisation ❏ Identity ❏ Experiences on the gay scene ❏ Friendships with other gay men ❏ Perceptions and Experiences of Prejudice Semi-structured Interview (60-90 mins)
- 11. Data Analysis Thematic Analysis In conjunction with Identity Process Theory Used to identify themes in the data that shed light on the meanings that lived experiences of intergroup relations on the gay scene hold for the individual and how potential instances of identity threat may be managed at an individual level. Realist epistemological stance To understand how participants perceived the effects of their experiences for identity Talk considered as reflection of their cognitions Study of Transcription Left margin: Preliminary interpretations Right Margin: Collation of initial interpretations into Potential Themes 3 Superordinate Themes representing analysis of participants’ accounts
- 12. Results / Discussion (Themes) 1. Ethnic Otherisation on the gay scene 2. Perceived Mechanisms of rejection on the gay scene 3. Nowhere to turn: Double rejection and identity threat
- 13. ● Individuals generally anticipated little acceptance of their sexual identity from their family circles and from ethnic ingroup members. → identity threat and poor psychological well- being ○ Attempt to derive feelings of acceptance and inclusion from a potential alternative group membership; sexual ingroup. ● Perceptible ingroup barrier due to racism and islamophobia ○ Islamophobia in UK : Muslims seen as socially and psychologically dysfunctional ● Problematic for participants’ psychological coherence ○ Pressured to conceal sexual identity from ethno religious ingroup, while ○ Simultaneously pressured from sexual ingroup to disclose sexual identity. Theme #1: Ethnic Otherisation on the gay scene
- 14. ● Reluctance to socialise/frequent the gay scene: ○ Fear they might be identified by ethnoreligious ingroup members/ family members OR ○ sexual identity may be disclosed by somebody on the gay scene. ● Those who socialised: ○ Sense of solitude, did not perceive feelings of acceptance and inclusion from White gay men ○ Felt that there were few ethnoreligious ingroup members who could provide an alternative source of belonging. ● Be it online or offline, South Asian gay men in Britain felt judged and unwanted primarily on the basis of their race. Theme #2: Perceived mechanisms of rejection on the gay scene
- 15. ● Ethnicity as a social barrier on the gay scene ● Sexual preference bios on Grindr: “Not interested in Asians” ○ implied that Asianness was an identity to be ashamed of thus concealed → threaten sense of self esteem on basis of ethnic identity. ● Faced more discrimination/racism in the gay scene than otherwise ○ White gay men — as a minority themselves — felt more able to discriminate against ethnic minorities ○ Underlying racism in white men had been “suppressed” due to the rising politically correct landscape Theme #2: Perceived mechanisms of rejection on the gay scene
- 16. ● South Asian men could not have relationships with heterosexual British Asian men due to homophobia ● Simultaneously, avoided befriending British South Asian gay men in fears of being outed to ethnoreligious ingroup members ● Fear of disclosing sexual identity to parents and close family members as a result of strong religious and cultural stigma surrounding homosexuality ● Threat to self-esteem: due to shame of ethno religious background ○ Used “mixed race” or “atheism” to conceal part of themselves from sexual ingroup. Theme #3: Nowhere to turn: Double rejection and Identity threat
- 17. Shortcomings ● Participant sample size too small to provide a fully representative results, while it is incredibly useful for qualitative research, ○ Future research consideration: more quantitative research to support a priori sample size determination based on estimates of the prevalence of themes in the population and to provide a richer insight ● Lack of control in the experiment: Participants were not put in the same situations to see if the discrimination was consistent for all. ○ Future research consideration: Provide more control elements like consistent location of experiment or consistent identical outfits worn by all participants. ● Usage of specific extracts from interview responses seems subjective, even if they were vigorously analysed. ○ Future research consideration: As all the experiences recalled were past experiences, future research could look into videoing participants, in the gay scene, in scenarios to capture substantive evidence of what is being described.
- 18. Other Future Research Conditions ● Could test the prevalence of the findings in other locations in the UK, beyond West Midlands area. ● Alternatively, could also test prevalence of findings among other groups of test participants: ○ Lesbian Female South Asians ○ Lesbian/Gay Female/Male East Asians living in the UK ■ To test possible contrast in results between different types of Asians. And to test the variance of degree of stigmatisation on different types of Asians. Significance of filial piety in identity retention. ● Find out more about why White gay men feel more able to discriminate other minorities.
- 19. Conclusion ... ● Research paper provides deeper insight on how prejudice can be seen not only in the face of homophobia but racism simultaneously. ● Identity Process Theory as the base underlying structure behind the research paper. ○ Effective in showing the understanding of the effects of social and individual change for identity. ● Perceived ethnic prejudice can impede superordinate ingroup identification on the gay scene. ○ Curtails important feelings of acceptance and inclusion ○ Feign membership in other ethnic/religious groups ○ Individuals never really fully accepted by either ingroup
- 20. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik. Thanks! Do you have any questions?
Editor's Notes
- Morning everyone! We are Aby and Aastha and today we’re going to present on a research paper we read on about the perceived ethnic prejudice on the gay scene and how individuals cope with the perceived discrimination.
- In this presentation, we are going to be going through the main purpose of the experiment conducted in the research paper, the theoretical framework behind this paper, how the participants were collected, how the experiments were conducted, the results and findings of the experiment and namely the possible limitations of the research in conclusion.
- The main purpose of this experiment was to namely uncover the discrimination that ethnic minority gay men may face from within the LGB community as a result of their ethnic minority identity. In this research, the main focus was on British South Asian gay men. Ethnoreligious minorities usually experience double-sided homophobia: both from general population and their ethnoreligious ingroups. They also face with racism from general population and sexual ingroups Thus, their identity is usually threatened with constant discrimination, and they have to come up with ways to cope with such discrimination. This research then examines how British South Asian gay men cope with threats to identity that come with perceived ethnic prejudice. The research also investigates: The intersection of religion, ethnicity, and sexuality was looked through the lens of identity process theory The theory provides a social psychological framework for understanding the effects of social and individual change for identity This theory will be explained a little bit more in a later slide.
- Recent research into the identities and experiences of ethnic minority LGB individuals in Western countries clearly demonstrates some of the social psychological challenges individuals face in attempting to reconcile their sexual and ethnic or religious identities. However, there has been only minimal research into discrimination that ethnic minority gay men may also face from within the LGB community as a result of their ethnic minority identity. Therefore, this following article focuses on perceived ethnic prejudice on the gay scene among young British South Asian gay men, which is the largest ethnic minority group in the UK, and the effects of this for their identities.
- The intersection of religion, ethnicity, and sexuality was looked through the lens of identity process theory The theory provides a social psychological framework for understanding the effects of social and individual change for identity The main premise of the theory is that when the individual is unable to construct an identity that is characterised by appropriate levels of A. self-esteem, B. continuity, C. self-efficacy, D. distinctiveness, and E. coherence, he or she faces identity threat, which can be aversive for psychological well-being The threatened individual will then attempt to cope with the threat by engaging in intrapsychic, interpersonal, and intergroup strategies.
- The intersection of religion, ethnicity, and sexuality was looked through the lens of identity process theory The theory provides a social psychological framework for understanding the effects of social and individual change for identity The main premise of the theory is that when the individual is unable to construct an identity that is characterised by appropriate levels of A. self-esteem, B. continuity, C. self-efficacy, D. distinctiveness, and E. coherence, he or she faces identity threat, which can be aversive for psychological well-being The threatened individual will then attempt to cope with the threat by engaging in intrapsychic, interpersonal, and intergroup strategies.
- The ethnic otherization on the gay scene and the subtle mechanisms whereby young British South Asian gay men were made to feel that they do not belong in a gay space can have negative outcomes for social-psychological well-being British South Asian gay men frequent gay spaces hoping that for validation of their sexual identity, but experience threats to their identity instead Exposure to negative stereotypes concerning their ethnoreligious identities may induce a perception that part of them is tainted and shameful, especially in an era of increased Islamophobia On a social level, British South Asian gay men may feel that their affiliation, acceptance and inclusion in the ethnic and religious groups are susceptible to contestation because of their sexual minority background. For example, some of them may question the authenticity of their Muslim identity as a result of their sexual orientation Participants also perceived their belonging in the sexual ingroup to be curtailed by ethnic prejudice that they encountered in a gay space. They were made to feel excessively distinctive in a context where they wished to belong. Linked to Brewer’s Optimal Distinctiveness Theory, which indicates that people strive to maintain an optimal balance of distinctiveness and belonging The participants felt as though they were unable to achieve such a balance.
- 12 South Asian gay men who were British were interviewed. Only 2 were publicly out because The diversion from any cultural norm concerning sexuality can be regarded as a threat to the family’s honour, which could result in a variety of negative consequences from ostracisation to psychological and/or physical abuse It’s a concept known as “izzat”, meaning personal and cultural honour
- These men were interviewed and recorded They were asked questions about their self-description, self-categorisation in ingroups and their ethnic, religious and sexual identity. Then, they were asked more specific questions about their experiences in the British gay scene as a South Asian men, their friendships with other White and Asian gay men, as well as their experiences of prejudice both within and externally of their ethnoreligious or sexual ingroups
- Thematic analysis was used to identify themes in the data that shed light On the meanings that lived experiences of intergroups relations on the gay scene held for the individual, and How potential instances of identity threat may be managed on the individual level The research took a realist epistemological stance to understand how participants perceived the effects of their experiences for identity. How the interview answers were quantified Recordings were transcribed, and transcripts were studied During each reading of transcript, preliminary interpretations were noted in the left margin Particular forms of language and apparent contradictions and patterns in the data were studied These were made into codes, and initial codes were used to capture participants’ attempts to make sense of their identities and experiences The right margin was used to collate these initial codes into potential themes, which captures the essential qualities of the accounts The list of themes was reviewed vigorously against the data to ensure their compatibility Numerous interview extracts were listed against each corresponding themes Specific interview extracts were then selected for presentation in the article These interview extracts were considered to be representative of the themes 3 superordinate themes representing the analysis of participants’ accounts were developed and ordered into a coherent narrative structure
- There were 3 main superordinate themes that were outlined across all the answers The otherisation of Asian or Asian-Muslims in a predominantly white gay scene The heightened level of rejection of South Asians in the British gay scene Experiencing double rejection from both representative ingroups and undergoing threats to identity
- Otherization of Asian or Asian-Muslims in a predominantly white gay scene. Individuals didn’t anticipate much acceptance of their sexuality from their families and ethnoreligious ingroups Threatened their identity and led to poor psychological well-being Centered around the idea of social psychological theorising around multiple group memberships, some individuals attempted to derive feelings of acceptance and inclusion from a potential alternative group membership, their sexual ingroup However, sexual ingroup presented them with intergroup barrier White gay men hold erroneous assumptions about Asian culture and Islamic faith, exacerbated by growing Islamophobia in the United Kingdom In Western societies, coming out is given positive cultural value. Thus, the concealment of one’s gay identity is stigmatised and those who decide not to come out might be accused of identity inauthenticity or betrayal of their sexual ingroup The refusal of South Asian men to come out (due to “izzat”) was viewed unfavourably and this cast doubt on their commitment to their gay identity and was seen as a betrayal of sexual ingroup The participants also highlighted how they wish to be viewed primarily as individuals but their identities were obscured by group-level stereotypes. White gay men consistently attributed characteristics on the basis of their ethno religious background. Participants perceived pressure from the ethnoreligious ingroup to conceal their sexual identities + perception of pressure form the sexual ingroup to disclose their sexual identities Problematic for psychological coherence White gay men found presence of British South Asian men on the gay scene weird because they were viewed as being insecure about their sexual identity
- Individuals simply did not obtain a sense of acceptance and inclusion in a social context in which they wished to be viewed as ingroup rather than outgroup members. The heightened level of rejection of South Asians in the British gay scene British South Asian gay men felt uneasy about frequenting the gay scenes as a result that they may be identified by ethnoreligious ingroup members or that their sexual identity may be disclosed by somebody on the gay scene Those who chose to socialise then felt a sense of solitude and did not perceive feelings of acceptance and inclusion from White gay men On top of that, they felt that there were little ethnoreligious in group members who could provide an alternative source of belonging. In general, Most participants attributed the lack of acceptance and inclusion to race.
- Prejudice could be attributed to following factors: - General sexualisation of gay space - Hypersalliance of ethnicity in relation to sexual identity - Absence of political correctness on the gay scene Most participants attributed the lack of acceptance and inclusion to race. Ethnicity was perceived as a social barrier on the gay scene. Even if British South Asian were making often nonsexual advances on White gay men(looking for friendship), the sexualisation of the gay scene in general shunned them with the excuse: “Asians are not my type”. Even on applications like Grindr, rejection was prevalent and constituted of racism as most men were judged on the basis of race. Bios included lines such as “Not interested in Asians” Why? Underlying racism had been suppressed among the White British majority due to the increasingly politically correctness of the general landscape, but this could easily resurface in a more hidden, covert gay scene White gay men were also assumed to be able to discriminate more against Asians, since they were minorities as well, and the power imbalance was perceived to be similar between two minority groups. However, British South Asian gay men have less power than White gay men.
- Experiencing double rejection from both representative ingroups and undergoing threats to identity Participants felt that they could not rely upon alternative sources and groups for acceptance and inclusion Could not endure relationships with heterosexual British Asian men due to anticipated homophobia On the other hand, avoided befriending British South Asian gay men due to the fear of being outed to ethnoreligious ingroup members. Couldn’t confide in their families about their sexual identities either A general lack of social support, which is needed for positive psychological functioning. Even on the internet, where people can often find safe spaces with people of the same orientation or interests, and with less fear of self-disclosure, it was still a poor platform Many were afraid of making contact with White gay men on Grindr because they anticipated negative and racist reactions from them. Participants felt ashamed of their ethnic background, indicating the resulting threat to self-esteem, and sought to conceal it from public view. However, “mixed race” evoked more positive connotations Mixed heritage background liberated South Asian gay men from the negative stereotypes of traditionalism and conservatism that is perceived in someone with an Asian ethnicity Some feigned their membership, i.e. pretending to be atheist instead of Muslim Felt that they were leading “another double life”. Referring to the perceived obligation to conceal their sexual identity from ethnoreligious ingroup members while also concealing their ethnoreligious identity from sexual ingroup members
- Participant sample size too small to provide a fully representative results, while it is incredibly useful for qualitative research, For Future research consideration: more quantitative research to support a priori sample size determination based on estimates of the prevalence of themes in the population and to provide a richer insight Lack of control in the experiment: Participants were not put in the same situations to see if the discrimination was consistent for all. For Future research consideration: Provide more control elements like consistent location of experiment or consistent identical outfits worn by all participants. Usage of specific extracts from interview responses seems subjective, even if they were vigorously analysed. For Future research consideration: As all the experiences recalled were past experiences, future research could look into videoing participants, in the gay scene, in scenarios to capture substantive evidence of what is being described.
- Beyond that, future research could also consider testing the prevalence of the findings in other locations in the UK, beyond West Midlands area. Alternatively, could also test prevalence of findings among other groups of test participants: Lesbian Female South Asians Lesbian/Gay Female/Male East Asians living in the UK To test possible contrast in results between different types of Asians. And to test the variance of degree of stigmatisation on different types of Asians. Significance of filial piety in identity retention. Find out more about why White gay men feel more able to discriminate other minorities.
- In Conclusion, this research paper provided us with a deeper insight on how prejudice can be seen not only in the face of homophobia but racism simultaneously. Identity Process Theory was the base underlying structure behind the research paper. It was effective in showing the understanding of the effects of social and individual change for identity. Also learnt that perceived ethnic prejudice can impede 3 superordinate ingroup identification on the gay scene; Curtails important feelings of acceptance and inclusion Feign membership in other ethnic/religious groups Individuals never really fully accepted by either ingroup
- With this, it brings us to the end of the presentation. We want to thank you for your time and may you have gained deeper insight on the prejudice towards young British South Asian men in today’s world. Thank you, Stay safe.