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PSDA #10
Banjir
• Apa definisi banjir?
• Apa penyebab banjir?
• Apa saja jenis-jenis banjir yang ada?
• Apa saja faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
banjir?
• Apa saja dampak banjir?
• Bagaimana cara memperkirakan banjir?
• Bagaimana merencanakan perlindungan
terhadap bahaya banjir?
1.1 Concept Flood / Banjir
Definisi Banjir
• Chow (1956): “A flood is a relatively high
flow which overtaxes the natural channel
provided for runoff.”
• Rostvedt et al. (1968):”A flood is any high
streamflow which overtops natural or
artificial banks of a stream.”
• Ward (1978): “A flood is a body of water
which rises to overflow land which is not
normally submerged.”
Banjir:
Luapan aliran akibat air atau bentuk air lain yg
melebihi normalnya, atau penumpukan air akibat
pengaliran di suatu daerah yg biasanya terendam
(flood)
Banjir bandang:
Banjir yg berlangsung dlm selang waktu pendek dg
puncak debit yg cukup tinggi
Banjir tahunan:
Debit puncak harian yg tertinggi dalam “tahun air”,
atau
Banjir yg ketinggiannya sama atau melebihi rata-
rata tahunannya
Jenis Banjir
• Jenis banjir:
– Banjir di sungai (river floods)
• Terjadi pada bantaran
• Terdapat debit yang melebihi kapasitas
– Banjir di derah pantai (coastal floods)
• Penggenangan oleh air laut akibat dinamika air
laut (pasang surut, badai)
Banjir di Sungai Banjir di Muara
/ Pantai
Hujan Lelehan
salju
Penyumbatan
penampang
Tanah
longsor
Keruntuhan
Bendungan
Badai Gempa
Bumi
Faktor
DAS
Jaringan
Drainase
Saluran
Interaksi
sungai dan
pasut
Bentuk
Muara
Bentuk
Garis
Pantai
Gradien
Kedalaman
Penyebab Banjir
Faktor Pendukung Intensitas Banjir
Pengurangan Dampak Banjir
1. Mengurangi debit puncak  Reservoir
2. Membatasi area pergerakan air Tanggul
Banjir
3. Mengurangi elevasi muka air banjir
Perbaikan saluran
4. Pemindahan aliranKanal Banjir
5. Floodproofing
6. Pengurangan limpasan  Manajemen
kawasan
7. Peringatan dini dan evakuasi
8. Manajemen dataran banjir
Reservoir
• Storage reservoir: pelepasan tampungan
dengan controlled variable gate
• Retarding basin: pelepasan tampungan
dengan fixed outlet
Tanggul Tanah
Tanggul Beton
Tanggul Beton
Lokasi Penanggulan
Lokasi Penanggulan
Lokasi Penanggulan
Peninggian Tanggul Darurat
Pengalihan Debit Banjir
1.2 Concept Flood Management
External versus
Internal Drainage
(local)
Internal Drainage
Canal (local drainage
infrastructure)
Flood Plain
Rain
Internal Drainage:
Excessive Flood
External Drainage:
conveyance of
managable flood
peaks
Flood from
upstream
Embankments (external
drainage infrastructure)
In Indonesia mostly
combination of
external and internal
drainage problems
Upper Catchment
Area
River Mouth
4. COMPONENTS
Component Community
/ Planning
Support Process/
Agencies
Physical
Works
A. Upstream /
Downstream
Basin Council,
Spatial
Planning
Mass Campaign,
Research/ Capacity
Building/Regulations
Hydrologic
Equipment
B. Upper
Catchment
District Plans,
Action Plans
Demonstration Plots,
Groups, Reforestation
Gully Plug, SABO
Dam
C. Flood Plain Flood Risk
Zoning
Building Code,
Training,Regulation
N/A
D. Conveyance
Peak Reduction
Participatory
Design/Constr
River Management,
Rational O&M plans
River Normalizing,
Dykes, Storage
E. Emergency
Management
F. Basin
Governance
Emergency
Coordination
Governance
synchronzation
Flood Warning, Group
Formation, Stimulant
Financing
Safe water supply,
limited protection
N/A
1.3 Flood
Management
Concept: provide optimal
solution for complete
problem
(practical/effective,
sustainable)
Meteorologic
Conditions
Condition Upper
Catchment
B. Conservation
Upper
Catchment
External Flood
River Capacity
(Mostly 20 years)
D. Flood
Conveyance
Infrastructure
Excessive Flood
(Q > 20 years)
Managed
E/D. Temporary Flooding: reduced cost,
needs emergency management (not managed)
Limited Damages
(high
damages)
D. Infrastructure for Internal /
Local Drainage
C. Flood Plain Management: Flood Risk
Zoning, Regulations for Building Permits
E. Emergency Management, before,
during, after flood
4.C Flood Plain Management
Hydrological / Drainage
Conditions
Detailed mapping
(0.5-1.0 m)
Flood Risk Map
Flood Zoning
Spatial Plans: distribution of land use
function, and specification of regulations
to maintain / improve land use function
Building Codes
Reduce potential
flood damages
Regulations to reduce
damages from / during
floods for each zone
4.C Flood Plain Management
Flood Risk Map
Studies on potential for
flood plain management
Flood Plain Management
(spatial plans for specific
zones / areas)
Specific
Training
Increasing awareness of flood risks and improved management of land use by land
owners / users, businesses, real estate developers
Reducing Flood Risk
Integrated Land Use Planning
in Flood Plain
Reducing Damages from / during floods
Public Participation Support
from
FMSB
UPPER CATCHMENT AREA MANAGEMENT (rehab +
protection)
• 1. Arahan Kabupaten (district spasial pland and
village action plan
• 2. PERHUTANI:agreement with community longer
lease of land use(5 years)
• 3. COMMUNITY FOREST/AREA:
- Sosialization of function (water cacthment) with
mass campaign, deminstration, agriculture
extension
- Demarcationof vulnerable parts
- Reforestation
- Sabo Dam, Gully Plug, Infiltration pits
- Reservoirs (Large and small, Embung)
FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT
• 1.Flood Risk Mapping/Zone Planning :
inventory of threads and oppurtunities
• 2. Integration in District Spasial
Plans/Preparation of building Codes,
Reguletions to reduce flood risk/
damages
• 3. Capacity Building to Implemen Flood
Zone Plan/Building Codes / Integration
UPSTREAM/DOWNSTREAM BASIN
COORDINATION
• 1. Institutional strenghtening: assist establising
Provensial/Basin water resources council + secretariat
(Dewan air Wilayah Sungai)
• 2.Master Plan Water Resources (BWRMP= Basin Water
Resources Management Plan): integrated Long Term
Water resources and flood management Planning,
integrating upstream and downstream interest, based
on review of existing plan
• 3.Master Plan Land Use (spasial planning):
Distributing land use function, regulation to
maintain/inprove function; integration between various
levels (Nation/Province/District and Basin) and with
Water Resources
• 4. National Coordination: policy, system rationalization
PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN SUNGAI (RIVER
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT)
• Untuk menjaga fungsi sumber air yang
dilakukan melalui pengendalian penggunaan
lahan daerah sempadan sungai, peningkatan
biota air, wisata dan olah raga.
• MANAJEMEN LINGKUNGAN SUNGAI
a. Menyusun ketetapan garis sempadan sungai dan rencana
peruntukan bagi penggunaan lahan. Daerah sempadan sungai
sebagai pengaman langsung terhadap fungsi sungai
b. Melakukan penertiban penggunaan lahan (terutama pada
daerah sempadan) bersama instansi terkait
PENGELOLAAN PRASARANA PENGAIRAN
(INFRASTUCTURE MANAGEMENT)
• Untuk menjaga fungsi sarana dan
prasarana pengairan sesuai dengan tujuan
dan umur yang direncanakan. Hal itu
diwujudkan melalui pemeliharaan
preventif, korektif, dan darurat serta
pengamatan instrumen keamanan
bendungan
PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN
(RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT)
• Untuk mendukung dan meningkatkan
kinerja pengelolaan SDA mengikuti
perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan secara
terus menerus dengan mengupayakan
inovasi, baik di bidang teknologi maupun
sistem manajemen
PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT
• Partisipasi masyarakat sangat penting dan
merupakan tindakan strategis yang diperlukan dalam
perencanaan, pelaksanaan, evaluasi pengembangan
SDA.
• Umumnya berwujud peran serta dalam proses
pengambilan keputusan dan dpt menggali dana
masyarakat
• Tujuan akhir yang hendak dicapai dari usaha
penyertaan peran masyarakat dlm pengambilan
keputusan yaitu :
tumbuhnya aliansi strategis antara pemerintah dan
masyarakat (strategic partnership)
DAERAH PENGUASAAN SUNGAI
DATARAN BANJIR
(“FLOOD PLAIN”)
DATARAN BANJIR
SUNGAI
Garis Sempadan (GS)
GS
GS
GS
DATARAN BANJIR
DATARAN BANJIR
M.A.N
M.A.B
BANJIR
KONDISI BANJIR
BANJIR
PALUNG SUNGAI
DEBIT/ALIRAN NORMAL
DEBIT > 50 TAHUNAN
us
BANJIR DAN MASALAH BANJIR
TRADISIONAL“OK”
NO PROBLEM
MODEREN
DAERAH PENGUASAAN SUNGAI
DATARAN BANJIR
(“FLOOD PLAIN”)
DATARAN BANJIR
SUNGAI
GS
GS
GS
GS
DATARAN BANJIR
DATARAN BANJIR
BANTARAN
BANTARAN
TANGGUL
MASALAH BANJIR
M.A.N
M.A.B
M.A.B
MASALAH BANJIR
BANJIR YANG LAYAK DIKENDALIKAN
BANJIR > DARI YANG DIKENDALIKAN
PALUNG SUNGAI
DEBIT/ALIRAN NORMAL
M.A.N
M.A.B
TANGGUL
PENGENDALIAN BANJIR DENGAN STRUKTUR (A.L:TANGGUL)
BANTARAN BANTARAN
BUKAN KEJADIAN
YANG LUAR BIASA
CATATAN
HAMPIR SEMUA PESERTA KURSUS,
SEMINAR, WORKSHOP, PENYULUHAN,
WAWANCARA, DSB TIDAK SETUJU
PERISTIWA INI BOLEH TERJADI.
BAGAIMANA DENGAN ANDA??
DATARAN BANJIR
(“FLOOD PLAIN”)
DATARAN BANJIR
SUNGAI
GS
GS
GS
GS
DATARAN BANJIR
DATARAN BANJIR
BANTARAN BANTARAN
TANGGUL
M.A.N
M.A.B
MASALAH GENANGAN
BANJIR YANG LAYAK DIKENDALIKAN
GENANGAN
PALUNG SUNGAI
DEBIT/ALIRAN NORMAL
M.A.N
TANGGUL
GENANGAN
MASALAH GENANGAN
DAERAH PENGUASAAN SUNGAI
DATARAN BANJIR
(“FLOOD PLAIN”)
DATARAN BANJIR SUNGAI
GS
GS
GS
DATARAN BANJIR
DATARAN BANJIR
BANTARAN BANTARAN
TANGGUL DIPASANGI “TOPI”
(PARAPET) ATAU DITINGGIKAN
M.A.N
M.A.B
M.A.B
MASALAH BANJIR
BANJIR YANG LAYAK DIKENDALIKAN
BANJIR > DARI YANG DIKENDALIKAN
PALUNG SUNGAI
DEBIT/ALIRAN NORMAL
M.A.N
M.A.B
TANGGUL
PEMAHAMAN TENTANG PENANGANAN MASALAH BANJIR YANG KELIRU
BANTARAN BANTARAN
PENGEMBANGAN
DI DATARAN BANJIR
MENINGKAT
DAERAH PENGUASAAN SUNGAI
DATARAN BANJIR
(“FLOOD PLAIN”)
DATARAN BANJIR
SUNGAI
GS
GS
GS
GS
DATARAN BANJIR
DATARAN BANJIR
BANTARAN BANTARAN
TANGGUL
MASALAH BANJIR
M.A.N
BANJIR
MASALAH BANJIR
BANJIR YANG LAYAK DIKENDALIKAN
BANJIR TERBESAR (PMF)
BANJIR
PALUNG SUNGAI
MAB
BEBAS BANJIRKAH ??
BANJIR TERBESAR (PMF)
TIDAK DIJAMIN MAS,
MAB
DEBIT/ALIRAN NORMAL
TIDAK LAYAK DAN
LEBIH BERBAHAYA
DEBIT > 50 TAHUNAN
TANGGUL (STRUKTUR) TIDAK BISA MENJAMIN
DATARAN BANJIR TERBEBAS DARI BANJIR DAN
GENANGAN SECARA MUTLAK. SETUJU??
!

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psda-11-banjir.ppt

  • 2. • Apa definisi banjir? • Apa penyebab banjir? • Apa saja jenis-jenis banjir yang ada? • Apa saja faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi banjir? • Apa saja dampak banjir? • Bagaimana cara memperkirakan banjir? • Bagaimana merencanakan perlindungan terhadap bahaya banjir? 1.1 Concept Flood / Banjir
  • 3. Definisi Banjir • Chow (1956): “A flood is a relatively high flow which overtaxes the natural channel provided for runoff.” • Rostvedt et al. (1968):”A flood is any high streamflow which overtops natural or artificial banks of a stream.” • Ward (1978): “A flood is a body of water which rises to overflow land which is not normally submerged.”
  • 4. Banjir: Luapan aliran akibat air atau bentuk air lain yg melebihi normalnya, atau penumpukan air akibat pengaliran di suatu daerah yg biasanya terendam (flood) Banjir bandang: Banjir yg berlangsung dlm selang waktu pendek dg puncak debit yg cukup tinggi Banjir tahunan: Debit puncak harian yg tertinggi dalam “tahun air”, atau Banjir yg ketinggiannya sama atau melebihi rata- rata tahunannya
  • 5. Jenis Banjir • Jenis banjir: – Banjir di sungai (river floods) • Terjadi pada bantaran • Terdapat debit yang melebihi kapasitas – Banjir di derah pantai (coastal floods) • Penggenangan oleh air laut akibat dinamika air laut (pasang surut, badai)
  • 6. Banjir di Sungai Banjir di Muara / Pantai Hujan Lelehan salju Penyumbatan penampang Tanah longsor Keruntuhan Bendungan Badai Gempa Bumi Faktor DAS Jaringan Drainase Saluran Interaksi sungai dan pasut Bentuk Muara Bentuk Garis Pantai Gradien Kedalaman Penyebab Banjir Faktor Pendukung Intensitas Banjir
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9. Pengurangan Dampak Banjir 1. Mengurangi debit puncak  Reservoir 2. Membatasi area pergerakan air Tanggul Banjir 3. Mengurangi elevasi muka air banjir Perbaikan saluran 4. Pemindahan aliranKanal Banjir 5. Floodproofing 6. Pengurangan limpasan  Manajemen kawasan 7. Peringatan dini dan evakuasi 8. Manajemen dataran banjir
  • 10. Reservoir • Storage reservoir: pelepasan tampungan dengan controlled variable gate • Retarding basin: pelepasan tampungan dengan fixed outlet
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 22.
  • 24.
  • 25. 1.2 Concept Flood Management External versus Internal Drainage (local) Internal Drainage Canal (local drainage infrastructure) Flood Plain Rain Internal Drainage: Excessive Flood External Drainage: conveyance of managable flood peaks Flood from upstream Embankments (external drainage infrastructure) In Indonesia mostly combination of external and internal drainage problems Upper Catchment Area River Mouth
  • 26. 4. COMPONENTS Component Community / Planning Support Process/ Agencies Physical Works A. Upstream / Downstream Basin Council, Spatial Planning Mass Campaign, Research/ Capacity Building/Regulations Hydrologic Equipment B. Upper Catchment District Plans, Action Plans Demonstration Plots, Groups, Reforestation Gully Plug, SABO Dam C. Flood Plain Flood Risk Zoning Building Code, Training,Regulation N/A D. Conveyance Peak Reduction Participatory Design/Constr River Management, Rational O&M plans River Normalizing, Dykes, Storage E. Emergency Management F. Basin Governance Emergency Coordination Governance synchronzation Flood Warning, Group Formation, Stimulant Financing Safe water supply, limited protection N/A
  • 27. 1.3 Flood Management Concept: provide optimal solution for complete problem (practical/effective, sustainable) Meteorologic Conditions Condition Upper Catchment B. Conservation Upper Catchment External Flood River Capacity (Mostly 20 years) D. Flood Conveyance Infrastructure Excessive Flood (Q > 20 years) Managed E/D. Temporary Flooding: reduced cost, needs emergency management (not managed) Limited Damages (high damages) D. Infrastructure for Internal / Local Drainage C. Flood Plain Management: Flood Risk Zoning, Regulations for Building Permits E. Emergency Management, before, during, after flood
  • 28. 4.C Flood Plain Management Hydrological / Drainage Conditions Detailed mapping (0.5-1.0 m) Flood Risk Map Flood Zoning Spatial Plans: distribution of land use function, and specification of regulations to maintain / improve land use function Building Codes Reduce potential flood damages Regulations to reduce damages from / during floods for each zone
  • 29. 4.C Flood Plain Management Flood Risk Map Studies on potential for flood plain management Flood Plain Management (spatial plans for specific zones / areas) Specific Training Increasing awareness of flood risks and improved management of land use by land owners / users, businesses, real estate developers Reducing Flood Risk Integrated Land Use Planning in Flood Plain Reducing Damages from / during floods Public Participation Support from FMSB
  • 30. UPPER CATCHMENT AREA MANAGEMENT (rehab + protection) • 1. Arahan Kabupaten (district spasial pland and village action plan • 2. PERHUTANI:agreement with community longer lease of land use(5 years) • 3. COMMUNITY FOREST/AREA: - Sosialization of function (water cacthment) with mass campaign, deminstration, agriculture extension - Demarcationof vulnerable parts - Reforestation - Sabo Dam, Gully Plug, Infiltration pits - Reservoirs (Large and small, Embung)
  • 31. FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT • 1.Flood Risk Mapping/Zone Planning : inventory of threads and oppurtunities • 2. Integration in District Spasial Plans/Preparation of building Codes, Reguletions to reduce flood risk/ damages • 3. Capacity Building to Implemen Flood Zone Plan/Building Codes / Integration
  • 32. UPSTREAM/DOWNSTREAM BASIN COORDINATION • 1. Institutional strenghtening: assist establising Provensial/Basin water resources council + secretariat (Dewan air Wilayah Sungai) • 2.Master Plan Water Resources (BWRMP= Basin Water Resources Management Plan): integrated Long Term Water resources and flood management Planning, integrating upstream and downstream interest, based on review of existing plan • 3.Master Plan Land Use (spasial planning): Distributing land use function, regulation to maintain/inprove function; integration between various levels (Nation/Province/District and Basin) and with Water Resources • 4. National Coordination: policy, system rationalization
  • 33. PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN SUNGAI (RIVER ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT) • Untuk menjaga fungsi sumber air yang dilakukan melalui pengendalian penggunaan lahan daerah sempadan sungai, peningkatan biota air, wisata dan olah raga. • MANAJEMEN LINGKUNGAN SUNGAI a. Menyusun ketetapan garis sempadan sungai dan rencana peruntukan bagi penggunaan lahan. Daerah sempadan sungai sebagai pengaman langsung terhadap fungsi sungai b. Melakukan penertiban penggunaan lahan (terutama pada daerah sempadan) bersama instansi terkait
  • 34. PENGELOLAAN PRASARANA PENGAIRAN (INFRASTUCTURE MANAGEMENT) • Untuk menjaga fungsi sarana dan prasarana pengairan sesuai dengan tujuan dan umur yang direncanakan. Hal itu diwujudkan melalui pemeliharaan preventif, korektif, dan darurat serta pengamatan instrumen keamanan bendungan
  • 35. PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN (RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT) • Untuk mendukung dan meningkatkan kinerja pengelolaan SDA mengikuti perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan secara terus menerus dengan mengupayakan inovasi, baik di bidang teknologi maupun sistem manajemen
  • 36. PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT • Partisipasi masyarakat sangat penting dan merupakan tindakan strategis yang diperlukan dalam perencanaan, pelaksanaan, evaluasi pengembangan SDA. • Umumnya berwujud peran serta dalam proses pengambilan keputusan dan dpt menggali dana masyarakat • Tujuan akhir yang hendak dicapai dari usaha penyertaan peran masyarakat dlm pengambilan keputusan yaitu : tumbuhnya aliansi strategis antara pemerintah dan masyarakat (strategic partnership)
  • 37. DAERAH PENGUASAAN SUNGAI DATARAN BANJIR (“FLOOD PLAIN”) DATARAN BANJIR SUNGAI Garis Sempadan (GS) GS GS GS DATARAN BANJIR DATARAN BANJIR M.A.N M.A.B BANJIR KONDISI BANJIR BANJIR PALUNG SUNGAI DEBIT/ALIRAN NORMAL DEBIT > 50 TAHUNAN us BANJIR DAN MASALAH BANJIR TRADISIONAL“OK” NO PROBLEM MODEREN
  • 38. DAERAH PENGUASAAN SUNGAI DATARAN BANJIR (“FLOOD PLAIN”) DATARAN BANJIR SUNGAI GS GS GS GS DATARAN BANJIR DATARAN BANJIR BANTARAN BANTARAN TANGGUL MASALAH BANJIR M.A.N M.A.B M.A.B MASALAH BANJIR BANJIR YANG LAYAK DIKENDALIKAN BANJIR > DARI YANG DIKENDALIKAN PALUNG SUNGAI DEBIT/ALIRAN NORMAL M.A.N M.A.B TANGGUL PENGENDALIAN BANJIR DENGAN STRUKTUR (A.L:TANGGUL) BANTARAN BANTARAN BUKAN KEJADIAN YANG LUAR BIASA CATATAN HAMPIR SEMUA PESERTA KURSUS, SEMINAR, WORKSHOP, PENYULUHAN, WAWANCARA, DSB TIDAK SETUJU PERISTIWA INI BOLEH TERJADI. BAGAIMANA DENGAN ANDA??
  • 39. DATARAN BANJIR (“FLOOD PLAIN”) DATARAN BANJIR SUNGAI GS GS GS GS DATARAN BANJIR DATARAN BANJIR BANTARAN BANTARAN TANGGUL M.A.N M.A.B MASALAH GENANGAN BANJIR YANG LAYAK DIKENDALIKAN GENANGAN PALUNG SUNGAI DEBIT/ALIRAN NORMAL M.A.N TANGGUL GENANGAN MASALAH GENANGAN
  • 40. DAERAH PENGUASAAN SUNGAI DATARAN BANJIR (“FLOOD PLAIN”) DATARAN BANJIR SUNGAI GS GS GS DATARAN BANJIR DATARAN BANJIR BANTARAN BANTARAN TANGGUL DIPASANGI “TOPI” (PARAPET) ATAU DITINGGIKAN M.A.N M.A.B M.A.B MASALAH BANJIR BANJIR YANG LAYAK DIKENDALIKAN BANJIR > DARI YANG DIKENDALIKAN PALUNG SUNGAI DEBIT/ALIRAN NORMAL M.A.N M.A.B TANGGUL PEMAHAMAN TENTANG PENANGANAN MASALAH BANJIR YANG KELIRU BANTARAN BANTARAN PENGEMBANGAN DI DATARAN BANJIR MENINGKAT
  • 41. DAERAH PENGUASAAN SUNGAI DATARAN BANJIR (“FLOOD PLAIN”) DATARAN BANJIR SUNGAI GS GS GS GS DATARAN BANJIR DATARAN BANJIR BANTARAN BANTARAN TANGGUL MASALAH BANJIR M.A.N BANJIR MASALAH BANJIR BANJIR YANG LAYAK DIKENDALIKAN BANJIR TERBESAR (PMF) BANJIR PALUNG SUNGAI MAB BEBAS BANJIRKAH ?? BANJIR TERBESAR (PMF) TIDAK DIJAMIN MAS, MAB DEBIT/ALIRAN NORMAL TIDAK LAYAK DAN LEBIH BERBAHAYA DEBIT > 50 TAHUNAN TANGGUL (STRUKTUR) TIDAK BISA MENJAMIN DATARAN BANJIR TERBEBAS DARI BANJIR DAN GENANGAN SECARA MUTLAK. SETUJU?? !