This document outlines a research proposal to study the socio-economic status of the Satar ethnic group in Chandragadi Village Development Committee of Jhapa District, Nepal. The proposal includes an introduction providing background on Nepal's ethnic diversity and the Satar people. It states the problem as the Satar experiencing poverty and landlessness. The objectives are to analyze the Satar's socio-economic status and cultural behaviors. The methodology discusses a descriptive analytical design using primary and secondary data collection from a sample of Satar households. The proposal is submitted to the Central Department of Rural Development for review.
this presentation was done as a part of my MBA in development management course, I was staying in a village in Odisha and analyzing the village by doing a socio-economic study of the village.
Promoting Sustainable Development of Hill Areas- Issues and OptionsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is an attempt to understand the Indian context of hills for the ecology, environment and development , issues faced by the hill areas in planning and development . Making suggestions in brief about the possible options to make hill areas development more rational, sustainable and eco-friendly.
Migration Profile of Odisha with focus on BhubaneswarKamlesh Kumar
Migration is one the most important demographic component to determine the size, growth and structure of population of a particular region, besides fertility and mortality. For a large country like India, the study of movement of population in different parts of the country helps in understanding the dynamics of the society and societal change better. Bhubaneswar is one of the magnets for migrants in east India attributing to its exponential growth rates. This is an attempt to map the migration pattern in the city and the state.
A report presentation on villagr survey by group of girls.The village name is ramana .Its covers all the facilities of this village and weakness of this village.
The pace of urbanization throughout the world – and especially in the developing world – is challenging development donors and thinkers to find new solutions to tackling urban poverty, and urban slum issues.
Devex recently hosted an online discussion with some of the top thinkers and policymakers standing at the crossroads where urbanization and development meet.
this presentation was done as a part of my MBA in development management course, I was staying in a village in Odisha and analyzing the village by doing a socio-economic study of the village.
Promoting Sustainable Development of Hill Areas- Issues and OptionsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is an attempt to understand the Indian context of hills for the ecology, environment and development , issues faced by the hill areas in planning and development . Making suggestions in brief about the possible options to make hill areas development more rational, sustainable and eco-friendly.
Migration Profile of Odisha with focus on BhubaneswarKamlesh Kumar
Migration is one the most important demographic component to determine the size, growth and structure of population of a particular region, besides fertility and mortality. For a large country like India, the study of movement of population in different parts of the country helps in understanding the dynamics of the society and societal change better. Bhubaneswar is one of the magnets for migrants in east India attributing to its exponential growth rates. This is an attempt to map the migration pattern in the city and the state.
A report presentation on villagr survey by group of girls.The village name is ramana .Its covers all the facilities of this village and weakness of this village.
The pace of urbanization throughout the world – and especially in the developing world – is challenging development donors and thinkers to find new solutions to tackling urban poverty, and urban slum issues.
Devex recently hosted an online discussion with some of the top thinkers and policymakers standing at the crossroads where urbanization and development meet.
A Presentation On My Village Stay In Jharkhand During My Apprenticeship at Pradan . An NGO working in seven states of India. The Presentation Revolves around the Village and The People and The Social Norms.
I Have Uploaded this Presentation so that the future apprentices could refer to the structure and the elements to cover during the stay and connect with it.
Report on "A Study on Brahmanmara Village in Odisha"Henna Ahuja
The Report includes analysis and data from village survey, household survey, PRA tools & exercises, micro-planning, focus group discussions, community mobilization.
A brief background of 3 community based conservation groups. Landcare, Land for wildlife, Greening Australia. This was created for VCE Outdoor & Environmental Studies Unit 2. Key Knowledge - Community-based environmental action to promote positive human impacts on outdoor environments.
ROLE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Public participation
Stakeholders in spatial planning
A continuum of participation
History of Public participation-Global
Advocacy Planning
Indian context public participation
Amendments toward public participation
Current Scenario-Indian Context
Merits of Public participation
Importance of Public Participation.
Land is a basic natural resource, significantly contributing to a nation’s economy. Balances the Ecological and environmental factors to sustain all life. Economic resource-has a value as property. Most of the human activities are on lands. Land supports agriculture, transport, urbanization, etc. Encompasses all other natural resources, like water, oil, rocks, plants, animals and minerals. Land is a valuable natural resource utilized for cultivation of crops, settlements of population, creation of Dams and reservoirs, development of industries and maintaining forests and the Wildlife. India has divers range of landforms. They vary from the rainforest of Kerala in the south to the alpine pastures of Ladakh hills in the north, from the deserts of Rajasthan in the west to the evergreen forests in the north-east. Any kind of permanent or cyclic intervention of a land is called as landuse. It is the surface utilization of a vacant land or a developed land for a clear purpose, at a given time.
Development of small islands requires an integrated approach to promoting sustainable development, namely balancing between economic use of natural resources and environmental protection. The precautionary approach and conservation are necessary to ensure that the use of space and natural resources available in it is capable of supporting human life and protecting the environment. In accordance with their characteristics, management of small islands and coastal waters needs to be done in an integrated approach by using management model of small islands cluster and surrounding coastal waters. One method that can be applied is with spatial planning that promotes management of small islands and coastal waters according to the characteristics and the uses of space, natural resources, land and waters. To be effective it needs commitment of all stakeholders, cooperation between governments at all levels, and public participation.
Village Study Segment Presentation by Nishant & SunilNishant Jaiswal
Host Organization: Udyogini, Jabalpur, Madhyapradesh
College: KIIT School of Rural Management, Bhubaneswar
Duration of Study: January 3rd to 12th March, 2011
Study done on Profiling a Village- Samaiya of Mandla district, Supply chain of VLSC run by Udyogini and Grassroots Management training of WEGs.
India, one of the most diverse nations in the world, is divided into 29 states and 9 union territories for administrative purposes.
While Union territories are special administrative zones in the Republic of India. They do not have a government of their own. They are operated and controlled by the Central Government of India.
Following is a glimpse into all the states and union territories of India
A Presentation On My Village Stay In Jharkhand During My Apprenticeship at Pradan . An NGO working in seven states of India. The Presentation Revolves around the Village and The People and The Social Norms.
I Have Uploaded this Presentation so that the future apprentices could refer to the structure and the elements to cover during the stay and connect with it.
Report on "A Study on Brahmanmara Village in Odisha"Henna Ahuja
The Report includes analysis and data from village survey, household survey, PRA tools & exercises, micro-planning, focus group discussions, community mobilization.
A brief background of 3 community based conservation groups. Landcare, Land for wildlife, Greening Australia. This was created for VCE Outdoor & Environmental Studies Unit 2. Key Knowledge - Community-based environmental action to promote positive human impacts on outdoor environments.
ROLE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Public participation
Stakeholders in spatial planning
A continuum of participation
History of Public participation-Global
Advocacy Planning
Indian context public participation
Amendments toward public participation
Current Scenario-Indian Context
Merits of Public participation
Importance of Public Participation.
Land is a basic natural resource, significantly contributing to a nation’s economy. Balances the Ecological and environmental factors to sustain all life. Economic resource-has a value as property. Most of the human activities are on lands. Land supports agriculture, transport, urbanization, etc. Encompasses all other natural resources, like water, oil, rocks, plants, animals and minerals. Land is a valuable natural resource utilized for cultivation of crops, settlements of population, creation of Dams and reservoirs, development of industries and maintaining forests and the Wildlife. India has divers range of landforms. They vary from the rainforest of Kerala in the south to the alpine pastures of Ladakh hills in the north, from the deserts of Rajasthan in the west to the evergreen forests in the north-east. Any kind of permanent or cyclic intervention of a land is called as landuse. It is the surface utilization of a vacant land or a developed land for a clear purpose, at a given time.
Development of small islands requires an integrated approach to promoting sustainable development, namely balancing between economic use of natural resources and environmental protection. The precautionary approach and conservation are necessary to ensure that the use of space and natural resources available in it is capable of supporting human life and protecting the environment. In accordance with their characteristics, management of small islands and coastal waters needs to be done in an integrated approach by using management model of small islands cluster and surrounding coastal waters. One method that can be applied is with spatial planning that promotes management of small islands and coastal waters according to the characteristics and the uses of space, natural resources, land and waters. To be effective it needs commitment of all stakeholders, cooperation between governments at all levels, and public participation.
Village Study Segment Presentation by Nishant & SunilNishant Jaiswal
Host Organization: Udyogini, Jabalpur, Madhyapradesh
College: KIIT School of Rural Management, Bhubaneswar
Duration of Study: January 3rd to 12th March, 2011
Study done on Profiling a Village- Samaiya of Mandla district, Supply chain of VLSC run by Udyogini and Grassroots Management training of WEGs.
India, one of the most diverse nations in the world, is divided into 29 states and 9 union territories for administrative purposes.
While Union territories are special administrative zones in the Republic of India. They do not have a government of their own. They are operated and controlled by the Central Government of India.
Following is a glimpse into all the states and union territories of India
Report on summer internship project of Himalayan Bank Limited.priyanka sarraf
A SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT ON “A Comparative study of Himalayan Bank Ltd. and Everest Bank Ltd., with special reference to customer feedback on product and services offered by Himalayan Bank Limited”
S Williams 1Running header An Individual’s Culture.docxjeffsrosalyn
S Williams 1
Running header: An Individual’s Culture
Sociology Assignment Paper
Observation of an Individual’s Culture Different to Mine
Sa’Lerial Williams
College of the Mainland
Professor Sabido
Intro to Sociology
July. 26 2019
Observation of an Individual’s Culture Different to Mine
For this sociology assignment paper, I have selected a group of people to whom I met at an event related to their festival. These people are Nepalese, and their culture is totally different from my culture. One of my friends took me to their event with him; a boy named Bhatt was my friend’s friend, who is from Nepal. Bhatt is an Asian male, I just got amazed at the initial introduction I started observing their culture in detail and was mesmerized. I just loved their culture and that’s why my topic of sociology paper is Nepalese culture. I have observed a lot of things in that event because there was a vast range of Nepalese traditional dresses, food, ways of celebration, etc. and later I also researched a lot about their culture. Individuals of Nepal usually greet others with Namaste as a customary salaam, as they did when I was in that event that is widely practiced in most of the nation. This group is approximately 23 million Nepalese who made 69 diverse linguistic and cultural groups, additionally recognized as ethnic associations existing in various parts of the country (Gopal & Verma, 1977). Essentially every ethnic group has their different clothes, vocalize their dialects or languages, and develop their religious traditions. People live under various distinct environmental and geographic familiarizations, from the low fields near the border of India, northward into the central valleys and hills of Mahabharata Mountain, and up to the tremendous manifest lowlands of the Himalayan region.
Languages: In Nepal commonly, there are a couple of significant groups of people located in high Himalayan range Tibetan font (Bhot Burmese or Tibeto-Burman) and low hill to Indo-Aryan (Bharopeli) mid-hill origin societies. Region of Himalayan villages groups who speak Tibetan origin Gurung of Manang, Tibetan Sherpa, Dolpo, Mustang district and Thakali of high plain of Mustang are observed in subalpine to Tran’s regions of Himalayan. The best recognized are the people of Sherpa who have achieved world fame and attention because of their skills of mountaineering. The word “Sherpa,” in English signified as a mountain leader, and Bhatt my friend's friend is from Sherpa, he had extraordinary skills and strength.
Sub-cultures: In the mid-hill frequently located Chepang, Gurung, Sunwar, Rai, Magar, Tamang, and Limbu groups, as well as different Mongoloid groups, exist in these areas. In towns, Kshetri, Punjabi, and Marbadi where different diverse groups are located. The groups of Magar, Gurung, Limbu, Rai, are popular in the world because of Gurkha solder.
Geography: In Terai Plain Lal (Mithila), Yadav, Jha, Singh, Majhi, Rajput, Kshetri, and many more people .
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Awareness Level of Tribes about various Government Development Schemes-with special reference to Toda and Kota tribes of Nilgiri district in Tamil Nadu
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Dalit of Odisha: A Case Study of the Dombos in Rayagada Districtijtsrd
The term Dalit,' in Sanskrit is both a noun and an adjective. As a noun, Dalit can be used for all three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. It has been derived from the root word Dal' which means to crack, split etc. The word -Dalit' has come to mean that things or persons come under, the category of downtrodden, scattered, crushed, destroyed etc. The listed 93 Scheduled Caste communities of Odisha are known as Dalit in Odishan social system. But, in fact, the untouchables among the Scheduled Castes are the Dalits. The Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes comprise about 16.6 and 8.6 , respectively of India's population according to the 2011 census . There are total population in socially untouchables and economically poor in the lowest point of social structure in Odisha. After of independence of India, their social, political, education justice, economic status has not been changed as expected. The examination and analysis of present status of Dalits will be made through empirical study. The outcome of this study will draw a clear picture of the position of Dalits in Odisha and it will motivate government and non government agencies to take initiative to promote Dalits. Paramananda Naik "Dalit of Odisha: A Case Study of the Dombos in Rayagada District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29601.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29601/dalit-of-odisha-a-case-study-of-the-dombos-in-rayagada-district/paramananda-naik
Inclusive Policies and their impact on Tribals of Jammu and Kashmir: A Case o...AI Publications
Gujjar Tribals constitute the prime share of tribal population of union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Gujjar being the most populous tribe constitutes the 69.1% of total Scheduled Population of Jammu and Kashmir. The Gujjar Tribals have been accorded tribal status under ‘Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act, 1991’. They are living a pathetic life and are socially-economically backward as compared to the general population of Jammu and Kashmir. The prevalence of discrimination and exclusion of the marginalized communities since the historical times remained the debatable issue to remedy it. Accordingly, Constitution of Independent India has enabled the nation to focus on the protection of distinctive way of life of ST’s and protect them from social injustices and all forms of exploitation and discrimination. The governments at central and state level have also made bold attempts to bring the inclusion of this backward community in the mainstream. Accordingly, various inclusive policies in terms of education, health, employment were put in place to bring the stop of their marginalization. The present paper intends to explore the various policies and to gauge their impact on the tribal population of Jammu and Kashmir in general and Gujjar Tribals in particular. The nature of the study is qualitative and secondary sources of data including census 2011 report and reports of Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the main stay of this study.
Chepangs are one of the Tribal group of Nepal. They have very poor economic standards of living.
This report is a Sociological based, the field-trip observation of the year 2014, covering the actual scenario of their living standard and that shows an appeal of instant protection from the government and other concerned authorities.
Tribal Women Empowerment through Education With Special Reference to Rural Ar...ijtsrd
The aims of the paper to focused the current situation of the tribal women education and the role of women in the society. The tribal women faced various obstacles along with the pathway education of tribal women therefore for the development of any society the society the education play a major role for its sake therefore many reasons for the low level of education among the tribal’s women. It is generally seen that most of the tribal girls got early marriage due to the pressure of their parents and it is not possible for all tribal girls to continue their further studies. Education is the main key to success of any nation of the country women are the first teacher of the child in the whole world. At the current time the role of women is considered in all aspect of life. Objective of the study for this study the main objectives are to discuss the role of tribal women in the society and to describe the issues and challenges of tribal women for their education. Method for the study The present study qualitative in nature and based on both primary and secondary data. Results and discussions It is generally seen that the tribal women play a vital role in education and for the Indian society. Mukhtar Ahmed | Shahzad Chowdhary "Tribal Women Empowerment through Education: With Special Reference to Rural Areas of Jammu and Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49178.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/49178/tribal-women-empowerment-through-education-with-special-reference-to-rural-areas-of-jammu-and-kashmir/mukhtar-ahmed
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
Proposal
1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SATARS
(A Case study of Chandragadi VDC of Jhapa District)
Submitted By
RAJESH KOIRALA
Exam Roll No.475
Reg. No. : 702-94
A Project Proposal Submitted to the
Central Department of Rural Development
Faculty of Humanities and Social Science
Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
Kathmandu, Nepal
July 2000
Table of Contents
2. 1. Introduction
1.1 General Background
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Significance of the Study
1.4 Objectives of Study
1.5 Limitation of Study
2 Research Methodologies
2.1 Rationale of Selection of the Study Area
2.2 Research Design
2.3 Sources of Data
2.3.1 Primary Data
2.3.2 Secondary Data
2.4 Total Population and Sample
2.5 Methods of Data Collection
2.6 Data Presentation and Analysis
References
1. INTRODUCTION
3. 1.1 General Background
Nepal is one of the small countries in the world. Situated in the lap of the Himalaya, it is
located in between the latitude 26o 22' to 30o 27' north and longitude 80o 4' to 88o 12' east
and elevation range from 90 to 8848 meters. The average length being 885 km. east to west
and average breadth is about 193 km. north to south. Geographically it is divided in three
regions: Mountain, Hill and Terai. The country is bordering between the two most
populous countries of the world.
Social structure of Nepal is very complex, which has been highlighted by various foreign
and Nepalese scholars in their writings. Unity in diversity is the major characteristic of
Nepalese national culture. To explain its diversity Professor Tony Hagen has rightly said
that Nepal is one the ethnic turntable of Asia.
Nepal is multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multi-lingual country where more than 60 ethnic
groups can be found. It is meeting ground for different people and culture situated at the
natural boundary and the watershed that’s runs through the middle of the largest continent
in the world. Nepal has traditionally attracted and given shelter to people from all direction,
east, west, north and south. So development is equally important along with the
geographical space in the process of national development. Almost all ethnic groups are
considered as poor, some belongs to upper class from the point of view of social, political
and economical aspect but the national development must cope with them all which
requires the social, cultural and economical improvement of those communities. Otherwise
not only Nepal but all others poor countries will remain poor forever.
Ethnic diversity gives birth to the religious diversity. A nation cannot exist if we leave the
diversity. The whole society here is recognized as a Nepalese society in spite of much
diversity. Ethnic diversity produces diversities in almost all the aspects of culture. Human
group can easily be separated due the ethnic diversity. More separation among the group
brings different types of elements in the society, like quarrel, murder, crime and other evil
things. Due to the result of struggle between castes and sub-castes a certain group may be
destroys or exiled. Nepalese society is a unique example of the mixture of different caste
and ethnic groups living together. Believing in communitive work, cooperation accepting
4. legally inter-caste marriage and equality in the caste, religion, community recognition
instead of personal recognition are the aspects of equality in the diversity.
Mountain, Hill and Terai have distinct natural features along with population
characteristics. Sherpa, Bhote etc are from mountain, Rai, Limbu etc are from hill and
Satar, Tharu, Yadav, and Mushar etc are from terai in their geographical identification.
Among the different ethnic groups, Satar is one of the indigenous group having their
unique culture, traditions and rituals. Their total population is 42698, 0.19% of the total
national population where as in Jhapa district they constitute 23,172 (3.66) (CBS, 2002). In
the study area (Chandragadi VDC of Jhapa district) their population is 548(3.41%). They
are considered as very poor people and land of their own is rare. They make their home
near the forest area or on the bank of the river. They celebrate their own culture, own
beliefs and ritual.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The national economy of Nepal is fully depends upon agriculture, so the agriculture is the
backbone of economy. The productivity in agriculture sector has been declining on account
of lack of irrigation, fertilizers, modern agriculture equipments and agriculture credit. By
this backwardness in agriculture, it has affected not only other people but also to Satar
group who are fully depended on fishing, gathering of tumor and hunting. One of the main
reasons of poverty among Satar is limited access to the agriculture and land and although
they live in Jhapa, Morang and Sunsari district of eastern Nepal which is sounder than
western Nepal in the case of agriculture, this group is almost poor and landless group. Also
their access in agriculture is uncertain in the future due to the low concentration by the
government and they have no any chances in the future to own the land. These groups are
living on others land mostly owned by upper cast groups.
Because of high agricultural productivity in these areas, migration from hilly region of
eastern part is becoming another big problem and it is affecting to the Satar day by day.
People migrate from the hilly region to these three districts and own a land for their needs,
by this, those Satar groups have to leave the land where they are living and settle on
another person's land. Because of poverty and landlessness they have to do this several
5. times. At this time they don't get any option but to leave the place where they are living as
soon as possible.
The hill based groups are not only clever but also some people use force to capture the
fertile land of indigenous people like Rajbanshi, Dhimals and Satar. Although these
indigenous people almost do not have land, few land owner may be victims of hilly people
and loose whole or part of their land. Even the households who had agriculture land, due to
the lack of irrigation, agriculture inputs, chemical fertilizer and technical know-how, every
year the productivity is decreasing and not sufficient to maintain the living standard and
compelled to sell a plot of their land. Many of them have becoming agriculture labor.
Even if we called, quot;Nepal is a garden of flowers,quot; the flowers are sucking and plucking by
the clever upper groups. The unfortunate is that not only clever groups suck and pluck
lower ethnic group but the same ethnic groups also doing that kinds of job within the same
groups. The clever people have captured more properties and the lower economic classes of
the people are becoming poorer and poorer.
The majority group dominates some of the ethnic groups and their cultures: some of the
minorities are oppressed and exploited by the majority who make up the ruling class. Thus,
some of the ethnic groups, minorities, tribal and indigenous people can be encompassed
into the disadvantaged group. We found pluralism in our country. Each and every ethnic
group has its own culture, economic and social and religious reliefs and their culture plays
significant role in the national cultural and nation building process. If unique culture of
Satar is neglected, it will be incomplete explaining the Nepali culture.
1.3 Significance of the Study
Nepal is known as the garden of different flowers. It demonstrates that there are different
ethnic groups, which have their own language, culture, dress, lifestyle etc that is influenced
with the climate and the economic condition of that groups as well as the influence of
development and the development of other groups of people.
6. In primitive age, people lived in forest and their main occupation was hunting. They lived
in-groups and the stronger groups have been dominated the weak groups. During the period
of time, different ways of dominating the groups of people and countries were emerged.
After the “Industrial Revolution” of 17th to 18th century many “Industrial countries” made
colony to the third world nations for their market and for raw materials, minerals etc. When
the light of education was spread to the colonial countries, the people started fighting
against the imperialist are made their countries independent. In Nepal after the Rana
regime, there were establishing schools, collages and the facility of road and air
transportation. The economically upper class of people and the upper class generally
utilized these facilities.
In the same way, in Jhapa district, the tribal castes like Dhimal, Satar, Rajbansi and Meche
are also influenced economically as well as socially by the Brahman, Chhetri, Rai, Limbu
and Gurung. The hill based ethnic groups of people started to migrate in this district. At the
beginning of migration they settle at the foot of hills and after the opening of east west
Mahendra highway, they gradually scattered along with this highway. The process was
continued and the program of Punarbas and the construction of North-South linkage road,
like Birtamode-Kechana, Dudhe, Mahabhara, Surunga-Jhapa, Padajungi-Gauriganj, helped
the hill base ethnic groups to reach up to the Nepal-India boarder.
The Satars are relatively disadvantaged community. This community is in crisis. They are
affected by modernization and westernization. So, this study basically centers on and
around the socio-economic statu of Satar of Chandragadi VDC of Jhapa District.
s
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of the study is to analyze the socio-economic status of Satar of the
Chandragadi VDC.
Other specific objectives are:
1. To trace out the cultural behavior of Satars of the study area.
2. To find out the social organization and social behavior of Satars.
3. To assess the impact of other cultures in their culture.
7. 1.5 Limitations of the Study
The present study will be focused on the socio-economic status of Satar of Chandragadi
VDC of Jhapa District, Nepal. Every social science research is not beyond the limitations
and it is not the exception of that. Some major limitations are as follows.
1. The study will be conducted at Chandragadi VDC of Jhapa district and the
generalization of this study may or may not be applicable to other places or
community ,
2. This study will be conducted with financial limitations and in a limited time
framework,
3. Simple statistical tools will be used to analyze the data.
4. The study is representing only a selected community for research but not the whole
communities,
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Rationale of Selection of the Study Area
The proposed study will be carried out in the Chandragadi VDC of Jhapa district. Satar of
the study area are one of the primitive indigenous ethnic groups. There are about 75
families of Satars are living in the study area. Their economic condition is very poor
despite they are rich in their culture. They are being exploited by the so called upper caste
and elite people. So the present study will try to trace out the socio-economic status of
Satar.
8. 2.2 Research Design
In order to fulfill the objectives of this study, descriptive and analytical systems will be
used. In accordance to above set objectives, the study will be carried out in a systematic
way.
2.3 Sources of Data
In this study, both primary as well as secondary data will be considered.
2.3.1 Primary Data
The primary data will be collected using questionnaire, from each selected households.
Each sampling households will be selected by simple random sampling method. The
household details, according to questionnaire, will be collected through the direct contact
with Satar people.
2.3.2 Secondary Data
The numbers of secondary data will be taken out from the published books, journals and
documents of Nepal.
2.4 Total Population and Sample
Among the whole population of the Satar of Chandragadi VDC, 10 percent will be selected
as sample on the basis of simple random sampling method.
2.5 Method of Data Collection
To collect the required data, an individual will be selected from the sampled household and
will be interviewed from sample households heads to get information. For the personal
interview, a pre-designed questionnaire will be used. If required, the observation method
will be used specially to know about the socio-economic aspects of Satar people. The data
9. will be thoroughly checked, edited and tabulated to make the data set suitable for analysis.
Data processing will be performed with the help of simple calculator, computer and other
electronic and manual devices.
2.6 Data Presentation and Analysis
The collected data will be quantified by tabulating. Qualitative data will be arranged
systematically. The data will be processed by editing, classifying and tabulating. In this
study, analytical as well as descriptive methods will be used to analyze the data and
information. Necessary maps and diagrams will be used whenever appropriate in the
presentation of text. After analyzing the data and information, necessary conclusion and
recommendation will be made.
REFERENCES
CBS, Population of Nepal (Population Census 2001).
Sharma, Prem, quot;A Hand Book of Social Science Research Methodologyquot;, Kshitiz
Prakashan, Kiritpur, Kathmandu.
Sharma, Prem, quot;Format for Writing Project work for the Student of RD (Handout given to
the students).