This document reviews properties of various vegetable oils and their influence on the performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engines. It discusses 11 different vegetable oils - jatropha, karanja, neem, rubber, tobacco, soap nut, mahua, deccan hemp, palm, cotton, and soya bean oils. For each oil, it describes the plant it comes from, yield of oil from seeds, and fatty acid composition. It then summarizes key properties of these straight vegetable oils like density, viscosity, molecular weight, cetane number, and lower calorific value and how these properties affect engine performance and emissions.
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
making a review seminar on the topic of flywheel energy storage system. For easy to learn about the flywheel energy storage system . this presentation making from the one ieee standard research paper on the flywheel energy storage system
This is a presentation given during our studies at the Moore School of Business of the University of South Carolina on hydrogen fuel cell technologies.
PPTs covers portion of Unit 2 of Power Plant Engineering of Subject code ME6701.
PPTs covers Diesel Power Generation Plants, components, working principles of various system, advantages and disadvantagesand Comparision of various factors w.r.to Steam power Palnt, Diesel Plant, Nuclear, Hydraulic Power Plants.
Gas turbines, its cycle, working principles.
Combined Cycle Power plants.
Discussion on Brayton cycle, improvisions factors affecting effiencies.
Operation of Internal Combustion Engines on Digas for Electricity ProductionLPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67668
The purpose of this research is to review engine performance and technology issues relating to generating electricity from digester gas in reciprocating internal combustion engines. Research performed at the Colorado State University (CSU) Engines & Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) and published material from other organizations is utilized.
Digester gas (digas) can be used effectively in internal combustion engines for electricity production to offset operating costs and/or sell to the electric utility. Stationary industrial engines are generally employed for this purpose. Four application areas where systems have been successfully demonstrated are sewage processing plants, animal waste facilities, landfills, and agricultural waste processing systems. Digas is generated through anaerobic digestion, or biomethanization, for all these cases. There are many common engine technical issues within these areas, although the digas generation systems employed in each case are different. In this presentation issues pertinent to running engines on digas are explored. The focus is on animal waste facilities, but the presentation draws upon the other application areas for technical insight related to engine technology. Specific stationary engine types are discussed. High engine efficiency and power density are important to the economic viability of anaerobic digestion systems. Engine operational and design changes to maintain high efficiency and power density for digas fueling are analyzed. Management of engine maintenance problems is also key to economic viability. Corrosive gases contained in digas, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are evaluated.
This pdf contains the multivalve engine description. the types of multivalve engine are also explain along with suitable pictures. the document gives idea the development in this technology today and market analysis
making a review seminar on the topic of flywheel energy storage system. For easy to learn about the flywheel energy storage system . this presentation making from the one ieee standard research paper on the flywheel energy storage system
This is a presentation given during our studies at the Moore School of Business of the University of South Carolina on hydrogen fuel cell technologies.
PPTs covers portion of Unit 2 of Power Plant Engineering of Subject code ME6701.
PPTs covers Diesel Power Generation Plants, components, working principles of various system, advantages and disadvantagesand Comparision of various factors w.r.to Steam power Palnt, Diesel Plant, Nuclear, Hydraulic Power Plants.
Gas turbines, its cycle, working principles.
Combined Cycle Power plants.
Discussion on Brayton cycle, improvisions factors affecting effiencies.
Operation of Internal Combustion Engines on Digas for Electricity ProductionLPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67668
The purpose of this research is to review engine performance and technology issues relating to generating electricity from digester gas in reciprocating internal combustion engines. Research performed at the Colorado State University (CSU) Engines & Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) and published material from other organizations is utilized.
Digester gas (digas) can be used effectively in internal combustion engines for electricity production to offset operating costs and/or sell to the electric utility. Stationary industrial engines are generally employed for this purpose. Four application areas where systems have been successfully demonstrated are sewage processing plants, animal waste facilities, landfills, and agricultural waste processing systems. Digas is generated through anaerobic digestion, or biomethanization, for all these cases. There are many common engine technical issues within these areas, although the digas generation systems employed in each case are different. In this presentation issues pertinent to running engines on digas are explored. The focus is on animal waste facilities, but the presentation draws upon the other application areas for technical insight related to engine technology. Specific stationary engine types are discussed. High engine efficiency and power density are important to the economic viability of anaerobic digestion systems. Engine operational and design changes to maintain high efficiency and power density for digas fueling are analyzed. Management of engine maintenance problems is also key to economic viability. Corrosive gases contained in digas, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are evaluated.
This pdf contains the multivalve engine description. the types of multivalve engine are also explain along with suitable pictures. the document gives idea the development in this technology today and market analysis
Ponencia para Ceei Valencia año 2011: Ya has conseguido la financiación, ya has definido tu producto, ya hay que defender nuestro valor y confrontarnos con el mercado. Entonces estás en el “día cero”. Es el momento de hacerse preguntas y buscar respuestas.
En mi trayectoria profesional, laboral y personal me ha pasado de todo voy a dar un enfoque diferente sin caer en la facilidad del “consejo”, lo que vale para mi puede ser que no tenga sentido para otros, pero lo que más importa es la actitud frente al entorno tan competitivo. Los costes de estructura no flexibles son la causa principal del ver pasar una empresa de activo a pasivo en un entorno de crisis. Estos “Dinosaurios Corporativos” usando palabras de Toffler no son sostenibles en una economía de decrecimiento. El nuevo paradigma pretende una total flexibilidad y un nuevo enfoque sistémico orientado al resultado y al reconocimiento del colaborador. Sólo aquellos que realmente aportan a la empresa en términos directos pueden ser parte de su estructura, que de todas formas va a ser flexible.
Este es mi powerpoint que habla de las diferentes federaciones que rigen el tenis. También habla de los torneos mas importantes a nivel mundial y nacional e incluso del sistema de puntuación del tenis.
Manilkara zapota (l.) p.royen (sapodilla) a reviewIJARIIT
Manilkara zapota, also known as Sapodilla, is very commonly distributed in Indian subcontinent. It is an important
member of Sapotaceae family as it is well known all over the world for its traditional medicinal uses. Numerous phytoconstituents
have been reported from the plant by different authors that are responsible for many biological effects such as anti-inflammatory,
anti-arthritis, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activities. The present article describes a
detailed review of literature for this plant species including taxonomy, pharmacology and photochemistry in an organized way.
This review paper will surely serve as an important source for the future scientific investigations on this plant.
The potential of_moringa_oleifera_for_agricultural_and_industrial_usesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
A Review on Possibilities of Intercropping with Immature Oil PalmAnuragSingh1049
Oil palm (Elæisguineensis) is identified as the world’s leading edible oil producing plant and well established as a perennial plantation crop in tropical countries. Economic life span of the plant is around 30-35 years and stand per hectare is around 120-135 plants. At the initial stage of the plantations (age up to 3-5 years) there are ample amount of free space available inside young plantations. During this period growers were not getting any income from oil palm and have to spend several other agricultural practices such as weeding. Intercropping with young oil palm is possible and practiced specially by small and medium scale farmers with suitable combinations of crop species. Early identification, proper management of short and medium term intercrops gives better returns for the farmers. Furthermore, in addition to the advantages there were some limitations for intercropping with young oil palm.
Growing multipurpose trees and using agroforestry practices are important to farmers in addition to crop agriculture. Bioenergy is a logical supplement to fossil fuel derived energy.
Performance of single cylinder diesel engine using jatropha oil with exhaust ...Mehul Joshie
The
use of straight vegetable oil encounters problem due to its high viscosity, poor volatility and cold flow. The purpose of this
study is to reduce the viscosity of oil by effectively utilization of waste heat from exhaust gases before fed to inlet and
favourable properties compared to diesel can be obtained.
A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Fruit Prunus armenia...BRNSS Publication Hub
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca Linn.) fruit is good for human health and plays a very important role in our body. Literature studies revealed that apricot fruit has various biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulating functions that can be attributed to the content of many phenolic compounds. Apricot fruit contains various phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and phenolic acids by which there are changes in taste, color, and nutritional value of the fruit. The pharmacological studies show that it has anticancer activity which can be validated by clinical trials.
Functional, Chemical, and Phytochemical Properties of Soup Thickener Produced...BRNSS Publication Hub
Blends of 50:50 g of jackfruit seed flour (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and ofor seed flour (Detarium microcarpum) were mixed together, sieved to pass 0.25 mm sieve and packaged in an airtight container. The proximate composition of the flour sample was determined to be 9.78%, 19.25%, 6.50%, 2.75%, 7.06%, and 54.66% for moisture content, crude protein content, fat and oil content, crude fiber content, ash content, and carbohydrate content, respectively. Furthermore, the mineral contents of the flour sample were Ca (34.00 mg/kg), K (303.00 mg/kg), Na (3.0 mg/kg), Mg (37.00 mg/kg), and Zn (0.42 mg/kg), respectively. Phytochemical values were also determined to be 0.42%, 1.00%, 2.80%, 1.60%, 0.82 mg/g, and 23.00 μg/100 g for flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, phenol, and carotenoid, respectively. Furthermore, the functional properties of flour sample were determined to be 0.53 g/ml, 7.50%, 8.00%, 10.00%, 90.90%, 6.25%, 0.25%, and 95.00°C for bulk density, water adsorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foam capacity, foam stability, emulsification capacity, gelation capacity, and gelation temperature, respectively. The flour sample and cocoyam flour were also used as thickener for soup and were sensory evaluated. The result shows that there were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between them.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Similar to PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF A DI-DIESEL ENGINE – A REVIEW (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
2. R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna Kumari
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 90 editor@iaeme.com
Cite this Article: R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna
Kumarimar. Properties of Vegetable Oils and Their Influence on Performance
and Exhaust Emissions of A Di-Diesel Engine – A Review, International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 6(11), 2015, pp. 89-101.
http://www.iaeme.com/currentissue.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=6&IType=11
1. INTRODUCTION
The potential benefits of SVO such as low cost, low production rates, carbon
neutrality, and low emissions than petroleum derived fuels made SVO an interesting
subject of study as fuel. There are several sources of SVO. The review focuses on
jatropha, cotton seed, tobacco seed, karanja, mahua, rubber seed, soap nut, deccan
hemp, palm, soya bean and neem oils. The plants origin, features, climatic conditions
in which they can grow, the percentage of yield of oil from seeds and the fatty
composition of oil are discussed.
1.1. Jatropha
The scientific name of jatropha plant is Jatropha curcas L. It grows as a small tree or
large herbs, up to 5–7 m tall. The plant belongs to Euphorbiaceous family. It is a
drought-resistant plant capable of surviving in abandoned and fallowed agricultural
lands. The tropical plant is able to thrive in a number of climatic zones with rainfall of
250–1200 mm. The plant is native to Mexico, Central America, Africa, India, Brazil,
Bolivia, Peru, Argentina and Paraguay. It is well adapted in arid and semi-arid
conditions and has low fertility and moisture demand. It can also grow on moderately
saline, degraded and eroded soils. The ideal density of plants per hectare is 2500. It
produces seeds after 12 months and reaches its maximum productivity by 5 years and
can live 30–50 years. Jatropha Seed (shown in fig1) production ranges from 0.1 ha /1
yr to more than 8 ha/1 yr depending on the soil conditions. Depending on variety, the
seed of Jatropha contain 43–59% of oil [1].
Figure 1 Jatropha seeds
1.2. Karanja
The scientific name of karanja is Pongamia pinnata L, Pierre (karanjaorhonge).
karanja is a medium sized ever green tree belonging to the family Legumnosae and
Pappilonaceae, more specifically the Millettieae tribe, which grows in Indian
subcontinent and south-east Asia and has been successfully introduced to humid
tropical regions of the world as well as parts of Australia, New Zealand, China and
the USA. A single tree of karanja is said to yield 9–90 kg seeds, indicating a yield
potential of 900–9000 kg seed/ ha (assuming 100 trees/ ha). It is one of the few
nitrogen fixing trees that produce seeds with a significant oil content. The plant is fast
3. Properties of Vegetable Oils and Their Influence on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of A
Di-Diesel Engine – A Review
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 91 editor@iaeme.com
growing, drought resistant, moderately frost, hardy and highly tolerant of salinity. It
can be regenerated through direct sowing, transplanting and root or shoot cutting. Its
maturity comes after 4-7 years. The karanja seed (shown in fig 2) oil content ranges
between 30 and 40 wt% [1].
Figure 2 Karanja seeds [2]
1.3. Neem
The Scientific name of neem tree is Azadirachtaindica and the tree belongs to the
Meliaceae family. It is a multipurpose and an ever green tree, 12–18 m tall, which can
grow in almost all kinds of soil including clay, saline, alkaline, dry, stony, shallow
soils and even on solid having high calcareous soil. It is native to India, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka, Burma, Malaya, Indonesia, Japan and the tropical regions of Australia. It
thrives well in arid and semi-arid climate with maximum shade temperature as high as
49 0
C and the rainfall as low as 250 mm. It can be raised by directly sowing its seed or
by transplanting nursery-raised seedlings in monsoon rains. It reaches maximum
productivity after 15 years and has a life span of 150–200 years. The productivity of
neem oil mainly varies from 2 to 4tha/yr and a matured neem tree produces 30–50 kg
fruit. The neem seeds (shown in fig 3) contain 20–30 wt% oil and Kernels contain 40–
50% of an acrid green to brown colored oil [1].
Figure 3 Neem seeds
1.4. Rubber
Heveabrasiliens is commonly referred to rubber tree. It belongs to the family
Euphorbiaceous. This rubber tree originates from the Amazon rain forest (Brazil).The
tree is the primary source of natural rubber and produces 99% of world’s natural
4. R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna Kumari
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 92 editor@iaeme.com
rubber. Moreover, the trees sap-like extract (known as latex) can be collected and
used in various applications. It is distributed mainly in Indonesia, Malaysia, Liberia,
India, Srilanka, Sarawak, and Thailand, growing up to 34 minimum heights, the tree
requires heavy rainfall and produces seeds weighing from 2 to 4 gm that do not
currently have any major industrial applications. On an average, a healthy tree can
give about 500 go fuse full seeds during a normal year and this works out to an
estimated availability of 150 kg of seeds per hectare. Generally 37% by weight of the
seed is shell and the rest is kernel. Rubber seed (shown in fig 4) oil is a non-edible
vegetable oil, which contain 50-60 wt% oil and kernel contain 40–50 wt% of brown
color oil [1].
Figure 4 Rubber seeds [3]
1.5. Tobacco
The scientific name of tobacco plant is Nicotianatabacum. Tobacco is a by- product
that contains significant amount of oil 35–49% by weight with an estimated annual
yield of 15,000 tons per year. It can be cultivated in more than 100 countries
worldwide such as Macedonia, Turkey, South Serbia and wide spread in North and
South America etc. The oil extracted from tobacco seed (shown in fig 5) is non-
edible with physical, chemical and thermal properties that compare favorably with
other vegetable oils and have the potentiality to be considered as a new feed stock for
biodiesel production [1].
Figure 5 Tobacco seeds
1.6. Soap Nut
The scientific name of Soap nut plant is Sapindusmukorossi and is generally found in
tropical and subtropical climate areas and various parts of the world including Asia
(the outer Himalaya of Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir), America and Europe. The plant grows very well in deep loamy soils and
5. Properties of Vegetable Oils and Their Influence on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of A
Di-Diesel Engine – A Review
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 93 editor@iaeme.com
leached soils. Therefore, cultivation of soap nut in such soil avoids potential soil
erosion. Soap nut seeds (shown in fig 6) contain 23% oil of which 92% is
triglycerides [1].
Figure 6 Soap nuts
1.7. Mahua
In the various Indian languages the tree is known under the names of mahua are
Mahuda, Madhuka and scientifically in some of the older books, the tree is listed
under the name of BassialatifoliaRoxb; in modern books, the name has been changed
to Madhucaindica Gmel; it belongs to Sapotaceae Family. The tree is indigenous to
Central India, Gujarat and along the Western Ghats, eastwards to Chota Nagpur. It is
very commonly planted all over peninsular India. It is a large deciduous tree reaching
20 m in height with a spreading crown. Leaves are clustered near the ends of the
branches, each 7-20 x 3-7 cm. Bio diesel from mahua seed is important because most
of the states of India are tribal where it is abundantly found. The annual production of
mahua seed (shown in fig 7) was greater than 2 mt of which mahua is nearly 181 kt.
[1].
Figure 7 Mahua seeds
6. R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna Kumari
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 94 editor@iaeme.com
1.8. Deccan Hemp
Deccan hemp or Kenaf scientifically Hibiscuscannabinus, is a plant in
the Malvaceae family. The plant is probably native to southern Asia, though its exact
natural origin is unknown. The name also applies to the fiber obtained from this plant.
Kenaf is one of the allied fibers of jute and shows similar characteristics. Deccan
hemp seeds (shown in fig 8) oil yields 305 kg oil/ha/year. It is a tree growing to 1.5-
3.5 m tall with a woody base. The stems are 1-2 cm diameter, often but not always
branched. Kenaf has a long history of cultivation for its fiber in India, Bangladesh,
Thailand, parts of Africa, and to a small extent in southeast Europe [1].
Figure 8 Deccan hemp seeds
1.9. Palm
The Arecaceae are a botanical family of perennial lianas, shrubs, and trees commonly
known as palm trees. They are flowering plants most of them restricted
to tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates. The palm trees grow 10 to 15 m
in height. Its life time is for 20 – 25 years and palm seeds (shown in fig 9) gives an oil
yield of 3-5 tons per hectare [1]. Palm oil is different from pal kernel oil. Palm oil is
red in color where as palm kernel oil is not in red color as it is deficient of ceratone
content.
Figure 9 Palm seeds
1.10. Cotton
The scientific name of Cotton plant is Gossypium arboretum. Cotton is a member of
the malvaceae family of flowering plants that includes hibiscus, pavonia and mallow
plants. Cotton seed (shown in fig 10) yields 0.89 tons per hectare on an average. The
worlds average yield is 603 kg/ha [1].
7. Properties of Vegetable Oils and Their Influence on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of A
Di-Diesel Engine – A Review
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 95 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 10 Cotton seeds [4]
1.11. Soya Bean
The scientific name of soya bean plant is Glycine max. Soya bean is also called soja
bean or soya bean, annual legume of the Fabaceae family and its edible seed, probably
derived from a wild plant of East Asia. The origins of the soybean plant are obscure,
but many botanists believe it to have derived from Glycineussuriensis, a legume
native to central China. The soybean is an erect, branching plant ranging in height
from several centimeters to more than 2 meters (6.5 feet). Soya bean seeds (shown in
fig 11) yield 446 liters oil per ha.
Figure 11 Soya beans
2. PROPERTIES
2.1. Density
Fuel density is the density of the fuel, commonly expressed in kilograms per cubic
meter. The greater the fuel density, the greater the mass of fuel that can be stored in a
given tank and the greater the mass of fuel than can be pumped for a given fuel pump.
Fuel density generally increases with increasing molecular weight of the fuel
molecules [5]. Fuel density also generally increases with increasing molecular weight
8. R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna Kumari
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 96 editor@iaeme.com
of the component atoms of the fuel molecules. High density of fuel leads to poor
combustion of fuel and increase in emissions such as carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons. The density value of the oils considered varies from 870 – 960 kg/m3
as shown in the table 1.
2.2. Viscosity
Viscosity is the index of fuel resistance to flow. It is measured in centistokes.SVO
viscosity is much higher than that of diesel fuel: it increases with the carbon chain
lengths, triglyceride un saturation which induces polymerization, and when the
temperature decreases. Common SVOs have a kinematic viscosity of 30 -40 cSt at
40°C, i.e. 10-15 times higher than that of diesel. SVO high viscosity causes i) a
decrease in injection rate due to head losses in fuel injection pumps, filters and
injectors, ii) poor fuel atomization and vaporization by the injectors, which leads to
incomplete combustion inside the combustion chamber [5]. This results in lower
thermodynamic efficiency, and an increase in soot emissions and particles. The
viscosity of the oils varies from 10 – 46 cSt as shown in the table 1.
2.3. Molecular weight
Molecular mass or molecular weight is the mass of a molecule. It is calculated as the
sum of the mass of each constituent atom multiplied by the number of atoms of that
element in the molecular formula. It is measured in kg/k mole. The higher the
molecular weight of the fuel, higher the rate of emissions.[5]
2.4. Cetane number
The cetane number of the fuel, specified by ASTM D-613, is a measure of its ignition
delay with higher cetane numbers indicating shorter time between the initiation of fuel
injection and ignition, a desirable property in diesel engine fuel [6]. The cetane
number is relatively constant within a kind of vegetable oil and even between
different kinds of oils. Therefore, measurement of the cetane number to ensure good
quality SVO in stationary engines is pointless. The cetane number of the oils ranges
from 37 to 48 as shown in the table 1.
2.5. Lower Calorific value
Calorific value of a fuel is the thermal energy released per unit quantity of the fuel
when the fuel is burned completely. Other terms used for the calorific value are
heating value and heat of combustion. It is measured in units of energy per unit of the
fuel such as kJ/kg [6]. The efficiency of the engine is proportional to the calorific
value of the fuel. The lower calorific value of the vegetable oils considered ranges
from 31 – 44 MJ/kg as shown in the table 1.
2.6. Iodine value
Iodine number (DIN 53241/IP 84/81) is a measure of the degree of un saturation of
the fuel. Unsaturation can lead to deposit formation and storage stability problems
with fuels. It is measured as gm/100 gm of Iodine [6]. Iodine value has opposite result
of cetane number in engine performance and emissions. The values of Iodine of the
vegetable oils considered ranges from 76 – 147 g/100g of Iodine as shown in the table
1.
9. Properties of Vegetable Oils and Their Influence on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of A
Di-Diesel Engine – A Review
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 97 editor@iaeme.com
2.7. Flash point
Flash point (ASTM D-93) is a measure of the temperature to which a fuel must be
heated such that the mixture of vapor and air above the fuel can be ignited. It is
measured in degree centigrade. All No 2 diesel fuels have relatively low flash points
[6].The flash point of a fuel is important safety storage and handling parameter and
does not influence the performance of the engine. The flash point of vegetable oils is
sufficiently high to ensure good handling safety. The flash point of the considered
vegetable oils ranges from 175 – 267 0
C as shown in the table 1.
2.8. Saponication value
The saponification number measures the bonded and unbonded acids present in an oil
or fat. It defines the exact amount of potassium hydrate in mg necessary to emulsify
1g of fat or oil. The smaller the molar mass of the fat, the higher the saponification
value. The saponication value of the considered vegetable oils ranges from 189- 216
as shown in the table 1.
2.9. Acid Value
Acid value is the measure of milligram of potassium hydroxide present in 1 gm of
fuel. Acidity in vegetable oils can vary from 0.01% to 10% wt (which corresponds to
0.02 to 20 mg KOH/g oil). Free fatty acids have smaller molecular weights than the
triglycerides they are derived from, which makes acidic vegetable oils more easily
flammable. The free fatty acids of SVO are not a problem for use in diesel engines up
to 10% wt. When acidity increases from 0.01% to 1% wt, and to 10% wt, the "flash
point" is reduced by 20°C and 85 °C respectively. However, free fatty acids cause
corrosion and deposits in the engine. In fact, free fatty acids are markers of vegetable
oil quality, as they are generated during the process as well as during ageing. The acid
value of the considered vegetable oils ranges from 0.2 – 3.76 mg KOH/g as shown in
the table 1.
Table 1 Properties of straight vegetable oils
Name
C14:0
Myristic
acid
C16:0
Palmitic
acid
C16:1
Palmitoleic
acid
C18
Stearic
acid
C18:1
Oleic
acid
C18:2
Linoleic
acid
C18:3
Alpha
,gama
linoleic
Acid
C20:0
Archidic
acid
Others
Jatropha - 12.7 0.7 5.5 39.1 41.6 0.2 0.2 -
Cotton
seed oil
0.4 20 2 35 42
Tobacco
seed oil
0.09 10.96 0.2 3.34 14.54 69.49 0.69 0.25
, C12 -
<0.01,C20:1-0.13,
C 22 – 0.12,
C22:1<0.01
Karanja - 3.7-7.9 2.4-8.9
44.5-
71.3
10.8-18.3 4.1
C 20:1 – 2.4, C22
– 5.3
Mahua 1 17.8 - 14 46.3 17.9 - 3 -
Rubber
seed oil
2.2 10.2 - 8.7 24.6 39.6 16.3 - -
Deccan
Hemp Oil
- 5.2 2.4 13.1 57.1 20.0 0.7 -
C 20:2 -0.5, C22:1
– 0.3
Neem 0.2-0.26 14.9 0.1 20.6 43.9 17.9 0.4 1.6
C 22 – 0.3, C 24 –
0.2
Palm
kernel oil
14.02-
18.0
17.02-9.0 1.02-3.0 11-19 0.5-2
C8 – 3.02-5.0, C10
– 3.02-7.0, C12 –
40-52
Palm oil 0.5 43.4 0.1 4.6 41.9 8.6 0.3 0.3
C12:0 – 0.2,
C 22:0 - 0.1
Soya bean
oil
Tr 0.5 7.0-11.0 2.0-6.0 22-34 43-56 5.0-11.0 - - -
10. R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna Kumari
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 98 editor@iaeme.com
Table 2 Fatty acid composition of vegetable oils [5][12]
3. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION
Most vegetable oils are triglycerides. Most vegetable oils are triglycerides chemically;
triglycerides are the triacylglyceryl esters of various fatty acids with glycerol. One
hundred grams of fat or oil will yield approximately 95 grams of fatty acids. Both
physical and chemical characteristics of fats are influenced greatly by the kinds and
proportions of the component fatty acids and the way in which these are positioned on
the glycerol molecule. The predominant fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated
carbon chains with an even number of carbon atoms and a single carboxyl group.
Table II lists the fatty acid composition of some vegetable oils.
4. EMISSIONS FROM SVO OPERATED ENGINES
4.1. Brake Thermal Efficiency
Brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the brake power to the input fuel
energy. The brake thermal efficiency of CI engine running on Straight vegetable oils
is lower than that of the corresponding diesel fuel at all the engine speed. The possible
reason may be higher fuel viscosity. Higher fuel viscosity results in poor atomization
and larger fuel droplets followed by inadequate mixing of vegetable oil droplets and
heated air [13]. Among Jatropha and karanja, Jatropha seemed to be most promising
[14]. Among Soya bean, palm oils Soya bean oil exhibited a better performance [15].
4.2. Brake Specific Energy Consumption
It is an indication for efficiency of fuel energy obtained from the fuel. It is a product
of brake specific fuel consumption and calorific value of the fuel [13]. BSFC
exhibited by the Straight vegetable oils are nearly same and also higher than that of
the Diesel [16]. The reason for this is due to the higher densities of SVO.
Name
C14:0
Myristic
acid
C16:0
Palmitic
acid
C16:1
Palmitoleic
acid
C18
Stearic
acid
C18:1
Oleic
acid
C18:2
Linoleic
acid
C18:3
Alpha
,gama
linoleic
Acid
C20:0
Archidic
acid
Others
Jatropha - 12.7 0.7 5.5 39.1 41.6 0.2 0.2 -
Cotton
seed oil
0.4 20 2 35 42
Tobacco
seed oil
0.09 10.96 0.2 3.34 14.54 69.49 0.69 0.25
, C12 -
<0.01,C20:1-
0.13, C 22 –
0.12,
C22:1<0.01
Karanja - 3.7-7.9 2.4-8.9
44.5-
71.3
10.8-18.3 4.1
C 20:1 – 2.4,
C22 – 5.3
Mahua 1 17.8 - 14 46.3 17.9 - 3 -
Rubber
seed oil
2.2 10.2 - 8.7 24.6 39.6 16.3 - -
Deccan
Hemp Oil
- 5.2 2.4 13.1 57.1 20.0 0.7 -
C 20:2 -0.5,
C22:1 – 0.3
Neem 0.2-0.26 14.9 0.1 20.6 43.9 17.9 0.4 1.6
C 22 – 0.3, C
24 – 0.2
Palm
kernel oil
14.02-18.0 17.02-9.0 1.02-3.0 11-19 0.5-2
C8 – 3.02-5.0,
C10 – 3.02-7.0,
C12 – 40-52
Palm oil 0.5 43.4 0.1 4.6 41.9 8.6 0.3 0.3
C12:0 – 0.2,
C 22:0 - 0.1
Soya bean
oil
Tr 0.5 7.0-11.0 2.0-6.0 22-34 43-56 5.0-11.0 - - -
11. Properties of Vegetable Oils and Their Influence on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of A
Di-Diesel Engine – A Review
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 99 editor@iaeme.com
4.3. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
The fuel consumption characteristics of an engine are generally expressed in terms of
specific fuel consumption in kilograms of fuel per kilowatt-hour. It is an important
parameter that reflects how good the engine performance is. It is inversely
proportional to the thermal efficiency of the engine [13]. Among Soya bean, Palm
and Diesel the soya bean oil exhibited greater BSFC than the remaining [15] and also
Deccan Hemp oil and Karanja oil has greater BSFC than Diesel at full loads[10,17].
4.4. Exhaust Gas Temperature
The exhaust gas temperatures are dependent on the duration of combustion [13].
Deccan Hemp, neem oil and Jatropha oil exhibited higher EGT than Diesel [10, 16,
18]. The reason for this may be long duration of combustion due to their high
viscosities.
4.5. Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of nitrogen which also occur only in the engine exhaust are a combination of
nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen and oxygen react at relatively high
temperatures. To reduce NOx emissions the temperature of the cylinder should be
reduced. Therefore high temperature and availability of oxygen are the two main
reasons for the formation of NOx [13]. Depending upon the fatty acid composition
the quantity of NOx produced by palm oil, soya bean oil, soap nut and karanja oil are
less [9, 15, 17].
4.6. CO/CO2 Emissions
CO /CO2 is a product of incomplete combustion due to insufficient amount of air in
the air fuel mixture or insufficient time in the cycle for completion of combustion
[13]. The oils such as deccan Hemp, rape seed oil, jatropha exhibited higher CO/CO2
emissions compared to diesel due to their high viscosity which leads to improper
combustion [10, 16].
4.7. HC Emissions
Unburnt HC emissions are direct result of incomplete combustion. SVO due to their
higher viscosities undergo incomplete combustion and therefore has Higher HC
emissions [13]. The statement is strengthened by the works performed on karanja,
jatropha, soap nut, deccan hemp and neem oils [10, 16, 17, 18].
4.8. Smoke Opacity
The smoke of the engine exhaust is a visible indicator of the combustion process in
the engine. Smoke is due to incomplete combustion [15]. Some SVO’s like karanja,
soya bean and palm oil exhibited lower smoke where as soap nut, deccan hemp and
neem has lower smoke opacity when compared to diesel [9,10,15,17,18].
5. CONCLUSIONS
Depending on the review made on the physical, chemical and fatty acid compositions
of vegetable oils the following conclusions are drawn
Vegetable oils are the fuels which have close characteristics like diesel and therefore
they can used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines
12. R.V.S Madhuri, P.V Rao, K.R.M Alekhya and A. Swarna Kumari
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 100 editor@iaeme.com
Non edible oils should be preferred over edible oils as non edible are cheaper than
edible oils and also usage of non edible oils does not disturb the food cycle of human
beings.
SVO’s are highly viscous when compared to diesel. So they can be adopted by
implementing preheating technique or with some engine modifications.
SVO’s can also be utilised in a beneficial way by blending with diesel up to certain
percentage.
The flash point of SVO’s is higher than diesel so that they are safer to use compared
to diesel.
The Brake thermal efficiencies of SVO are low when compared to diesel due to their
high viscosity but are having high Brake specific fuel consumption due to their high
densities.
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