The
use of straight vegetable oil encounters problem due to its high viscosity, poor volatility and cold flow. The purpose of this
study is to reduce the viscosity of oil by effectively utilization of waste heat from exhaust gases before fed to inlet and
favourable properties compared to diesel can be obtained.
Jatropa: An alternative source of energy.Suraj Poudel
An article about Jatropa. Jatropha is also considered as “green gold in shrub” a plant that “seems to offer all the benefits of biofuels without the pit falls”
The palm oil industry in Indonesia provides some short-term economic benefits but has significant environmental and wildlife costs. It employs local workers but under conditions similar to slavery. The industry has cleared much of Indonesia's forests, endangering species like orangutans, tigers and elephants by destroying their habitats. Palm oil plantations are also a major contributor to climate change through carbon emissions released from clearing forests and soils being drained of nutrients. While the industry benefits Indonesia's economy in the short-term, the long-term environmental and social costs of the wildlife and habitats destroyed may outweigh these benefits.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Review on Possibilities of Intercropping with Immature Oil PalmAnuragSingh1049
Oil palm (Elæisguineensis) is identified as the world’s leading edible oil producing plant and well established as a perennial plantation crop in tropical countries. Economic life span of the plant is around 30-35 years and stand per hectare is around 120-135 plants. At the initial stage of the plantations (age up to 3-5 years) there are ample amount of free space available inside young plantations. During this period growers were not getting any income from oil palm and have to spend several other agricultural practices such as weeding. Intercropping with young oil palm is possible and practiced specially by small and medium scale farmers with suitable combinations of crop species. Early identification, proper management of short and medium term intercrops gives better returns for the farmers. Furthermore, in addition to the advantages there were some limitations for intercropping with young oil palm.
This document discusses arecanut-based intercropping and mixed cropping systems. It describes how intercropping involves growing short-term annual or biennial crops in the spaces between young arecanut palms. As the palms mature, mixed cropping with perennial crops better utilizes the partial shade. Popular intercrops include banana, black pepper, cardamom, cocoa, and vegetables. Intercropping increases land productivity and farmer income while the crop is establishing. Benefits include utilizing resources and controlling pests and soil erosion. Constraints can include drought, funds, technical knowledge, and pest/disease issues.
Remodeling a Manually Operated Bio Briquetting Machine for Bio Briquetting of...Premier Publishers
Briquetting of organic waste like wheat straw, peanut shell, coconut fibers, rice husk, maize cob and various other agricultural residues is a common practice in India and abroad. Generally briquetting process is done by application of heat and pressure through electrically driven machines. This paper accounts for developing a bio briquetting machine in horizontal orientation and a comparative study between two models of manually driven bio briquetting machine for a harmful forest bio residue of Western Himalayas named as dry and fallen pine needles. One of the authors of this paper has successfully designed and manufactured these two types of manually driven forest bio residue briquetting machine in vertical and horizontal orientation. These machines are designed to reduce the use of fossil fuels and promote clean and green energy. The uniqueness of the paper is also reflected by adopting grass not level execution strategy for addressing climate change issue and creating livelihood opportunities for the communities through converting a harmful forest bio residue into a useful resource for clean energy under social entrepreneurship skills. It is further added that such an intervention will avoid devastating forest fires which are primarily initiated by huge quantity of dry and fallen pine needles lying on the forest floors. A manually operated bio briquetting machine finds its larger acceptability for a eco fragile, fire prone, chir pine forest areas of Western Himalayas by eliminating fire hazards as well as providing direct economic benefits to the villages through the sale of bio briquettes.
The chagga home garden multistoried agroforestry systemSyed Zahid Hasan
The Chagga home gardens of Mount Kilimanjaro in Northern Tanzania are recognized as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System. The Chagga tribes have developed an effective agroforestry system of integrating food and cash crops with trees and livestock in small homestead plots between 0.2-1.2 hectares. Crops such as banana, beans, coffee, and millet are grown under the canopies of trees like albizia and cardamom is also cultivated. The system promotes soil conservation, nutrient cycling, and continuous production throughout the year while providing food, fodder, and income for families. Though productivity is low due to steep slopes, the Chagga home gardens represent a
Agroforestry involves deliberately growing trees in combination with crops and/or livestock on the same land. It provides ecological and economic benefits by utilizing resources more efficiently than monoculture systems. Some common types of agroforestry include silvopasture (combining trees, forage, and livestock), alley cropping (growing trees and crops in rows), and forest farming (cultivating crops under a forest canopy). While agroforestry increases productivity and profits by improving soil and providing shelter, it also requires more complex management than other systems.
Jatropa: An alternative source of energy.Suraj Poudel
An article about Jatropa. Jatropha is also considered as “green gold in shrub” a plant that “seems to offer all the benefits of biofuels without the pit falls”
The palm oil industry in Indonesia provides some short-term economic benefits but has significant environmental and wildlife costs. It employs local workers but under conditions similar to slavery. The industry has cleared much of Indonesia's forests, endangering species like orangutans, tigers and elephants by destroying their habitats. Palm oil plantations are also a major contributor to climate change through carbon emissions released from clearing forests and soils being drained of nutrients. While the industry benefits Indonesia's economy in the short-term, the long-term environmental and social costs of the wildlife and habitats destroyed may outweigh these benefits.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Review on Possibilities of Intercropping with Immature Oil PalmAnuragSingh1049
Oil palm (Elæisguineensis) is identified as the world’s leading edible oil producing plant and well established as a perennial plantation crop in tropical countries. Economic life span of the plant is around 30-35 years and stand per hectare is around 120-135 plants. At the initial stage of the plantations (age up to 3-5 years) there are ample amount of free space available inside young plantations. During this period growers were not getting any income from oil palm and have to spend several other agricultural practices such as weeding. Intercropping with young oil palm is possible and practiced specially by small and medium scale farmers with suitable combinations of crop species. Early identification, proper management of short and medium term intercrops gives better returns for the farmers. Furthermore, in addition to the advantages there were some limitations for intercropping with young oil palm.
This document discusses arecanut-based intercropping and mixed cropping systems. It describes how intercropping involves growing short-term annual or biennial crops in the spaces between young arecanut palms. As the palms mature, mixed cropping with perennial crops better utilizes the partial shade. Popular intercrops include banana, black pepper, cardamom, cocoa, and vegetables. Intercropping increases land productivity and farmer income while the crop is establishing. Benefits include utilizing resources and controlling pests and soil erosion. Constraints can include drought, funds, technical knowledge, and pest/disease issues.
Remodeling a Manually Operated Bio Briquetting Machine for Bio Briquetting of...Premier Publishers
Briquetting of organic waste like wheat straw, peanut shell, coconut fibers, rice husk, maize cob and various other agricultural residues is a common practice in India and abroad. Generally briquetting process is done by application of heat and pressure through electrically driven machines. This paper accounts for developing a bio briquetting machine in horizontal orientation and a comparative study between two models of manually driven bio briquetting machine for a harmful forest bio residue of Western Himalayas named as dry and fallen pine needles. One of the authors of this paper has successfully designed and manufactured these two types of manually driven forest bio residue briquetting machine in vertical and horizontal orientation. These machines are designed to reduce the use of fossil fuels and promote clean and green energy. The uniqueness of the paper is also reflected by adopting grass not level execution strategy for addressing climate change issue and creating livelihood opportunities for the communities through converting a harmful forest bio residue into a useful resource for clean energy under social entrepreneurship skills. It is further added that such an intervention will avoid devastating forest fires which are primarily initiated by huge quantity of dry and fallen pine needles lying on the forest floors. A manually operated bio briquetting machine finds its larger acceptability for a eco fragile, fire prone, chir pine forest areas of Western Himalayas by eliminating fire hazards as well as providing direct economic benefits to the villages through the sale of bio briquettes.
The chagga home garden multistoried agroforestry systemSyed Zahid Hasan
The Chagga home gardens of Mount Kilimanjaro in Northern Tanzania are recognized as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System. The Chagga tribes have developed an effective agroforestry system of integrating food and cash crops with trees and livestock in small homestead plots between 0.2-1.2 hectares. Crops such as banana, beans, coffee, and millet are grown under the canopies of trees like albizia and cardamom is also cultivated. The system promotes soil conservation, nutrient cycling, and continuous production throughout the year while providing food, fodder, and income for families. Though productivity is low due to steep slopes, the Chagga home gardens represent a
Agroforestry involves deliberately growing trees in combination with crops and/or livestock on the same land. It provides ecological and economic benefits by utilizing resources more efficiently than monoculture systems. Some common types of agroforestry include silvopasture (combining trees, forage, and livestock), alley cropping (growing trees and crops in rows), and forest farming (cultivating crops under a forest canopy). While agroforestry increases productivity and profits by improving soil and providing shelter, it also requires more complex management than other systems.
1) Archer Daniels Midland, a major US corn ethanol producer, plans to expand biofuel production into Brazilian sugarcane ethanol and Indonesian palm oil biodiesel to capitalize on growing global biofuel demand.
2) The expansion of palm oil plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia to meet biodiesel demand risks further deforestation and associated environmental impacts like carbon emissions, biodiversity loss, and soil erosion.
3) Indonesia has seen large-scale deforestation, with forest cover declining from 162 million hectares in 1950 to 98 million hectares in 2000. The conversion of forests to oil palm plantations threatens biodiversity and local communities.
ABSTRACT- Celtis australis Linn. (Local names- Kharik, Khrik, family Ulmaceae) is an indigenous species of the Western Himalaya. It grows
well at 500-2500 m asl. Celtis is a truly multipurpose tree grown for fodder, fuel, timber and various other uses in or around agricultural fields in
rainfed agriculture and plays a vital role in socioeconomic structure of hill people. It can be raised in rainfed agricultural lands, degraded lands, wastelands
and could be managed in the form of energy plantation, silvipastoral and agri-horti systems. C. australis is a promising multipurpose tree
species.
Key words- Celtis australis, Indigenous, Multipurpose, North West Himalaya, Socioeconomic
This document discusses intercropping systems in fruit crop orchards. It describes how certain short-term fruit crops and vegetables can be grown as intercrops during the early stages of establishment of perennial fruit trees. Some examples given include papaya, peach, and guava as fruit crop intercrops in mango orchards. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, and beans are also mentioned as suitable intercrops in citrus and grape orchards. The document outlines principles for selecting intercrops and highlights benefits like increased productivity and income generation from intercropping in fruit crops.
This document discusses an approach for enhancing agroforestry systems through market opportunities. It involves 3 components: 1) conducting market studies to understand demand for agroforestry products and identify opportunities, 2) providing extension to farmer groups on technical skills like nursery management to improve production, and 3) supporting the development of farmer enterprises when appropriate. The approach aims to address farmers' lack of market information and skills by strengthening their ability to reliably produce and sell high-quality products.
The document discusses a study on agroforestry systems in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It finds that (1) agroforestry farmers have higher average incomes than non-agroforestry farmers, (2) mixed agroforestry systems have greater tree basal areas, carbon stocks, and tree diversity compared to other land uses, indicating better environmental functions, and (3) agroforestry should be promoted through policy to improve livelihoods, serve as an adaptation strategy, and conserve biodiversity.
The document discusses various types of crops and their definitions. It provides definitions and examples for terms like cash crops, cover crops, catch crops, bumper crops, crop wild relatives, and more. The definitions cover crops grown for food, fiber, fuel and other economic purposes.
- Tima Miniyaka is a farmer from Kutinga village in Koraput district of Odisha, India who practices agroforestry.
- He initially grew only eucalyptus trees but now has diversified his farm to include teak, Gmelina arborea, and other trees intercropped with turmeric, banana, pineapple and vegetables.
- In 2015, his annual income from agroforestry sources like eucalyptus wood and leaves, lemon grass, and various intercrops was Rs. 122,500. Adding income from other crops like paddy, ragi, and suam, his total annual income was around Rs. 186,500
Performance Evaluation of Root Crop HarvestersIJERD Editor
This document discusses the development and testing of a tractor-mounted harvester for cocoyam (Xanthosoma spp.), a tropical tuber crop. The harvester was designed and fabricated in Nigeria using locally available materials. It consists of a blade, ridge roller, variable angle bevel gear, and a cleaning web powered by the tractor's PTO shaft. The harvester was tested and found to reduce the labor requirements for cocoyam harvesting compared to manual methods. More research is still needed to improve root crop harvesters given challenges around soil conditions, tuber geometry, and high draft requirements of machines.
This document provides information about different types of kitchen gardens and hydroponic systems. It discusses traditional kitchen gardens, potager gardens, vegetable gardens, herb gardens, and terrace gardens. It also describes different hydroponic systems including drip systems, ebb-flow systems, NFT systems, water culture systems, aeroponic systems, and wick systems. Finally, it lists several modern agricultural tools used in farming such as cultivators, threshers, rotavators, rip binders, moldboard ploughs, disk ploughs, land levellers, and tractors.
This document provides an introduction to forest regeneration, including natural and artificial regeneration methods. It discusses:
- Natural regeneration can occur through seed dispersal, coppicing from tree stumps, or root suckers. Factors like seed production, dispersal, germination, and establishment influence natural regeneration.
- Artificial regeneration methods include sowing seeds or planting seedlings. Choice of species, site selection, regeneration method (sowing vs. planting), spacing, and work organization are important preliminary considerations.
- Sowing involves scattering seeds over the ground while planting refers to direct placement of seeds or seedlings. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages related to costs, seedling survival rates, and forest establishment times
The document discusses hi-tech horticulture, which uses modern, capital-intensive but less environment-dependent techniques to improve productivity and farmers' incomes. It involves precision production, efficient input use, and maximizing land and water resources. Hi-tech horticulture strategies include crop improvement, protected cultivation, mechanization, computerization, post-harvest management, and more. Specific practices covered are integrated pest management, micro-irrigation, plasticulture, greenhouse cultivation, and micropropagation. The goal is to sustain agricultural productivity and stability in the face of climate change.
Economics of date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.) production and its developmen...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an economic study of date palm production in the Kech district of Balochistan province, Pakistan. Some key findings include:
- Total estimated costs of date palm production were 225,271 Pakistani rupees per hectare, including costs of land, orchard development, operations, and marketing. Marketing costs such as transportation were the highest costs.
- The average yield was 77.29 maunds (1 maund = 37 kg) per hectare. Higher yields came from trees aged 10-20 years. Certain varieties like Washakar fetched higher sale prices.
- Income per hectare was estimated at 286,745 rupees against total costs of 225,271 rupe
Agricultural development aims to increase farm production to meet rising population demands through expanding cropped areas, growing more crops, improving irrigation, and using fertilizers, seeds, and mechanization. The goal is increased food security. Indian farms are typically small and don't use machines, relying on expensive fertilizers and pesticides, while keeping dairy animals and selling products locally. This contrasts with larger US farms that use many machines and advanced tools during cultivation.
1. The document defines horticulture and describes its main branches including olericulture (vegetable production), pomology (fruit production), floriculture (flowers and ornamentals), plant propagation, and landscape horticulture.
2. It discusses various ways crops can be classified including by use, life span, growth habit, and climatic adaptation. Some key classifications are cereal, forage, oil, fiber, and root crops. Crops are also classified as annuals, biennials, perennials, woody, or herbaceous plants.
3. Different climatic regions for crop production are described including tropical, temperate, and arctic areas. Temperate crops are further divided
Multifunctionality of agroforestry systems: Can integration of trees on smal...SIANI
This document summarizes a research project studying the multifunctional benefits of agroforestry systems for smallholder farmers. The project aims to assess and quantify the multiple functions of agroforestry including food production, ecosystem services, and livelihood benefits. Researchers are combining on-farm studies with simulation modeling at different scales (field, farm, landscape). The project involves partnerships between researchers, educators, and extension agents. Studies are examining topics such as maize yields, nutrient cycling, water dynamics from different tree species, and soil requirements for an oil tree crop. The project involves monitoring farms over time in two sites in Kenya to understand impacts on productivity from different management practices.
Taking Action: Consumerism and DeforestationJonathan Meza
According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is agriculture, with commercial agriculture being responsible for 32% of deforestation. Deforestation contributes to species extinction, habitat loss, and reduction in biodiversity, to name a few ecological issues. With that in mind, I propose taking action by educating consumers about how their spending contributes to the demand of some commercial agriculture products that contributes to the problem of deforestation.
Jatropha Curcas Oil: Substitute for Conventional EnergyZK8
This document summarizes the potential for Jatropha curcas L. (physic nut) as a substitute for conventional fuels. It grows well in tropical and subtropical climates and produces seeds that contain 40-50% oil that can be converted to biodiesel via transesterification. Biodiesel has advantages over fossil fuels as it is renewable, biodegradable, and produces lower emissions. Jatropha is well-suited for biodiesel production in India as it can grow on wastelands and produces oil that is similar in energy content to fossil fuels. The document reviews the use of Jatropha for biodiesel and concludes that while biodiesel has benefits, its production is
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Camelina sativa Biodiesel Cope the Burning Issue of Global Worming; Current S...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Camelina sativa possesses high potential for biodiesel and ethanol production. It has more biodiesel potential per unit area of land than many other crops with minimum usage of inputs. This is very useful for effective spring moisture utilization. Biofuels appear to be a potential alternative “greener” energy substitute for fossil fuels. About 84% savings in GHG emissions were obtained with camelina jet fuel, compared with petroleum jet fuel. This shift from fossil fuels to biofuels has the potential to reduce global warming emissions, lessen the country’s dependence on petroleum import and create new jobs for rural and urban communities.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000573.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on journal of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) Archer Daniels Midland, a major US corn ethanol producer, plans to expand biofuel production into Brazilian sugarcane ethanol and Indonesian palm oil biodiesel to capitalize on growing global biofuel demand.
2) The expansion of palm oil plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia to meet biodiesel demand risks further deforestation and associated environmental impacts like carbon emissions, biodiversity loss, and soil erosion.
3) Indonesia has seen large-scale deforestation, with forest cover declining from 162 million hectares in 1950 to 98 million hectares in 2000. The conversion of forests to oil palm plantations threatens biodiversity and local communities.
ABSTRACT- Celtis australis Linn. (Local names- Kharik, Khrik, family Ulmaceae) is an indigenous species of the Western Himalaya. It grows
well at 500-2500 m asl. Celtis is a truly multipurpose tree grown for fodder, fuel, timber and various other uses in or around agricultural fields in
rainfed agriculture and plays a vital role in socioeconomic structure of hill people. It can be raised in rainfed agricultural lands, degraded lands, wastelands
and could be managed in the form of energy plantation, silvipastoral and agri-horti systems. C. australis is a promising multipurpose tree
species.
Key words- Celtis australis, Indigenous, Multipurpose, North West Himalaya, Socioeconomic
This document discusses intercropping systems in fruit crop orchards. It describes how certain short-term fruit crops and vegetables can be grown as intercrops during the early stages of establishment of perennial fruit trees. Some examples given include papaya, peach, and guava as fruit crop intercrops in mango orchards. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, and beans are also mentioned as suitable intercrops in citrus and grape orchards. The document outlines principles for selecting intercrops and highlights benefits like increased productivity and income generation from intercropping in fruit crops.
This document discusses an approach for enhancing agroforestry systems through market opportunities. It involves 3 components: 1) conducting market studies to understand demand for agroforestry products and identify opportunities, 2) providing extension to farmer groups on technical skills like nursery management to improve production, and 3) supporting the development of farmer enterprises when appropriate. The approach aims to address farmers' lack of market information and skills by strengthening their ability to reliably produce and sell high-quality products.
The document discusses a study on agroforestry systems in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It finds that (1) agroforestry farmers have higher average incomes than non-agroforestry farmers, (2) mixed agroforestry systems have greater tree basal areas, carbon stocks, and tree diversity compared to other land uses, indicating better environmental functions, and (3) agroforestry should be promoted through policy to improve livelihoods, serve as an adaptation strategy, and conserve biodiversity.
The document discusses various types of crops and their definitions. It provides definitions and examples for terms like cash crops, cover crops, catch crops, bumper crops, crop wild relatives, and more. The definitions cover crops grown for food, fiber, fuel and other economic purposes.
- Tima Miniyaka is a farmer from Kutinga village in Koraput district of Odisha, India who practices agroforestry.
- He initially grew only eucalyptus trees but now has diversified his farm to include teak, Gmelina arborea, and other trees intercropped with turmeric, banana, pineapple and vegetables.
- In 2015, his annual income from agroforestry sources like eucalyptus wood and leaves, lemon grass, and various intercrops was Rs. 122,500. Adding income from other crops like paddy, ragi, and suam, his total annual income was around Rs. 186,500
Performance Evaluation of Root Crop HarvestersIJERD Editor
This document discusses the development and testing of a tractor-mounted harvester for cocoyam (Xanthosoma spp.), a tropical tuber crop. The harvester was designed and fabricated in Nigeria using locally available materials. It consists of a blade, ridge roller, variable angle bevel gear, and a cleaning web powered by the tractor's PTO shaft. The harvester was tested and found to reduce the labor requirements for cocoyam harvesting compared to manual methods. More research is still needed to improve root crop harvesters given challenges around soil conditions, tuber geometry, and high draft requirements of machines.
This document provides information about different types of kitchen gardens and hydroponic systems. It discusses traditional kitchen gardens, potager gardens, vegetable gardens, herb gardens, and terrace gardens. It also describes different hydroponic systems including drip systems, ebb-flow systems, NFT systems, water culture systems, aeroponic systems, and wick systems. Finally, it lists several modern agricultural tools used in farming such as cultivators, threshers, rotavators, rip binders, moldboard ploughs, disk ploughs, land levellers, and tractors.
This document provides an introduction to forest regeneration, including natural and artificial regeneration methods. It discusses:
- Natural regeneration can occur through seed dispersal, coppicing from tree stumps, or root suckers. Factors like seed production, dispersal, germination, and establishment influence natural regeneration.
- Artificial regeneration methods include sowing seeds or planting seedlings. Choice of species, site selection, regeneration method (sowing vs. planting), spacing, and work organization are important preliminary considerations.
- Sowing involves scattering seeds over the ground while planting refers to direct placement of seeds or seedlings. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages related to costs, seedling survival rates, and forest establishment times
The document discusses hi-tech horticulture, which uses modern, capital-intensive but less environment-dependent techniques to improve productivity and farmers' incomes. It involves precision production, efficient input use, and maximizing land and water resources. Hi-tech horticulture strategies include crop improvement, protected cultivation, mechanization, computerization, post-harvest management, and more. Specific practices covered are integrated pest management, micro-irrigation, plasticulture, greenhouse cultivation, and micropropagation. The goal is to sustain agricultural productivity and stability in the face of climate change.
Economics of date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.) production and its developmen...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an economic study of date palm production in the Kech district of Balochistan province, Pakistan. Some key findings include:
- Total estimated costs of date palm production were 225,271 Pakistani rupees per hectare, including costs of land, orchard development, operations, and marketing. Marketing costs such as transportation were the highest costs.
- The average yield was 77.29 maunds (1 maund = 37 kg) per hectare. Higher yields came from trees aged 10-20 years. Certain varieties like Washakar fetched higher sale prices.
- Income per hectare was estimated at 286,745 rupees against total costs of 225,271 rupe
Agricultural development aims to increase farm production to meet rising population demands through expanding cropped areas, growing more crops, improving irrigation, and using fertilizers, seeds, and mechanization. The goal is increased food security. Indian farms are typically small and don't use machines, relying on expensive fertilizers and pesticides, while keeping dairy animals and selling products locally. This contrasts with larger US farms that use many machines and advanced tools during cultivation.
1. The document defines horticulture and describes its main branches including olericulture (vegetable production), pomology (fruit production), floriculture (flowers and ornamentals), plant propagation, and landscape horticulture.
2. It discusses various ways crops can be classified including by use, life span, growth habit, and climatic adaptation. Some key classifications are cereal, forage, oil, fiber, and root crops. Crops are also classified as annuals, biennials, perennials, woody, or herbaceous plants.
3. Different climatic regions for crop production are described including tropical, temperate, and arctic areas. Temperate crops are further divided
Multifunctionality of agroforestry systems: Can integration of trees on smal...SIANI
This document summarizes a research project studying the multifunctional benefits of agroforestry systems for smallholder farmers. The project aims to assess and quantify the multiple functions of agroforestry including food production, ecosystem services, and livelihood benefits. Researchers are combining on-farm studies with simulation modeling at different scales (field, farm, landscape). The project involves partnerships between researchers, educators, and extension agents. Studies are examining topics such as maize yields, nutrient cycling, water dynamics from different tree species, and soil requirements for an oil tree crop. The project involves monitoring farms over time in two sites in Kenya to understand impacts on productivity from different management practices.
Taking Action: Consumerism and DeforestationJonathan Meza
According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is agriculture, with commercial agriculture being responsible for 32% of deforestation. Deforestation contributes to species extinction, habitat loss, and reduction in biodiversity, to name a few ecological issues. With that in mind, I propose taking action by educating consumers about how their spending contributes to the demand of some commercial agriculture products that contributes to the problem of deforestation.
Jatropha Curcas Oil: Substitute for Conventional EnergyZK8
This document summarizes the potential for Jatropha curcas L. (physic nut) as a substitute for conventional fuels. It grows well in tropical and subtropical climates and produces seeds that contain 40-50% oil that can be converted to biodiesel via transesterification. Biodiesel has advantages over fossil fuels as it is renewable, biodegradable, and produces lower emissions. Jatropha is well-suited for biodiesel production in India as it can grow on wastelands and produces oil that is similar in energy content to fossil fuels. The document reviews the use of Jatropha for biodiesel and concludes that while biodiesel has benefits, its production is
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Camelina sativa Biodiesel Cope the Burning Issue of Global Worming; Current S...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Camelina sativa possesses high potential for biodiesel and ethanol production. It has more biodiesel potential per unit area of land than many other crops with minimum usage of inputs. This is very useful for effective spring moisture utilization. Biofuels appear to be a potential alternative “greener” energy substitute for fossil fuels. About 84% savings in GHG emissions were obtained with camelina jet fuel, compared with petroleum jet fuel. This shift from fossil fuels to biofuels has the potential to reduce global warming emissions, lessen the country’s dependence on petroleum import and create new jobs for rural and urban communities.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000573.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on journal of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Phillips bio industries inc. powerpointWendy Clarke
Phillips Bio-Industries is focused on producing biodiesel, biofuels, and responding to changes in energy laws to create opportunities in the renewable energy industry worldwide. The company aims to be a top biodiesel producer using bio-green technologies to help countries achieve energy independence through developing indigenous energy resources.
The document summarizes research on biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It discusses how biodiesel is produced through transesterification of vegetable oils and fats. The properties of biodiesel are outlined and compared to fossil diesel. Experimental results are presented showing biodiesel blends and advanced injection timing can improve engine performance similar to diesel. However, higher carbon deposits and more frequent filter cleaning are issues. The document concludes biodiesel is a promising renewable alternative but requires further optimization.
bio-energy Profitability of Jatropha Curcas L. cultivation as bio-diesel sou...Omid Minooee
This document analyzes the profitability of Jatropha Curcas L. cultivation for biodiesel production in Mysore district, India. It aims to define the current development of biodiesel from Jatropha, identify the competitiveness of Jatropha biodiesel in domestic and international markets by estimating production costs and prices, derive the best scenario for integrating biodiesel into India's energy mix, and determine how much income can be generated for rural poverty reduction. The document reviews the literature on Jatropha cultivation requirements, expected yields and profitability analysis, and concludes that producing Jatropha pure plant oil can generate positive returns at crude oil prices between $85-115 per barrel.
This document summarizes a study that produced biodiesel from castor oil through transesterification and tested the performance and emissions of diesel engines running on blends of the castor oil biodiesel and petroleum diesel. Specifically, the study produced biodiesel via the transesterification of castor oil with methanol. The castor oil biodiesel was then blended with petroleum diesel in 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% proportions. The blends were tested in a diesel engine to analyze performance metrics like fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions. The study found that a 25% blend of castor oil biodiesel performed best without needing engine modifications.
ABSTRACT- Due to the concern on the accessibility of recoverable fossil fuel resources and the environmental
problems caused by the use those fossil fuels, considerable attention has been given to biodiesel production as an
alternative to petro-diesel. In Iran, biodiesel can be as an optimum alternative fuel for diesel fuel. The biodiesel production
potential from oil seeds such as cottonseed, soybean, rapeseed, corn, sesame, olive, sunflower, safflower, almond, walnut
and hazelnut in Iran was investigated. Oil seeds are not commonly used for energy application in Iran. This is because of
noticeable resources of oil and natural gas in Iran and also most of the edible oil (almost 90%) is being imported for
human consumption. Purpose of this study is to cover several outlooks on the size of the biodiesel oil seeds resource in
Iran. In the present study, data was collected from Iran’s Ministry of Agriculture in 2014. Around Iran, 826708.6 ha of
land from 13 states are anticipated to be suitable land for cultivating of oil seeds. There are about 2.72 million tons of oil
seed crops in Iran that can potentially produce 408692.088 million litter of biodiesel every year. Cottonseed, soybean,
rapeseed, almond and olive are the most favourable biodiesel production source. In Iran, water is a main problem for
growing plants, therefore drought-resistant oil seed crops will be produced such as cotton, rapeseed, soybean and
safflower etc. Based on the results, drought-resistant oil seed crops can be grown in Iran and these oils can be used in
biodiesel production industry.
Key-words- Iran, Bioenergy, Biodiesel, Oil seed
Production of BioDiesel Using Jatropha as a Feedstock ZY8
The document discusses the development and promotion of biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel in India. It notes that petroleum resources are finite so alternative renewable fuels are needed. Ethanol and biodiesel are environmentally friendly and can help meet stricter emission standards. Biodiesel has several advantages over petroleum diesel, and crops like Jatropha can provide feedstock while improving soil quality and generating rural employment. The document proposes a National Mission on Biodiesel to establish an integrated biofuel production capability in India through activities like Jatropha plantation, seed collection, oil extraction and biodiesel production. This would help energy security, rural development and reduce crude oil imports.
Non-Edible Plant Oils as New Sources for Biodiesel Production ZY8
This document discusses two non-edible plant oils, soapnut and jatropha oils, as potential feedstocks for biodiesel production. [1] Soapnut and jatropha oils were extracted from seeds using a cold press method, yielding approximately 30% and 27.8% oil content respectively. [2] Both oils underwent acid-catalyzed transesterification achieving over 97% conversion to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). [3] Gas chromatography analysis found that soapnut biodiesel contains approximately 85% unsaturated fatty acids while jatropha biodiesel contains approximately 80% unsaturated fatty acids, dominated by oleic acid in both.
Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuelsijtsrd
On the face of the upcoming energy crisis, vegetable oils have come up as a promising source of fuel. They are being studied widely because of their abundant availability, renewable nature and better performance when used in engines. Many vegetable oils have been investigated in compression ignition engine by fuel modification or engine modification. The vegetable oils have very high density and viscosity, so we have used the methyl ester of the oil to overcome these problems. Their use in form of methyl esters in non-modified engines has given encouraging results.Coconut oil (copra), Waste vegetable oil, Karanja oil (Pongamia Pinnata) is available abundantly in India. An experimental investigation was made to evaluate the performance characteristics and overall emissions of a diesel engine using different blends of these three methyl esters with mineral diesel. Methyl esters of these three oils were blended with diesel in proportions of 20% and 40% by mass and studied under various load conditions in a compression ignition (diesel) engine. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of mineral diesel. The brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were better than mineral diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The emission characteristics were also studied and levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons were found to be higher than pure diesel. T. Pratheep Reddy | P. Charan Theja | B. Eswaraiah | J. Narendra Kumar"Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7044.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/7044/performance-test-on-the-ci-engine-by-using--different-biofuels/t-pratheep-reddy
Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. It discusses biodiesel production processes and feedstocks used worldwide. The key points are:
- Biodiesel has advantages over fossil fuels like being renewable, biodegradable and reducing exhaust emissions. However, biodiesel has less energy content than diesel.
- Common biodiesel feedstocks discussed are cottonseed, soybean, rapeseed, jatropha and palm oil. Feedstock selection is important as it affects 75% of production costs.
- The document also looks at biodiesel potential in India, including a national mission to promote jatropha cultivation and use. It concludes that biodiesel can reduce
New Horizon Pvt. Ltd. is establishing a biodiesel production facility in Maharashtra, India using Jatropha seeds as a feedstock. The facility will have a production capacity of 5,000 kg per day. The document provides an overview of the company's vision and proprietary rights, as well as details on the financial requirements, manufacturing process, inventory management system, and marketing plan for the new biodiesel production operation.
The document discusses Jatropha curcas as a potential biodiesel feedstock in India. It notes that Jatropha can grow in wastelands without competing with food crops and its oil content of 30-40% makes it suitable for biodiesel production. Demonstration plantations in India show that Jatropha is adaptable and can yield fruits within 3-4 years. If 10 million hectares of wasteland is brought under Jatropha cultivation, it could yield enough oil for one tenth of India's diesel needs as well as employment opportunities in rural areas.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study on the performance of Jatropha biodiesel in a multi-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine. Jatropha is a drought-resistant plant that can be grown on degraded lands and produces seeds with 30-35% oil content that can be converted to biodiesel via transesterification. The researchers obtained Jatropha biodiesel from a supplier and tested it in a Mahindra & Mahindra diesel engine, both in pure form and blended with petrodiesel. They found that the biodiesel blends produced higher power, torque and thermal efficiency compared to petrodiesel, though specific fuel consumption was slightly higher. The 20% Jatropha biodiesel
This document summarizes a study on the performance of Jatropha biodiesel in a multi-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine. Jatropha is a drought-resistant plant that can be grown in tropical areas and produces seeds with 30-35% oil content that can be converted to biodiesel via transesterification. The researchers obtained Jatropha biodiesel from a supplier and tested it in a Mahindra & Mahindra diesel engine both in pure form and blended with petrodiesel. They found that the biodiesel blends produced higher power, torque and thermal efficiency compared to petrodiesel alone, though specific fuel consumption was slightly higher. The 20% Jatropha biodiesel
Microalgae as Potential Feedstock for Biodiesel Production-A Reviewpaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper provides a background on the usage of microalgae which are increasingly recognized as promising for biofuel production. Compared to terrestrial crops, microalgae are very biodiverse and offer considerable versatility for a range of biotechnological applications including; the production of animal feeds, fuels, high value products and waste-water treatment. Microalgae are used as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, as well as other industrial applications. In terms of environmental biotechnology, they are useful for bioremediation of agro-industrial wastewater, and as a biological tool for assessment and monitoring of environmental toxicants such as heavy metals, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Microalgae are being considered as a viable feedstock for large-scale production of biodiesel. However, it may look simpler to obtain lipids from microalgae, the overall process of choosing an algal strain, cultivation, harvesting, dewatering, and extraction of oil is quite complicated and may not be economical at present.
Similar to Performance of single cylinder diesel engine using jatropha oil with exhaust heat recovery system (20)
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
e qqqqqqqqqqeuwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiqw dddddddddd cccccccccccccccv s w c r
cdf cb bicbsad ishd d qwkbdwiur e wetwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww w
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffw
uuuuhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhe qiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbu uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuum
m
m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm m i
g i dijsd sjdnsjd ndjajsdnnsa adjdnawddddddddddddd uw
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)GiselleginaGloria
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
FULL STACK PROGRAMMING - Both Front End and Back End
Performance of single cylinder diesel engine using jatropha oil with exhaust heat recovery system
1. Mehta et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
IJAET/Vol.III/ Issue IV/Oct.-Dec., 2012/01-07
Review Article
PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING
JATROPHA OIL WITH EXHAUST HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM
Prof. Alpesh Mehta1*
, Mehul Joshi 2
, Ghanshyam Patel 3
, Mohammad Juned Saiyad4
Address for Correspondence
1
Assistant Professor, Government Engineering College, Godhra
2,3,4
Students of 7th Semester Mechanical Government Engineering College, Godhra
ABSTRACT
The world is being modernized and industrialized day by day. As a result vehicles and engines are increasing. But energy
sources used in these engines are limited and decreasing gradually. The rapidly depleting conventional petroleum resources
have promoted research for alternative fuels for diesel engines. Bio-fuel, a promising substitute as an alternative fuel has got
significant attention due to the limited sources of conventional fuels and environmental concern. From different possible
options, fuels derived from vegetable oil present promising renewable substitutes for fossil fuels. The utilization of Straight
vegetable oil fuel in diesel engine fuel has main the advantage of eliminating the energy, cost and time consumed in biodiesel
production. Oil derived from Jatropha curcas plant has been considered as a sustainable alternate fuel for diesel engine. The
use of straight vegetable oil encounters problem due to its high viscosity, poor volatility and cold flow. The purpose of this
study is to reduce the viscosity of oil by effectively utilization of waste heat from exhaust gases before fed to inlet and
favourable properties compared to diesel can be obtained.
KEY WORDS: diesel engine, Jatropha, straight vegetable oil
1. INTRODUCTION
In our present day lifestyle, the internal combustion
engines have already become an indispensable and
integral part, particularly in the transportation and
agricultural field. CI engines are the most trusted
power sources which are preferred in the
transportation industry also. Due to the problems of
fuel crisis and environmental pollution, the survival
of these engines has been threatened. Therefore to
protect the global environment, it’s become necessary
to search an alternative of oil as energy source.
Among different clean burning sources, bio-fuel
obtained from vegetable oils seems to be more
efficient because of its renewable and clean burning
property similar to mineral diesel. The use of edible
vegetable oils for bio-fuel production has recently
been of great concern because they compete with
food materials. As the demand for vegetable oils for
food has increased tremendously in recent years, it is
impossible to justify the use of these oils for fuel use
purposes such as bio-fuel. Moreover, these oils could
be more expensive to use as fuel. Hence, the
contribution of non-edible oil will be significant as a
non edible plant oil source for biodiesel production.
Moreover, these oils could be more expensive to use
as fuel.
1.1 Why “Bio fuels”?
Nowadays, research have been made to use vegetable
oil, animal fats as an alternate source of renewable
energy known as bio-fuel that can be used as fuel in
CI engines. Bio-fuels appear to be a potential
alternative “greener” energy substitute for fossil fuels
[1]. It is renewable and available throughout the
world. The idea of using vegetable oils as fuel for
diesel engines is not new [2]. Bio-fuels are generally
considered as offering many properties, including
sustainability, reduction of greenhouse gas emission
regional development, social structure and
agriculture, security of supply [3].Vegetable oils are
considered as most sustainable alternative fuels for
CI engines as they are renewable, biodegradable, non
toxic, environmental friendly, a lower emission
profile compared to diesel fuel and most of the
situation where conventional petroleum diesel is
used. Non edible vegetable oils are the most
significant to use as a fuel compared to edible
vegetable oils as it has a tremendous demand for
using as a food and also the high expense for
production. Therefore many researchers are
experimenting on non edible vegetable oils. In India
the feasibility of producing bio diesel as diesel
substitute can be significantly thought as there is a
large junk of degraded forest land, unutilized public
land, and fallow lands of farmers, even rural areas
that will be beneficial for overall economic growth. .
The use of vegetable oils, such as palm, soya bean,
sunflower, peanut, and olive oil, Jatropha curcas etc.
as alternative fuels for diesel is being promoted in
many countries [4]. Only a very few and non-edible
type such as jatropha oil, karanja oil, etc. can be
considered to be eco nominally afford able to some
developing countries like India in particular [8].
1.2 Jatropha Plant
Fig. 1 Jatropha plant Fig.2 seed of jatropha
The Jatropha curcas Linnaeus plant J. curcas L.
belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. The genus
name Jatropha derives from the Greek jatros (doctor),
trophe (food), which implies medicinal uses, hence
the plant is traditionally used for medicinal purposes.
It is a hardy shrub that can grow on poor soils and
areas of low rainfall (from 250 mm a year) hence its
being promoted as the ideal plant for small farmers
[11-12]. It is a drought-resistant, perennial plant and
living up to fifty years and has capability to grow on
marginal soils. It requires very little irrigation and
grows in all types of soils (from coast line to hill
slopes). It is a rapidly growing tree and easily
propagated. Jatropha usually grows below 1400
meters of elevation from sea level and requires a
minimum rainfall of 250mm, with an optimum
rainfall between 900-1200mm [10]. It is non-edible
oil being singled out for large-scale for plantation on
waste lands Jatropha plant can thrive under adverse
conditions. The production of jatropha seeds is about
2. Mehta et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
IJAET/Vol.III/ Issue IV/Oct.-Dec., 2012/01-07
0.8 kg per square meter per year. The oil content of
jatropha seed ranges from 30% to 50% by weight and
the kernel itself ranges from 45% to 60%. Fresh
jatropha oil is slow-drying, odor less and color less
oil, but it turns yellow after aging [9].
1.2.1 The Cultivation of the Jatropha plant
Jatropha curcas L. has various socio-economic
benefits which makes it more economical when
cultivated on commercial scale. Jatropha can be
propagated from seeds as well as from cuttings.
Seeds or cutting can be directly planted in the main
field. Otherwise, seedlings grown in poly bags are
transplanted in the main field. A hectare of jatropha
plantation is reported to yield 2.5-3.5tonnes of seeds
in the third year and increases sharply to 5000-12,000
tonnes per hectare from the sixth year onwards [6].
1.2.2 Jatropha as a plant of many uses
Rural energy problems in developing countries and
are linked with other rural problems. These problems
need an integrated approach to reach solutions. The
Jatropha plant has four main contributions to rural
development and poverty eradication in general:
Renewable energy, promotion of women, poverty
reduction and soil erosion control. The Jatropha
Curcas has many products and potential contributions
to rural community development. The products of the
Jatropha plant are the plant itself, fruits, leaves, and
latex. The fruits comprise of seeds and fruit hulls.
The seeds produce seed oil, seed cake, and seed
shells. The oil processes also produce sediments from
oil purifications.
The Jatropha plant itself can be used in erosion
control if planted across the hills and against the
wind. The plant can also be used as firewood. The
fact that it grows very fast means Jatropha can be
used to solve the problems of deforestation in many
developing countries. The toxicity of the plant deters
animal browsing. The leaves are used as a medicine
and could also be used to develop Silkworm. The
leaves can also be used as an anti-inflammatory
substance. The Jatropha plant also provides a source
of employment to many rural areas, which in turn
helps to reduce urban migration in developing
countries.
1.2.3 Toxicity of the Jatropha plant
The toxicity of the Jatropha Curcas is an advantage
on one side and disadvantage on the other. The
advantage emanates from the fact that the plant
leaves cannot be browsed by animals and could act as
an excellent fence. The disadvantage comes from the
fact that the equipment, such as ram presses that are
used to press Jatropha seeds, could not be used to
press other edible seed oil from plants like sunflower
unless a thorough cleaning is done which would take
a lot of environmental resources. The claims that
there are some varieties of non-toxic Jatropha plants
need more investigation.
1.3 Characterization of jatropha oil
Non-edible oil generally contains about 3-4 %wax
and gum. De-waxing and degumming of plant oils is
required not only for smooth running of the CI engine
but also to prevent engine failure even if plant oils
are blended with diesel. It is therefore necessary to
remove wax and gum from the fresh oil before it
could be used in CI engine. Analysis of Jatropha
seeds revealed that the percentage of crude protein,
crude fat and moisture were 24.60, 47.25 and 5.54%
respectively (Akintayo, 2004).Characterization of
diesel and Jatropha oil is as per the [Table–1].
Crude-Jatropha oil, a non-edible vegetable oil shows
a greater potential for replacing conventional diesel
fuel quite effectively, as its properties are compatible
to that of diesel fuel [5]. It is however found from
researches that the neat jatropha oil can be used to
run the engines in mini-vans for rural transportation,
haulage trucks, farm tractors and other agricultural
machinery, but may require little modification [7].
Table 1: Comparison of properties of Jatropha oil with
diesel [13-pranik]
From the above table 1, Density, cloud point and
pour point of Jatropha oil are found to be higher than
diesel. Higher cloud and pour point reflect
unsuitability of Jatropha oil as diesel fuel in cold
climatic conditions but the flash and fire points of
Jatropha oil is very high compared to mineral diesel.
Hence, Jatropha oil is extremely safe to handle [14].
Higher carbon residue from Jatropha oil may possibly
lead to higher carbon deposits in combustion
chamber of the CI engine. Low sulphur content in
Jatropha oil results in lower SOX emissions. Presence
of oxygen in fuel improves combustion properties
and emissions but reduces the calorific value of the
fuel [14]. Jatropha oil has approximately 90%
calorific value compared to diesel. Nitrogen content
of the fuel also affects the NOX emissions. Higher
viscosity is a major problem in using vegetable oil as
fuel for diesel engines. Viscosity of Jatropha
biodiesel is 4.84cSt at 40°C. It is observed that
viscosity of Jatropha oil decreases remarkably with
increasing temperature and it becomes close to diesel
at temperature above 90°C [15].
1.4 Advantages of Jatropha
• Hardy shrub which grows in semi-arid
conditions and poor soils
• Can be intercropped with high value crops
such as sugar, coconut palm, various fruits
and vegetables, providing protection from
grazing livestock and phyto-protection
action against pests and pathogens
• It is easy to establish and grows relatively
quickly.
• Yields around 4 tons of seed per hectare in
unkept hedges are achievable
• Has low nutrient requirements
• Requires low labor inputs.
• Bio-fuel almost completely eliminates life
cycles CO2 emission.
• Production of 1t / ha / year of high protein
seed cake that can be used as animal and
fish feeds and organic matter that can be
used as organic fertilizers.
3. Mehta et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
IJAET/Vol.III/ Issue IV/Oct.-Dec., 2012/01-07
• Various other products from the plant (leaf,
bark and seed extracts) have various other
industrial and pharmaceutical uses.
• Restoration of degraded land over a period
of time.
• Rural employment generation
• The highest cetane no. of bio-diesel
compared to petro diesel indicates potential
for higher engine performance.
• The superior lubricating properties of bio-
diesel increases functional engine efficiency.
• Their higher flash point makes them to safer
to store.
• The bio-diesel molecules are simple
hydrocarbon chains, contains no sulfur or
aromatic substances associated with fossil
fuels.
• They contain higher amount of O2 (up to
10%). That ensures more complete
combustion of HC.
1.5 Economics benefits
• Increase employment activity and increase
Employment on the countryside
• Emits up to 100% less sulfur dioxide
• Reduces smoke particulates at about 75%
1.6 Disadvantages of Jatropha
• Low volatility.
• High pour points, cloud points and cold
filter plugging.
• Higher NOX emissions at elevated
temperatures.
• Incomplete combustion.
• Seeds and leaves are toxic to human beings
and animals
• Toxicity is based on several components
(phorbol esters, curcains, trypsin inhibitors
and others) which make complete
detoxification a complicated and difficult
process.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Rudolf Diesel (1900) demonstrated his engine
running on 100% peanut oil at World Exhibition in
Paris.[16] . Seddon (1942) experimented with using
several different vegetable oils in a Perkins P 6 diesel
engine with great success during World War II. The
results of this experiment showed that vegetable oils
could be used to power a vehicle under normal
operating conditions. However, it was noted that
much more work was needed before vegetable oils
could be used as a reliable substitute for diesel
fuel.[17]Bruwer et al. (1980) studied the use of
sunflower seed oil as a renewable energy source.
When operating tractors with 100% sunflower oil
instead of diesel fuel, an 8% power loss occurred
after 1000 hours of operation. The power loss was
corrected by replacing the fuel injectors and injector
pump. After 1300 hours of operation, the carbon
deposits in the engine were reported to be equivalent
to an engine fueled with 100% diesel except for the
injector tips, which exhibited excessive carbon build-
up.[18]Goering et al. (1981) studied the characteristic
properties of eleven vegetable oils to determine
which oils would be best suited for use as an
alternative fuel source. Of the eleven oils tested, corn,
rapeseed, sesame, cottonseed, and soybean oils had
the most favorable fuel properties [19].
Yarbrough et al. (1981) experienced similar results
when testing six sunflower oils as diesel fuel
replacements. Raw sunflower oils were found to be
unsuitable fuels, while refined sunflower oil was
found to be satisfactory. Degumming and dew axing
the vegetable oils were required to prevent engine
failure even if the vegetable oils were blended with
diesel fuel [20]. Tahir et al. (1982) tested sunflower
oil as a replacement for diesel fuel in agricultural
tractors. Sunflower oil viscosity was 14% higher than
diesel fuel at 37°C. Engine performance using the
sunflower oil was similar to that of diesel fuel, but
with a slight decrease in fuel economy. Oxidation of
the sunflower oil left heavy gum and wax deposits on
test equipment, which could lead to engine failure
[21]. Bacon et al. (1981) evaluated the use of several
vegetable oils as potential fuel sources. Initial engine
performance tests using vegetable oils were found to
be acceptable, while noting that the use of these oils
caused carbon build up in the combustion chamber.
Continuous running of a diesel engine at part load
and mid-speeds was found to cause rapid carbon
deposition rates on the injector tips. Short 2-hour
tests were used to visually compare the effects of
using different vegetable oils in place of diesel fuel.
Although short-term engine test results were
promising, Bacon recommended long-term engine
testing to determine the overall effects of using
vegetables oils as a fuel in diesel engines [22].
Reid et al. (1982), evaluated the chemical and
physical properties of 14 vegetable oils. These
injection studies pointed out that the oils behave very
differently from petroleum-based fuels. This change
in behavior was attributed to the vegetable oils high
viscosity. Engine tests showed that carbon deposits in
the engine were reduced if the oil was heated prior to
combustion. It was also noted that carbon deposit
levels differed for oils with similar viscosities,
indicating that oil composition was also an important
factor [23]. Schoedder (1981) used rapeseed oils as a
diesel fuel replacement in Germany with mixed
results. Short term engine tests indicated rapeseed oil
had similar energy outputs when compared to diesel
fuel. Initial long-term engine tests showed that
difficulties arose in engine operation after 100 hours
due to deposits on piston rings, valves, and injectors.
The investigators indicated that further long-term
testing was needed to determine if these difficulties
could be adverted [24]. Auld et al. (1982) used
rapeseed oil to study the effects of using an
alternative fuel in diesel engines. An analysis of the
rapeseed oil showed a relationship between viscosity
and fatty acid chain length. Engine power and torque
results using rapeseed oil were similar to that of
diesel fuel. Results of the short-term tests indicated
further long term testing was needed to evaluate
engine durability when rapeseed oil was used [25].
Bettis et al. (1982) evaluated sunflower, safflower,
and rapeseed oils were evaluated as possible sources
for liquid fuels. The vegetable oils were found to
contain 94% to 95% of the energy content of diesel
fuel, and to be approximately 15 times as viscous.
Short-term engine tests indicated that for the
vegetable oils power output was nearly equivalent to
that of diesel fuel, but long-term durability tests
indicated severe problems due to carbonization of the
combustion chamber [26]. Pryde (1982) reviewed the
4. Mehta et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
IJAET/Vol.III/ Issue IV/Oct.-Dec., 2012/01-07
reported successes and shortcomings for alternative
fuel research. This article stated that short-term
engine tests using vegetable oils as a fuel source was
very promising. However, long-term engine test
results showed that durability problems were
encountered with vegetable oils because of carbon
buildup and lubricating oil contamination. Thus, it
was concluded that vegetable oils must either be
chemically altered or blended with diesel fuel to
prevent premature engine failure [27].
Engler et al. (1983) found that engine performance
tests using raw sunflower and cottonseed vegetable
oils as alternative fuels gave poor results. Engine
performance tests for processed vegetable oils
produced results slightly better than similar tests for
diesel fuel. However, carbon deposits and lubricating
oil contamination problems were noted, indicating
that these oils are acceptable only for short-term use
as a fuel source [28]. Pryor et al. (1983) conducted
short and long-term engine performance tests using
100% soybean oil in a small diesel engine. Short-
term test results indicated the soybean performance
was equivalent to that of diesel fuel. However, long-
term engine testing was aborted due to power loss
and carbon buildup on the injectors [29]. In CI
engine, more than 30 different vegetable oils have
been used to operate compression engines since the
1900’s (Quick, 1980) [30]. Initial engine
performance suggests that these oil-based fuels have
great potential as fuel substitutes. Extended operation
indicated that carbonization of critical engine
components resulted from the use of raw vegetable
oil fuels, which can lead to premature engine failure.
Blending vegetable oil with diesel fuel was found to
be a method to reduce coking and extend engine life.
Studies involving the use of raw vegetable oils as a
replacement fuel for diesel fuel indicate that a diesel
engine can be successfully fuel with 100% vegetable
oil on a short-term basis. However, long-term engine
durability studies show that fueling diesel engines
with 100% vegetable oil causes engine failure due to
engine oil contamination, stuck piston rings, and
excessive carbon build-up on internal engine
components. Therefore 100% unmodified vegetable
oils are not reasonable diesel fuel replacements. The
gases like hydrogen and CNG are introduced in air
intake manifold. This duel fuel mode allows bio-
diesel to perform nearly as diesel. In such
experiment, Venkatesan M. investigated the
performance of diesel engine running on Jatropha oil
Methyl ester and CNG in duel fuel mode [32].
S.K. Haldar et.al [31] this paper investigates non-
edible straight vegetable oils of Putranjiva, Jatropha
and Karanja to find out the most suitable alternative
diesel by a chemical processing. Degumming is an
economical chemical process that is done by
concentrated phosphoric acid. This process is applied
to the above-mentioned non-edible oils to remove the
impurities for the improvement of viscosity, cetane
number and better combustion in the diesel engine
upto certain blend of diesel and non-edible vegetable
oils. Ten percent, 20%, 30% and 40% blends of
degummed non-edible oils and diesel are used in a
Ricardo variable compression engine to study and
compare the performance and emission
characteristics. It is observed that the non-edible oil
of Jatropha gives the best results related to the
performance and emissions at high loads and 45°
bTDC injection timing. S. Naga Sarada et.al [33]
used LHR engine with carbureted methanol and
crude jatropha oil, which showed improved
performance and decreased pollution levels in
comparison with conventional engine with pure
diesel as fuel. It is reported that LHR engine
decreased pollution levels of Smoke and Aldehydes,
compared to the conventional engine with alcohol
operation. A.SIVA KUMAR et.al [34] conducted the
performance test using Fish oil & Jatropha oil as
fuels in a diesel engine and reported that Air-fuel
ratio; volumetric efficiency, Mechanical efficiency,
Brake thermal efficiency and Indicated thermal
efficiency are increasing indicating that bio-diesel is
better than diesel. However there are a few
drawbacks like higher flash and fire points, viscosity
and the percentage of carbon residue for bio-diesel
are more when compared to diesel. K. Pramanik et.al
[38] conducted performance test using blends and
jatropha oil was evaluated in a single cylinder C.I.
engine and compared with the performance obtained
with diesel. He found that the blend up to 50%of
Jatropha oil mixed with diesel was proved to be the
best suitable oil without modification of engine and
without preheating of oil before entering into the
combustion chamber. V.Edwin Geo et.al [35]
exhibited the experimental results which showed that
increase in brake thermal efficiency from 26.56 % to
28.40 % when the fuel was preheated to a
temperature of 150°C. The CO and smoke emission
of preheated RSO reduced by 29 % and 34 %
respectively at 150°C compared to RSO at 30°C. It
indicated faster heat release and lead to higher
thermal efficiency. It was also concluded that the
performance, combustion and emission parameters
were improved for preheated RSO compared to raw
RSO at 30°C (without preheating) but it was still
inferior to diesel. Agarwal et. al. conducted various
experiments to study the effect of reducing Jatropha
oil’s viscosity by increasing the fuel temperature and
thereby eliminating its effect on combustion and
emission characteristics of the engine. The acquired
data were analyzed for various parameters such as
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption
(BSFC), smoke opacity, and CO2, CO and HC
emissions. While operating the engine on preheated
Jatropha oil performance and emission parameters
were found to be very close to mineral diesel for
lower blend concentrations. However, for higher
blend concentrations, performance and emissions
were observed to be marginally inferior [36].
Godiganur Sharanappa et.al [37] used raw mahua oil
and its blend which resulted in inferior performance
compared to that of diesel. By heating CMO, the
viscosity reduces, at this condition the brake thermal
efficiencies are significantly improved and become
close to diesel. It is reported that by using CMO, bsfc
and Brake thermal efficiency were improved. From
the experimental findings, it is concluded that CMO
could be used as diesel fuel substituted by reducing
its viscosity than that of diesel achieved by
preheating it to higher temperatures. O.M.I. Nwafor
et.al [38] conducted the experiments, which shows
CO, CO2 emissions for heated oils are slightly higher
and hydrocarbon emissions are reduced compared to
diesel fuel. Ignition delay was longer for unheated
5. Mehta et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
IJAET/Vol.III/ Issue IV/Oct.-Dec., 2012/01-07
oils and more fuel consumption is noted. The
viscosity is reduced with increase in temperature.
Vara Prasad C.M, [39]conducted experiments with
bio diesel derived from Jatropha. The test results
revealed that 100% bio-diesel can be used
satisfactorily which produces less NOx emissions and
higher smoke emissions.
3 RECENT WORK:
Chauhan et al. (2010) reported that by using a heat
exchanger, preheated Jatropha oil has the potential to
be a substitute fuel for diesel engines. Optimal fuel
inlet temperature was found to be 80°C considering
the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy
consumption and gaseous emissions.
A comparable engine performance and emissions are
reported by Yilmaz and Morton (2011) using
preheated peanut, sunflower and canola oils in two
DI diesel engines. No (2011) reviewed seven non-
edible vegetable oils including Jatropha oil as an
alternative fuel for diesel engine.
Literature shows that up to 75 % of diesel
requirement could be replaced by plant oils with
satisfactory engine performance. As mentioned
above, diesel are still required (25 to 30 % of the
specific fuel consumption) to supplement plant oil.
Short-term engine tests carried out indicate that plant
oils performed quite well. Problems occur only after
the engine is operated on plant oil for longer duration
of time.
Vegetable oil heating is one of the techniques to
reduce its viscosity. The fuel viscosity at the fuel
injector is important for good atomization and
combustion. With a high fuel viscosity, fuel spray
can impinge upon the walls of the combustion
chamber resulting in delayed combustion and
burning. If heated to very high temperatures, low
viscosity of the fuel can results in poor fuel droplet
penetration and poor combustion.
High viscosity of the plant oils is considered to be the
major constraint although high acid value and
presence of wax/gums etc. also adversely affects the
engine performance.
To reduce the viscosity number of method has been
tried by researcher such as;
1. Blending,
2. Transesterification,
3. Micro emulsion,
4. Pyrolysis or thermal cracking,
5. Engine setup modification [40].
3.1 Blending
Blending is the method in which Vegetable oil can be
directly mixed with diesel fuel and may be used for
running an engine without any modification. The
blending of vegetable oil with diesel fuel in different
proportion were experimented successfully by
various researchers. Blend of 20% oil and 80% diesel
have shown same results as diesel and also properties
of the blend is almost close to diesel. The blend with
more than 40% has shown appreciable reduction in
flash point due to increase in viscosity. Some
researchers suggested for heating of the fuel lines to
reduce the viscosity. Although short term tests using
neat vegetable oil showed promising results, longer
tests led to injector coking, more engine deposits,
ring sticking and thickening of the engine lubricant
[41].
3.2 Transesterification
Transesterification is the process wherein using an
alcohol (e.g. methanol, ethanol or butanol), in the
presence of a catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide or
potassium hydroxide, to break the molecule of the
raw renewable oil chemically into methyl or ethyl
esters of the renewable oil, with glycerol as a by-
product. Biodiesel, defined as the mono-alkyl esters
of fatty acids derived from vegetable oil or animal
fat, in application as an extender for combustion in
diesel engines, has demonstrated a number of
promising characteristics, including reduction of
exhaust emissions [41]. Transesterified, renewable
oils have proven to be a viable alternative Diesel
engine fuel with characteristics similar to those of
Diesel fuel. The transesterification reaction proceeds
with catalyst or without catalyst by using primary or
secondary monohydric aliphatic alcohols having 1–8
carbon atoms [41] as follows: Triglycerides +
Monohydric alcohol = Glycerin + Mono-alkyl esters.
3.3 Micro –emulsification
To solve the problem of high viscosity of vegetable
oil, micro emulsions with solvents such as methanol,
ethanol and butanol have been used. A micro
emulsion is defined as the colloidal equilibrium
dispersion of optically isotropic fluid microstructures
with dimensions generally in the range of 1–150 nm
formed spontaneously from two normally immiscible
liquids and one or more ionic or non-ionic
amphiphiles. These can improve spray characteristics
by explosive vaporization of the low boiling
constituents in the micelles. All micro emulsions with
butanol, hexanol and octanol will meet the maximum
viscosity limitation for diesel engines [41].
3.4 Cracking
Cracking is the process of conversion of one
substance into another by means of heat or with the
aid of catalyst. It involves heating in the absence of
air or oxygen and cleavage of chemical bonds to
yield small molecules [41]. The pyrolyzed material
can be vegetable oils, animal fats, natural fatty acids
and methyl esters of fatty acids. The Pyrolysis of fats
has been investigated for more than 100 years,
especially in those areas of the world that lack
deposits of petroleum.
Among above methods to decrease viscosity, all the
methods are based on chemical reaction on oil, for
making the bio-diesel. This will add extra cost of
processing because of the transesterification reaction
involving chemical and process heat inputs.
In rural and remote areas of developing countries,
where grid power is not available, vegetable oils can
play a vital role in decentralized power generation for
irrigation and electrification. In these remote areas,
different types of vegetable oils are grown locally but
it is not be possible to chemically process on them
because of the logistics problems in rural settings.
Hence using heated vegetable oils as petroleum fuel
substitutes is an advisable and suitable method.
• The costs of above methods are very high
compared to diesel around double due to the
chemical processes.
• The heat from the exhaust can decrease the
viscosity up to diesel.
The main objective of the review is to ascertain that
pure jatropha vegetable oil is suitable to replace
diesel in CI engines. The present work aims at
developing engine performance with an appropriately
6. Mehta et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
IJAET/Vol.III/ Issue IV/Oct.-Dec., 2012/01-07
designed shell and tube heat exchanger (with exhaust
by-pass arrangement) for evaluation of potential
suitability of preheated jatropha oil as a fuel. The
bypass arrangement will be such that it could give the
desired fuel temperature at inlet. The determination
of performance and emission characteristics of the
engine with Jatropha oil (by preheating using exhaust
heat) will be done and the experimental results
expected that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of
the engine and the brake specific energy consumption
emissions from the Jatropha oil to be significantly
nearer to the diesel fuel during the whole
experimental range.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of chemical and physical properties of
Jatropha oil and diesel are shown in Table 1.
According to table data it’s clear that the higher
heating value of Jatropha oil is about 85-90% to that
of diesel and the pour point is also very similar. But
the flash point and the kinematic viscosity of
Jatropha curcas oil is higher to be 9 to 10 times of
diesel. The lower heating value of Jatropha oil
indicates that a higher oil consumption than that of
diesel is needed for similar power output. Similar low
pour points of diesel and Jatropha oil suggest that
Jatropha oil can be used at low temperatures just like
diesel. Due to a higher flash point Jatropha oil is safer
for storing and transporting when compared to diesel.
The performance of single cylinder four stroke diesel
engine setup fuelled heated Jatropha oil by exhausted
heat determined at a constant engine speed of 1500
rpm, controlled within a range. Our first step is to
per-heat the jatropha oil up to 80-90 °C to obtain the
viscosity similar diesel and same viscosity at fuel
injector. The expected outcomes are higher brake
thermal efficiency up as compared to diesel and
highest brake power with minimum brake specific
fuel consumption. The emission of HC, CO2 and NO2
to be significantly closer compared to diesel.
5 CONCLUSION
In this review article, it is concluded that Compared
to diesel fuel, a little amount of power loss happened
with vegetable oil fuel operations.
• Particulate emissions of vegetable oil fuels were
higher than that of diesel fuel, but on the other
hand, NO2 emissions were less.
• Raw vegetable oils can be used as fuel in diesel
engines with some modifications.
• Before starting wide application, some
improvements is needed as we will incorporate a
device heat exchanger can be use to decrease the
viscosity and thus provide smooth running of
engine.
REFERENCES
1. Nwafor. Emission characteristics of diesel engine
running on vegetable oil with elevated fuel inlet
temperature, Biomass and Bio energy journal, 27
(2004) 507 – 511
2. Recep Alton, Selim etinkaya b, Huseyin Serdar Y. The
potential of using vegetable oil fuels as fuel for diesel
engines, elsvier, Energy Conversion and Management
42 (2001) 529±538
3. Reijnders L. Conditions for the sustainability of
biomass based fuel use. Energy policy 2006;34:863-76.
4. B.K. Barnwal, M.P. Sharma. Prospects of biodiesel
production from vegetable oils in India, elsvier,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 9 (2005)
363–378
5. P.V. Krishna Murthy., C.M. Vara Prasad., A.V. Sita
Rama Raju., M.V.S. Murali Krishna., A Comparative
Study on Exhaust Emissions From High Grade Low
Heat Rejection Diesel Engine With Crude Jatropha Oil.
International Journal of Engineering Studies Volume 1,
Number 1 (2009), pp. 25–30
6. R. K. Henning, Combating Desertification: The
Jatropha project of Mali, West Africa, Arid Lands
Newsletter, Fall/Winter 1996, Issue No. 40, pp. 1-5
7. J. Sheehan, V. Camobreco, J. Duffield, M. Graboski, H.
Shapouri, Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and
Petroleum Diesel for Use in an Urban Bus, Report,
Midwest Research Institute, 1998, pp. 98 – 107
8. Joshi, H. C., Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative
Fuel for the Future, Invention Intelligence, Scientific
Research Magazine, National Research Development
Corporation New Delhi, Sep.-Oct. 2003, pp. 205-216
9. Y.V.Hanumantha Rao, Ram Sudheer Voleti ,
A.V.Sitarama Raju and P.Nageswara Reddy Jatropha
Oil Methyl Ester And Its Blends Used As An
Alternative Fuel In Diesel Engine. Thermal Science:
Vol. 13 (2009), No. 3, pp. 207-217
10. Devendra Vashist et al. Comparative Study of Castor
and Jatropha Oil Source And Its Methyl Ester Test On
The Diesel Engine. International Journal of Engineering
Science and Technology (IJEST).
11. Sarin R, Sharma M, Sinharay S, Malhotra RK (2007).
Jatropha-Palm biodiesel blends: An optimum mix for
Asia. Fuel 86: 1365-1371.
12. Foidl N, Foidl G, Sanchez M, Mittelbach M, Hackel S
(1996). Jatropha curcas L. as a resource for the
production of biofuel in Nicaragua. Bioresour.
Technol., 58: 77-82.
13. S.Antony Raja, D.S.Robinson smart, and C.Lindon
Robert Lee, Biodiesel production from jatropha oil and
its characterization Research Journal ofChemical
Sciences ,Vol.1 (1) April (2011).
14. Yamane K, Ueta A and Shimamoto Y (2001) Influence
of physical and chemical properties of biodiesel fuels
on injection, combustion and exhaust emission
characteristics in a direct injection compression ignition
engine. Intl. J. Engine Res.4, 249-261.
15. Y.V.Hanumantha Rao, Ram Sudheer Voleti,
A.V.Sitarama Raju and P. Nageswara Reddy,
Experimental investigations on jatropha biodiesel and
additive in diesel engine. Indian Journal of Science and
Technology Vol.2 No 4 (Apr. 2009) ISSN: 0974- 6846
pp 25-31.
16. M. C. Navindgi, Maheswar Dutta and B. Sudheer Prem
Kumar, Performance Evaluation, Emission
Characteristics And Economic Analysis Of Four Non-
Edible Straight Vegetable Oils On A Single Cylinder Ci
Engine ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
Sciences VOL. 7, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2012 ISSN
1819-6608
17. Seddon, R. H. 1942.Vegetable oils in commercial
vehicles. Gas and Oil Power, August: 136-146.
18. Bruwer, J. J., B. D. Boshoff, F. J. C. Hugo, L. M.
DuPlessis, J. Fuls, C. Hawkins, A. N. Vander Walt, and
A. Engelbert. 1981. The Utilization of sunflower seed
oil as renewable fuel diesel engines. In Agricultural
Energy, Vol. 2, Biomass Energy/Crop Production.
ASAE Publication 4-81. St. Joseph, MI: ASAE.
19. Goering, C. E., A. W. Schwab, M. J. Daugherty, E. H.
Pryde, and A. J. Heakin. 1981. Fuel properties of eleven
vegetable oils. ASAE Paper Number 81-3579. St.
Joseph, MI: ASAE
20. Yarbrough, C. M., W. A. LePori, and C. R. Engler.
1981. Compression ignition performance using
sunflower seed oil. ASAE Paper Number 81-3576. St.
Joseph, MI: ASAE.
21. Tahir, A. R., H. M. Lapp, and L. C. Buchanan. 1982.
Sunflower oil as a fuel for compression ignition
engines. Vegetable Oil Fuels: Proceedings of the
International Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils
Fuels. St. Joseph, MI: ASAE.
22. Bacon, D. M., F. Brear, I. D. Moncrieff, and K. L.
Walker. 1981. The use of vegetable oils in straight and
modified form as diesel engine fuels. Beyond the
Energy Crisis --Opportunity and Challenge Volume III.
Third International Conference on Energy Use
Management. Berlin (West). Eds. R. A. Fazzolare and
C. R. Smith, 1525-33. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
23. Reid, J. F., A. C. Hansen, and C. E. Goering. 1989.
Quantifying diesel injector coking with computer
vision. Transactions of the ASAE 32(5): 1503-1506.