Ketan Kothari
This project is a special kind of circular LED display. With the help some mechanical assembly, LED count, hardware requirement, and hence overall cost is cut to very affordable price. Also, maintenance and repairing of the display is so easy, that anyone having a little electronics knowledge, can take care of this. All the synchronizing can be implemented through software.
First of its kind, made using the 20 pin dip AT mega 16 series microcontroller, this project use the principle of Space Multiplexing. This propeller display is mechanically scanned and displays the characters in digital format. Made from scrap it can be used anywhere and everywhere and the most amazing fact about this display is its crystal clear display. This display consists of just 8 bright LEDs which are rotated to show the display.
ATmega32 Controlled “Persistence of Vision” DisplayUday Wankar
This paper explains the project which includes design and fabrication of a display based on Persistence of
vision. The objective of the project is to create virtual display in air. A class of display device described as
"POV" is one that composes an image by displaying one spatial portion at a time in rapid succession (for
example, one column of pixels every few milliseconds). A two-dimensional POV display is often accomplished
by means of rapidly moving a single row of LEDs along a linear or circular path. The effect is that the image is
perceived as a whole by the viewer as long as the entire path is completed during the visual persistence time of
the human eye. A further effect is often to give the illusion of the image floating in mid-air. For building this
project, requirement is just a small 40 pin microcontroller, a position encoder, and SMD LEDs.
ATmega32 Controlled “Persistence of Vision” DisplayUday Wankar
This paper explains the project which includes design and fabrication of a display based on Persistence of
vision. The objective of the project is to create virtual display in air. A class of display device described as
"POV" is one that composes an image by displaying one spatial portion at a time in rapid succession (for
example, one column of pixels every few milliseconds). A two-dimensional POV display is often accomplished
by means of rapidly moving a single row of LEDs along a linear or circular path. The effect is that the image is
perceived as a whole by the viewer as long as the entire path is completed during the visual persistence time of
the human eye. A further effect is often to give the illusion of the image floating in mid-air. For building this
project, requirement is just a small 40 pin microcontroller, a position encoder, and SMD LEDs.
Solar tree is a tree in structure and the panels are like leaves of the tree which produces energy. The tree consists of numerous solar panels connected to one another in series and parallel connections in Fibonacci sequence. The solar tree consists of number of branches welded to a stem and each stem has a solar panel mounted on it. Flat or roof top mountings of PV systems require large area or land. Scarcity of land is greatest problem in cities and even in villages in India. Load or energy requirement of small house in India is estimated to 1.75kWhr/day. Tracking system can be easily employed in Solar Tree hence its performance is better than flat mountings of solar PV system. The total cost of Solar Tree is about Rs.60000 /-. The overall cost can be reduced using simple and innovative designs of Solar Tree. It can be installed on the sides of heavy traffic roadways and on roof top buildings.
Many of the people have a phobia of darkness, so to assist them in such situation, we have explained a simple circuit. It will automatically turn on street light in the way of LEDs or bulb coupled with relay. Working this circuit is very much easy and also the power consumed by the circuit is very low because of the very few components used in the circuit.
Solar powered LED street light with automated power supply systemSangeeth Soman
Final Electrical engineering project report of Solar powered LED street light with automated power supply system. It is better for self project and an utiity project.
Design and Analysis of DC-DC Bidirectional Converter for Vehicle to Grid Appl...PranayJagtap5
Aim of the Project:
The project aims to design and analysis of bidirectional dc-dc converter for vehicle-to-grid application in Electric Vehicles. The proposed converter can boost the voltage of an energy-storage system (e.g. from battery management system in EV) to a high-voltage AC bus for a particular load demand, during peak load conditions. When the high-voltage AC bus has excess energy, during low load conditions, this energy-storage module can be charged by the AC bus via inverter & bidirectional dc-dc converter.
Problem Statement:
A DC-DC converter is essential for exchanging energy between a storage device and the rest of the system and vise-versa. Such a converter should be able to handle bidirectional power flow capability in all the operating modes with flexible control. Thus, design and analysis of bidirectional DC-DC converters is an important aspect.
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter:
Bidirectional DC-to-DC converter allows power flow in both forward and reverses direction. The bidirectional converter is also called two quadrant converter or four-quadrant converters (if both voltage and current can change direction). It is used as a key device for interfacing the storage device between source and load in renewable energy systems for continuous flow of power because the output of the renewable energy system fluctuates due to changing weather conditions.
There are two modes in a bidirectional converter that is the buck converter and the boost converter. In the buck mode, auxiliary storage is located on the high voltage side whereas, in boost mode, it is situated on the low voltage side.
Introduction to Electric Vehicle & Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G):
Electric Vehicle is an automobile that operates on two or more electric motors powered by a battery pack or combined system of the battery pack and IC engine. There are four types of EVs, as each of them has advantages and disadvantages, they all save fuel and emit fewer GHG than other conventional IC engines. They can also recharge their batteries by the process of regenerative braking, where the electric motor in the EV assists in slowing down the EV and simultaneously recovers portion energy and feeds it to the batteries.
Four types of EVs are as follows:
(1) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
(2) Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
(3) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
(4) Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV)
V2G technology can be defined as a system capable enough to control bi-directional flow of electric energy between a vehicle and the electrical grid. The integration of electric vehicles into the power grid is called the vehicle-to-grid system. As conventional converters are unidirectional, they only work in G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) mode. In V2G technology the grid is feed by the energy stored in the vehicle battery through the bidirectional converter, where power from the vehicle battery is stepped-up by the BDC.
A solar tree is a decorative means of producing solar energy and also electricity. It uses multiple no of solar panels which forms the shape of a tree. The panels are arranged in a tree fashion in a tall tower/pole.
This presentation is based on my smart mirror project made by me for my college project. Hope you'll like this and this will help you in your presentation.
Reducing the wastage of power
Reducing physical efforts
Improve the system in our daily life
Light falls on LDR, it shows its minimum resistance and voltage drops across LDR less than VBE of Transistor Q1.
So, no current will go from the collector to the emitter and transistor remains turn off.
This paper explains the project which is a special kind of circular LED display. With the
help some mechanical assembly, LED count, hardware requirement, and hence overall cost is
cut to very affordable price. Also, maintenance and repairing of the display is so easy, that
anyone having a little electronics knowledge can take care of this. All the synchronizing can be
implemented through software. First of its kind, made using the 20-pin 8051 series
microcontroller, this project use the principle of Space Multiplexing. This propeller display is
mechanically scanned and displays the characters in digital format. Made from scrap it can be
used anywhere and everywhere and the most amazing fact about this display is its crystal clear
display. This display consists of just 7 bright LEDs which are rotated to show the display. For
building this project, requirement is just a small 20 pin microcontroller, a position encoder, and
LEDs. This display can show the messages, which will require a whopping 525 LEDs. So
hardware and cost minimization is achieved.
Solar tree is a tree in structure and the panels are like leaves of the tree which produces energy. The tree consists of numerous solar panels connected to one another in series and parallel connections in Fibonacci sequence. The solar tree consists of number of branches welded to a stem and each stem has a solar panel mounted on it. Flat or roof top mountings of PV systems require large area or land. Scarcity of land is greatest problem in cities and even in villages in India. Load or energy requirement of small house in India is estimated to 1.75kWhr/day. Tracking system can be easily employed in Solar Tree hence its performance is better than flat mountings of solar PV system. The total cost of Solar Tree is about Rs.60000 /-. The overall cost can be reduced using simple and innovative designs of Solar Tree. It can be installed on the sides of heavy traffic roadways and on roof top buildings.
Many of the people have a phobia of darkness, so to assist them in such situation, we have explained a simple circuit. It will automatically turn on street light in the way of LEDs or bulb coupled with relay. Working this circuit is very much easy and also the power consumed by the circuit is very low because of the very few components used in the circuit.
Solar powered LED street light with automated power supply systemSangeeth Soman
Final Electrical engineering project report of Solar powered LED street light with automated power supply system. It is better for self project and an utiity project.
Design and Analysis of DC-DC Bidirectional Converter for Vehicle to Grid Appl...PranayJagtap5
Aim of the Project:
The project aims to design and analysis of bidirectional dc-dc converter for vehicle-to-grid application in Electric Vehicles. The proposed converter can boost the voltage of an energy-storage system (e.g. from battery management system in EV) to a high-voltage AC bus for a particular load demand, during peak load conditions. When the high-voltage AC bus has excess energy, during low load conditions, this energy-storage module can be charged by the AC bus via inverter & bidirectional dc-dc converter.
Problem Statement:
A DC-DC converter is essential for exchanging energy between a storage device and the rest of the system and vise-versa. Such a converter should be able to handle bidirectional power flow capability in all the operating modes with flexible control. Thus, design and analysis of bidirectional DC-DC converters is an important aspect.
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter:
Bidirectional DC-to-DC converter allows power flow in both forward and reverses direction. The bidirectional converter is also called two quadrant converter or four-quadrant converters (if both voltage and current can change direction). It is used as a key device for interfacing the storage device between source and load in renewable energy systems for continuous flow of power because the output of the renewable energy system fluctuates due to changing weather conditions.
There are two modes in a bidirectional converter that is the buck converter and the boost converter. In the buck mode, auxiliary storage is located on the high voltage side whereas, in boost mode, it is situated on the low voltage side.
Introduction to Electric Vehicle & Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G):
Electric Vehicle is an automobile that operates on two or more electric motors powered by a battery pack or combined system of the battery pack and IC engine. There are four types of EVs, as each of them has advantages and disadvantages, they all save fuel and emit fewer GHG than other conventional IC engines. They can also recharge their batteries by the process of regenerative braking, where the electric motor in the EV assists in slowing down the EV and simultaneously recovers portion energy and feeds it to the batteries.
Four types of EVs are as follows:
(1) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
(2) Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
(3) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
(4) Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV)
V2G technology can be defined as a system capable enough to control bi-directional flow of electric energy between a vehicle and the electrical grid. The integration of electric vehicles into the power grid is called the vehicle-to-grid system. As conventional converters are unidirectional, they only work in G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) mode. In V2G technology the grid is feed by the energy stored in the vehicle battery through the bidirectional converter, where power from the vehicle battery is stepped-up by the BDC.
A solar tree is a decorative means of producing solar energy and also electricity. It uses multiple no of solar panels which forms the shape of a tree. The panels are arranged in a tree fashion in a tall tower/pole.
This presentation is based on my smart mirror project made by me for my college project. Hope you'll like this and this will help you in your presentation.
Reducing the wastage of power
Reducing physical efforts
Improve the system in our daily life
Light falls on LDR, it shows its minimum resistance and voltage drops across LDR less than VBE of Transistor Q1.
So, no current will go from the collector to the emitter and transistor remains turn off.
This paper explains the project which is a special kind of circular LED display. With the
help some mechanical assembly, LED count, hardware requirement, and hence overall cost is
cut to very affordable price. Also, maintenance and repairing of the display is so easy, that
anyone having a little electronics knowledge can take care of this. All the synchronizing can be
implemented through software. First of its kind, made using the 20-pin 8051 series
microcontroller, this project use the principle of Space Multiplexing. This propeller display is
mechanically scanned and displays the characters in digital format. Made from scrap it can be
used anywhere and everywhere and the most amazing fact about this display is its crystal clear
display. This display consists of just 7 bright LEDs which are rotated to show the display. For
building this project, requirement is just a small 20 pin microcontroller, a position encoder, and
LEDs. This display can show the messages, which will require a whopping 525 LEDs. So
hardware and cost minimization is achieved.
This paper explains the project which is a special kind of circular rotating 8 LED display. With the help some mechanical assembly, LED count, hardware requirement, and hence overall cost is cut to very affordable price and power is also saved. Also, maintenance and repairing of the display is so easy, that anyone having a little electronics knowledge can take care of this. All the synchronizing can be implemented through software. First of its kind, made using the 20-pin 8051 series microcontroller, this project use the principle of Space Multiplexing. This propeller display is mechanically scanned and displays the characters in digital format. Made from scrap it can be used anywhere and everywhere and the most amazing fact about this display is its crystal clear display. This display consists of just 8 bright LEDs which are rotated to show the display. For building this project, requirement is just a small 20 pin microcontroller, a position encoder, and LEDs. This display can show the messages, which will require a whopping 525 LEDs. So hardware and cost minimization is achieved and power which is required to run the 525 is also saved by using rotating 8 led display.
Our project is a persistence of vision display (POV) that spins 360 degrees horizontally. The purpose of our POV display project is to create a small apparatus that will create a visual using only a small number of LEDs as it spins in a circle. When the LEDs rotate several times around a point in less than a second, the human eye reaches its limit of motion perception and creates an illusion of a continuous image. Therefore, our POV display demonstrates this phenomenon by creating a visual as the LEDs spin rapidly in a circle and the person watching will see one continuous image.
Coin based mobile charging using solar tracking systembargazz99
Now a days students and many other people use the public transportation , people who are making very long journey in order attend business conventions, conferences, or for any private purpose don’t know that their battery level is low and they often forget their charger at home or in hotel rooms. In rural areas there is no continuous power supply about 13-14 hours. Many times battery becomes flat in the middle of conversation particularly at inconvenient times when access to a standard charger isn't possible . Many critics argued that long distance traveling vehicles provides power points. Even though one or two power points are provided at a particular place in the vehicles it is not all sufficient for all the passengers, therefore need to provide a public charging service is essential and coin-based mobile battery chargers are designed to solve these problems
This system eliminates the need for any driver. Whenever the train arrives at the station it stops automatically. Then the door opens automatically so that the passengers can go inside the train and the door closes after a prescribed time. It counts and displays the number of passengers present in the train.
LED display system is aimed at the colleges and universities for displaying day-to-day information continuously or at regular intervals during the working hours. Being GSM based system, it offers flexibility to display flash news or announcements faster than the programmable system.
The LED display system mainly consists of a receiver and a display board which can be programmed from an Arduino.
It receives the message through serial port and display the desired information after necessary code conversion.
It can serve as an electronic notice board and display the important notices without any delay thus avoiding the latency.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. 1
PROPELLER LED DISPLAY
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted By
KOTHARI KETAN M. (100210111052)
MAVANI PIYUSH B. (100210111023)
PANCHAL MANISH C. (110213111001)
In fulfillment of the award of degree
of
BACHELORS OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHAVNAGAR
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
CHANDKHEDA
December, 2014
2. GOVERNMENTENGINEERING COLLEGE,BHAVNAGAR
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
CERTIFICATE
Date:__/__/__
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PROPELLER
LED DISPLAY” has been carried out by KETAN M. KOTHARI
under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication 7th
Semester of
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the academic
year 2013- 14.
Guide
Mr.DhavalN. Patel
Head of the Department
Prof. G.M.Chauhan
3. 3
GOVERNMENTENGINEERING COLLEGE,BHAVNAGAR
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
CERTIFICATE
Date:__/__/__
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PROPELLER
LED DISPLAY” has been carried out by MAVANI PIYUSH B.
under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication 7th
Semester of
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the academic
year 2013- 14.
Guide
Mr.DhavalN. Patel
Head of the Department
Prof. G.M.Chauhan
4. GOVERNMENTENGINEERING COLLEGE,BHAVNAGAR
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
CERTIFICATE
Date:__/__/__
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PROPELLER
LED DISPLAY” has been carried out by PANCHAL HARDIK C.
under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication 7th
Semester of
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the academic
year 2013- 14.
Guide
Mr.DhavalN. Patel
Head of the Department
Prof. G.M.Chauhan
5. 5
Acknowledgement
First, we would like to express our best regards to our project guide
Mr.D.N.Patel, whose valuable guidance, encouragement, and provision of necessary
facilities made this work possible.
We are also thankful to our respected Head of the Department
Mr.R.A.Thakkar whose help and shared knowledge was the main support to
complete our project. Many thanks are owed to our classmates for their useful
discussion and timely suggestions. Their technical support and encouragement helped
us to finalize our project.
Finally we offer our great thanks and regards to our family for their support
which helped us through the difficulty and hardships of life to earn this achievement.
KOTHARI KETAN M. (100210111052)
MAVANI PIYUSH B. (100210111023)
PANCHAL MANISH C. (110213111001)
6. Abstract
This project is a special kind of circular LED display. With the
help some mechanicalassembly, LED count, hardware requirement, and
hence overall cost is cut to very affordable price. Also, maintenance and
repairing of the display is so easy, that anyone having a little electronics
knowledge, can take care of this. All the synchronizing can be
implemented through software.
First of its kind, made using the 20 pin dip AT mega 16 series
microcontroller, this project use the principle of SpaceMultiplexing. This
propeller display is mechanically scanned and displays the characters in
digitalformat. Madefrom scrap it can be used anywhere and everywhere
and the most amazing fact about this display is its crystal clear display.
This display consists of just 8 bright LEDs which are rotated to show the
display.
For building this project, requirement is just a small 20 pin
microcontroller, a position encoder, and LEDs. This display can show the
messages, which will require a whopping 525 LEDs. So hardware and
cost minimization is achieved.
7. 7
List of Figures
Figure 1 Function Diagram..........................................................................................11
Figure 2 Block Diagram of Propeller LED Display ....................................................12
Figure 3 Flow chart......................................................................................................13
Figure 4 Circuit Diagram of Power Supply Module....................................................16
Figure 5 Top View of module of propeller led display ...............................................17
Figure 6 Bottom View of module of propeller led display..........................................18
Figure 7 ATmega16 pin diagram.................................................................................25
8. Table of Contents
Acknowledgement .........................................................................................................5
Abstract ..........................................................................................................................6
List of Figures ................................................................................................................7
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................8
Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................................10
1.1 About the Project ...............................................................................................10
1.2 Functional Diagram............................................................................................11
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM..........................................................................................12
1.4Flowchart ............................................................................................................13
1.5. What Is Propeller LED Display???...................................................................13
1.6 Overview of Block Diagram..............................................................................14
1.6.1 Microcontroller Module..............................................................................14
1.6.2 LED Module ...............................................................................................14
1.6.3 DC Motor ....................................................................................................14
1.6.4 DC Power Supply .......................................................................................15
Chapter 2 Hardware Design.........................................................................16
2.1 Mechanical Assembly........................................................................................16
2.2 Power Supply Module........................................................................................16
2.3 Top View of module of propeller led display....................................................17
2.4 Bottom View of module of propeller led display ..............................................18
Chapter 3 Software Design................................................................................19
3.1 Software Used Ride IDE....................................................................................19
3.2 Algorithm...........................................................................................................23
Chapter 4 PCB Design................................................................................24
4.1 PCB Designing Steps.........................................................................................24
9. 9
4.2 ATmega 16 pin diagram ....................................................................................25
4.3 Pin Descriptions .................................................................................................25
Chapter 5 Results and Conclusions ...................................................................29
5.2 DC Motor RPM Testing.....................................................................................29
5.3 POWER SUPPLY MODULE TESTING..........................................................29
Chapter 6 Appendix.......................................................................................30
6.1 User’s Guide ......................................................................................................30
6.2 Troubleshooting Manual....................................................................................30
Bibiliography ...............................................................................................................34
10. Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 About the Project
This project was started with a simple principle which is frequently
encountered in our everyday life, which is Persistence of Vision. This phenomenon
makes one feel fast moving/changing objects to appear continuous. A television is a
common example, in which image is re-scanned every 25 times, thereby appear
continuous.
Further, a glowing object if rotated in a circle at fast speed, it shows a
continuous circle. By modifying this basic idea, 8 LEDs can be rotated in a circle,
showing 8 concentric circles. But if these LEDs are switched at precise intervals, a
steady display pattern can be shown.
Existing systems do employ POV principle, but for displaying each pixel,
individual LED is used. This results in a huge number of LEDs even for small sized
displays. By using a propeller type display, LED count can be kept to a bare
minimum. Even 8 LEDs can perform a task of over 525 LEDs.
Applications:
Applications can find their way into cost effective solutions for large public
displays, information systems. It can directly replace Railway station information
displays, bus stands and many more places.
13. 13
1.4Flowchart
Figure 3 Flow chart
1.5. What Is Propeller LED Display???
Propeller:
Propeller is a term associated with a circular rotating object. As this project needs to
14. rotate whole circuit assembly, there must be some prime mover attached to it. So,the
term ‘Propeller’.
LED display:
This project using bright light emitting diodes for displaying the characters and
symbols on its assembly.
That’s why this project is named as ‘PROPELLER LED DISPLAY’
1.6 Overview of Block Diagram
In this section we will emphasize on detailed overview of each of the block
shown in previous block diagram. In every description of the block respective
schematics and working is explained.
The propeller display consists of following blocks, as shown in the block
diagram.
Microcontroller
LED module
DC motor
DC power supply
1.6.1 MicrocontrollerModule
This project is based around the microcontroller ATmega 16, which is a
derivative of avr family, from Atmel Inc. This is a 20 pin IC packaged in DIP
package. This small sized IC is used, mainly because of its reduced weight. This
improves the performance of the display, because reduced weight gives advantage of
increased RPM.
1.6.2 LED Module
LED module consisting of 10 bright LED is fixed in another side of the arm of
our project. These LEDs are connected with each of the port pin of microcontroller,
with a series current limiting resistor of 470 ohm.
1.6.3 DC Motor
Repeated scanning of the display is must for continuous vision. This task is
achieved using circular rotation of the whole circuit assembly. So, we used a DC
motor as the prime mover.
15. 15
1.6.4 DC PowerSupply
For microcontroller, as well as the DC motor, a regulated DC power supply is
required. We have to provide +5V to the microcontroller, while +12V to the motor.
1.7 POV (Persistence of Vision):
This is the phenomenon which is related to vision capability of human eye by which
an after- image is thought to persist for approximately 1/25th of a second.
So, if someone is observing the images at a rate of 25 images per second, then
they appear to be continuous. The best example of this property is the red circle we
observe when we rotate the firecracker or incense stick in circle.
16. Chapter 2 Hardware Design
2.1 MechanicalAssembly
Mechanical assembly plays a vital role in proper functioning of this
project. The display is scanned each time, by rotating the whole assembly in a circular
path. The basic idea we developed is on our own, by implementing and modifying
different ways to do this
Following diagram shows the most reliable way, that we finally selected.Here, one
major challenge was how to bring +5V supply to the spinning circuit. We tried the
same by adopting two-three different methods, but finally concluded on the method,
as shown in the figure.
As seen in the diagram, one supply connection (GND) is provided
Through the motor’s shaft. Other terminal (Vcc) is connected, by arranging a friction
disc-brush arrangement. The brush keeps its contact with the disc, so that current can
be supplied.
Most critical objective was to achieve pristine balance and overall good
mechanical strength. For weight adjustment, we have provided one long screw, and
weight can be attached or removed by adding / removing metallic bolts. If the
assembly is balanced perfect, then it can achieve stability, and rotate at high RPMs
too. This will improve the overall efficiency of this display.
2.2 PowerSupply Module
Figure 4 Circuit Diagram of Power Supply Module
17. 17
A fixed voltage power supply producing constant +5V consists of step down
transformer, a bridge rectifier, filter capacitors C1 and 3 terminal regulator IC
LM7805. A step down transformer is selected in such a way that it produces 9V at the
input of IC. This power supply is capable of supplying +5v and load current up to
500m A.
The capacitor C2 connected between output terminal and ground cancels out any
inductive effect due to long distribution leads. Input capacitor C1 is used to improve
transient response of the regulator IC, i.e. response of regulator to sudden changes in
load. It is also helpful in reducing the noise present in the output. Dropout voltage
(Vin-Vout) needs to be at least 2V under all operating conditions for proper operation
of regulator.
2.3 Top View of module of propeller led display
Figure 5 Top View of module of propeller led display
18. 2.4 Bottom View of module of propeller led display
Figure 6 Bottom View of module of propeller led display
19. 19
Chapter 3 Software Design
3.1 Software UsedRide IDE
The Resonance At mega Development Kits are a complete solution for
creating software for the AT mega 16 family of microcontrollers. The Development
Kits comprise many different tools that allow projects ranging from simple to highly
complex to be developed with relative ease. You will find that with the Resonance
Development Kits you can rely on tools that have been tested by real users over a long
period of time.
Ride provides a familiarity to the tools that will provided a basis for using
more complex features. It is assumed that the user is familiar with Windows and has
at least some familiarity with the AT mega 16 microcontroller family and the C
programming language
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
#define F_CPU 11059200
#define led PORTD
unsigned int del=75;
void delay(void)
{
_delay_us(del);
_delay_us(del);
_delay_us(del);
_delay_us(del);
}
void display(char car)
{
switch(car)
{
case 'G':
{
led=0x3E ;
delay();
led=0x41 ;
delay();
led=0x49 ;
delay();
led=0x49 ;
delay();
led=0x7A;
delay();
led=0;
// G
24. Chapter 4 PCB Design
4.1 PCB Designing Steps
The most important requirement of this project was to build a PCB with
minimum weight and size. A Zero PCB is a drilled board. Drilling process removes a
lot of material from board, and the weight is reduced. Designing method is as follows.
Decide proper places for components
Actual Placement of components on Zero PCB
Connecting Tracks with solid wires
Testing for continuity and Debugging
Four PCBs are designed in this project. The main PCB, the LED module, and power
supply PCB. All PCBs are constructed on simple zero PCB, and interconnection of
components was done by single stranded wires.
25. 25
4.2 ATmega 16 pin diagram
Figure 7 ATmega16 pin diagram
4.3 Pin Descriptions
VCC Digital supply voltage.
GND Ground.
Port A (PA7..PA0)
Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.
Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used.
Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A
output
buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability.
26. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will
source
current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated
when
a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port B (PB7..PB0)
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each
bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high
sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16 as listed
on page 56.
Port C (PC7..PC0)
Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each
bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high
sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is
enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be
activated
even if a reset occurs.
Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of
the
ATmega16 as listed on page 59.
27. 27
Port D (PD7..PD0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each
bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high
sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16 as listed
on page 61.
RESET
Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will
generate
a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in Table
15 on page 36. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be
externally
connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be
connected
28. to VCC through a low-pass filter.
AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
29. 29
Chapter 5 Results and Conclusions
This project includes testing of two modules as stated below
1. DC Motor RPM testing
2. Power supply module testing
5.2 DC Motor RPM Testing
DC Motor used in this project is 12 V dc motor which is tested by using digital
contact-less tachometer. Arrangement was made so that the sensing circuit gives high
to low pulse for each completion of revolution. By measuring the time difference
between two successive pulses RPS can be calculated which further provide RPM
value, as shown below:
Power supply given to DC Motor = 9V
Time interval between two successive pulses as seen on CRO = 30.4ms
RPS = 1 / (30.4ms)
=32.89
RPS = 33
RPM = 33x60
RPM = 1975
5.3 POWER SUPPLY MODULE TESTING
Power supply module was designed to provide 5V DC power supply necessary
to drive both motor and circuit. AC input is given from 9V 750mA transformer.
Results are as follows.
Input voltage, Vs=9V AC
Output voltage observed , Vo = 4.92V DC
30. Chapter 6 Appendix
6.1 User’s Guide
Steps To Be Performed Before Startup:-
Connect the power cord to the AC mains power supply of 230V.
Check whether the output of IC LM7805 is 5V or not. The power supply is ok
if the output is 5V.
Now, connect the voltmeter’s probes to the motor’s terminals. 5V is the
desired voltage there.
See if the Red LED on the main PCB is glowing or not. Glowing LED
indicates that it is receiving proper input voltage and so, on the Vcc of the
microcontroller.
Adjust the interrupt ( Red strip) so that it easily passes through the sensor.
Check if the Pin 6 of the microcontroller receives LOW voltage when interrupt
occurs, and HIGH voltage, otherwise.
Finally, ensure that the standing assembly does not have any discrepancies.
6.2 Troubleshooting Manual
Output voltage of LM7805 is not 5V
Test the continuity throughout the wires, as shown in the circuit diagram.
Replace appropriate component, if needed.
DC motor is not rotating
Check the current flowing through the motor. If it reaches above 750mA, then
the motor is short, Replace it.
In case of jamming, try to grease the bearing and shaft.
The display rotates, but not displaying garbage values.
Some or all LEDs not glowing.
31. 31
Check the relimate connector, that connects the LED module to the
microcontroller.
Otherwise, check the continuity through each wire.
If the connections are ok, then replace the particular LED.
At mega 16:
Features
• High-performance, Low-power Atmel® AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
– 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
– 16 Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
– 512 Bytes EEPROM
– 1 Kbyte Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
32. – Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
– Extensive On-chip Debug Support
– Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface
• Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Four PWM Channels
– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8 Single-ended Channels
7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only
2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby
and Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages
– 32 Programmable I/O Lines
33. 33
– 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltages
– 2.7V - 5.5V for ATmega16L
– 4.5V - 5.5V for ATmega16
• Speed Grades
– 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L
– 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16
• Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25°C for ATmega16L
– Active: 1.1 mA
– Idle Mode: 0.35 mA
– Power-down Mode: < 1 μA
34. Bibiliography
www.nex-robotics.com
www.logicbrigade.com
www.robozone.com
1. Mitchell’s modular LED x-y (horizontally and vertically digitally scanned array
system) was cite in the 29th International Science and Engineering Exposition "book
of abstracts", page 97,
Published by the "Science Service", Washington D.C. May 1978.
2. Technical reference detailing the LED display array, RF interface and scanning
circuit was included as part of the 1978 29th ISEF exhibition in Anaheim, CA.
Coltheart M.
3."The persistence of vision." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1980 Jul 8;
290(1038):57–69. PMID 6106242.
4. “The 8051 microcontroller and Embedded Systems” by M.A.Mazidi.
5. Propeller Display Rennes’s H8 Design Contest 2003 Entry H3210
6. An Analog & Digital propeller clock I made! By Luberth