Project report

(AIET/DOEE/2017-18/PR/1)
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT:
The aim of this project is to display information like Name and Title on it. It is a very
simple and interesting project for hobbyist. By using some LED’s we can display any
name on it. Here we have used Bluetooth module (HC05) for displaying information.
This circuit is attached to a DC Electric Motor. This project is based on concept
of persistence of vision (POV). Means if an object is remaining constant, at a point while
it is moving at very fast speed then it looks like a stable image or pattern. This is a very
simple project made by using only eight LEDs. This project consists of two sections, one
is LED driver and controlling circuit and second one is rotor which rotates the LED
driver circuit. Rotor is an Electric Motor of around 3000 rpm and supplied by a 12 volt
DC Adaptor. In this circuit an encoder is added within this circuit using IR Transmitter
and IR Receiver and this encoder is configured in circuit as external interrupt. When this
external interrupt occurs microcontroller drives the LED according to coding and LED’s
shows some pattern. This circuit also consists on board power supply using two Lithium-
ion 3.7 volt each battery and one lipo 9 volt battery in series.
This project was started with a simple principle which is frequently encountered in our
everyday life, which is Persistence of Vision. This phenomenon makes one feel fast
moving/changing objects to appear continuous. A television is a common example; in
which image is re-scanned every 25 times, thereby appear continuous. Further, a glowing
object if rotated in a circle at fast speed, it shows a continuous circle. By modifying this
basic idea, 8 LEDs can be rotated in a circle, showing 8 concentric circles. But if these
LEDs are switched at precise intervals, a steady display pattern can be shown. Propeller
is a term associated with a circular rotating object. As this project needs to rotate the
whole circuit assembly, there must be some prime mover attached to it. So, the term
‘Propeller’. This project using bright light emitting diodes for displaying the characters
and name on its assembly. That’s why this project is named as ‘PROPELLER LED
DISPLAY‘. This is the phenomenon which is related to vision capability of human eye
by which an afterimage is thought to persist for approximately 1/25th of a second. So, if
someone is observing the images at a rate of 25 images per second, then they appear to
be continuous. The best example of this property is the red circle we observe when we
rotate the firecracker or incense stick in circle. This project was started with a simple
principle which is frequently encountered in our everyday life, which is Persistence of

Vision. This phenomenon makes one feel fast moving/changing objects to appear
continuous. A television is a common example; in which image is re-scanned every 25
times, thus making it continuous. Further, a glowing objects if rotated in a circle at fast
speed, it shows a continuous circle. By modifying this basic idea, 8 LEDs can be rotated
in a circle, showing 8 concentric circles. But if these LEDs are switched at precise
intervals, a steady display pattern can be shown. Existing systems do employ persistence
principle, but for displaying each pixel, individual LED is used. This results in a huge
number of LEDs even for small sized displays. By using a propeller type display, LED
count can be kept to a bare minimum. Even 8 LEDs can perform a task of over 525 LEDs.
Applications can find their way into cost effective solutions for large public displays,
information systems. It can directly replace Railway station information displays, bus
stands and many more places.
1.2 Basic Principle of Propeller LED Display:
 Propeller LED Display mainly based on “Persistence of Vision technology” that
principle is:-
 This is the phenomenon which is related to vision capability of human eye by which
an afterimage is thought to persist for approximately 1/25th of a second. So, if
someone is observing the images at a rate of 25 images per second.
 Second, then they appear to be continuous. The best example of this property is the
red circle we observe when we rotate the firecracker or incense stick in circle.
 Propeller is a term connected with a rotating object: motor is used in this project.
Propeller rotates a set of light-emitting diodes for displaying numbers and characters
in a rotating manner that’s the reason why it is termed as a Propeller LED Display.
Some of the features of Propeller LED Display include displaying messages in a
typical manner; displaying numbers in analog and digital clocks, self-cooling
systems, and so on. Propeller runs on a three batteries with wall adapter facility.
 With the help of Bluetooth module HC05 we can display any name and title on
propeller LED display. For display any name and title we can firstly pair the
Bluetooth module HC05 which is connected in PCB board and to the android mobile
phone and install Arduino Bluetooth Terminal in android phone then we can text any
name and title and send then display on propeller LED display. Propeller is a term
connected with a rotating object: motor or pump, and is used in this project. Propeller
rotates a set of light-emitting diodes for displaying numbers, characters and symbols
in a rotating manner that’s the reason why it is termed as a Propeller LED Display.

Some of the features of Propeller LED Display include displaying messages in a
typical manner; displaying numbers in analog and digital clocks, self-cooling
systems, and so on. Propeller runs on a single battery with wall adapter facility.
fig1.1 (a): Principle of vision of persistence technology
fig1.1 (b): Principle of vision of persistence technology

1.3 FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM:
The Function Block Diagram (FBD) is a graphical representation of various electrical
and mechanical assembly like power supply, DC motor rating 12V, 3000 rpm, 8051
microcontroller in which we used Embedded C, Bluetooth module and 8 LED. Which is
shown as below:
fig1.2 - Functional Diagram of propeller LED display

1.4 FLOW CHART OF PROPELLER LED DISPLAY:-
With the help of flow chart we can describe the working of propeller LED display.
The flow chart diagram has shown as below:
fig1.3 – Flow chat diagram of propeller LED display

CHAPTER-2
This propeller display will be mechanically examined and shows the characters in
advanced arrangement and data to be shown can be either fed by assembly level program
or by an android application using Bluetooth.
2.1 METHODOLOGY OF PROPELLER LED DISPLAY:
The main objective of this project is to create a non-existing display of low power
consumption with bare minimum components and at minimum cost. It consists mainly
of a set of LEDs, a micro-controller to synchronize the switching on and off of the LEDs
at precise time intervals and a motor that will spin the LEDs at a high speed. Which can
describe with the help of block diagram. Which shown as below:
fig2.1: General Block Diagram of Propeller LED Display

fig2.2: Simple Block Diagram of Propeller LED Display
2.2 OVERVIEW OF BLOCK DIAGRAM:
In this section we will emphasize on detailed overview of each of the block shown in
previous block diagram. In every description of the block respective schematics and
working is explained. The propeller display consists of following blocks, as shown in the
block diagram.
1. Interrupter Module
2. Microcontroller
3. LED module
4. DC motor
5. DC power supply
6. IR Sensor
7. Bluetooth Module
1. INTERRUPTER MODULE:
Interrupter module includes LM158 series consists of two independent, high gain,
internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed
specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of Voltages.
Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current
drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Following is the
complete circuit diagram of our interrupter module.
Microcontroller
AT89S52 (8051)
LED Array
)LED’s(8
DC POWER SUPPLY
DC MOTOR
(12V, 3000 rpm)

fig2.3 (a): Crystal of Interrupter Module
fig2.3 (b): Crystal of Interrupter Module
2. MICHROCONTROLLER:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K
bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile

memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which
provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control
applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash,
256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-
chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic
for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving
modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial
port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the
RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next
interrupt or hardware reset. Arduino is a single-board microcontroller, which is used to
make the application of interactive objects or environments more accessible. It is an open
source physical computing platform and a development environment for writing software
for the board. Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a
variety of switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other
physical outputs. This project is based around the microcontroller ATmega 16, which is
a derivative of avr family, from Atmel Inc. This is a 20 pin IC packaged in DIP package.
This small sized IC is used, mainly because of its reduced weight. This improves the
performance of the display, because reduced weight gives advantage of increased RPM.
Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are:
 4 KB on chip program memory.
 32 bytes devoted to register banks
 16 bytes of bit-addressable memory
 80 bytes of general-purpose memory
 128 user defined software flags.
 8-bit data bus
 16-bit address bus
 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).
 3 internal and 2 external interrupts.
 Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.
 Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).
 16-bit program counter and data pointer.

fig2.4: Pin diagram of 8051 microcontroller
3. LED MODULE:
LED array consists of 8 bright red LED’s is fixed in another side of the arm of our
project. These LEDs are connected with each of the port pin of microcontroller, with a
series current limiting resistor of 220 ohm. All the LED’s are connected in active low
logic i.e. common anode mode. LED modules are complete LED units that are designed
to be replaceable at the end of their life, in the same way as a traditional light source can
be replaced. The major benefit of using LED modules is the opportunity to replace the
product at end of life, or to upgrade the luminaire to newer, more efficient LED light
sources as they become available.

fig2.5: LED Module
4. DC MOTOR:
Repeated scanning of the display is must for continuous vision. This task is achieved
using circular rotation of the whole circuit assembly. So, we used a DC motor as the
prime mover. We are making use 12V 3000 rpm geared motor with 6mm shaft. A DC
motor in simple words is a device that converts electrical energy (direct current system)
into mechanical energy. It is of vital importance for the industry today, and is equally
important for engineers to look into the working principle of DC motor in details that
has been discussed in this article. In order to understand the operating principle of DC
motor we need to first look into its constructional feature. The very basic construction
of a DC motor contains a current carrying armature which is connected to the supply end
through commutator segments and brushes. The armature is placed in between north
south poles of a permanent or an electromagnet as shown in the diagram above. As soon

as we supply direct current in the armature, a mechanical force acts on it due to
electromagnetic effect of the magnet. Now to go into the details of the operating
principle of DC motor it’s important that we have a clear understanding of Fleming’s
left hand rule to determine the direction of force acting on the armature conductors of
DC motor.
fig2.6: Block diagram of DC motor
(5.) DC POWER SUPPLY:
DC power supplies are power supplies which produce an output DC voltage. Power
supplies are devices that deliver electric power to one or several loads. They generate the
output power by converting an input signal into an output signal (in this case, a DC
output).For microcontroller, as well as the DC motor, a regulated DC power supply is
required. We have to provide +5V to the microcontroller, while +12V to the motor. For
the components like microcontroller, shift registers, VCC required is 5V DC. But the
power supply available is 230V AC. To convert this 230V AC to 5V DC we use the
combination of bridge rectifier, filter capacitor, and three terminal regulator. This circuit
combination to produce the power supply is called DC power supply. The electrical
power is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of ac
because of economical consideration but for operation of most of the electronic devices
and circuits, dc supply is required. Dry cells and batteries can be used for this purpose.

No doubt, they have the advantages of being portable and ripple free but their voltages
are low, they need frequent replacement and are expensive in comparison to conventional
dc power supplies. Now a days, almost all electronic equipment include a circuit that
converts ac supply into dc supply. The part of equipment that converts ac into dc is called
DC power supply. In general at the input of the power supply there is a power
transformer.
fig: 2.7(a)-9V DC supply battery fig: 2.7(b)-3.7V Li Ion battery
fig2.8: DC supply battery adapter

6. IR SENSOR:
We have already discussed how a light sensor works. IR Sensors work by using a specific
light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in the Infra-Red (IR) spectrum. By using
an LED which produces light at the same wavelength as what the sensor is looking for,
you can look at the intensity of the received light. When an object is close to the sensor,
the light from the LED bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results in a
large jump in the intensity, which we already know can be detected using a threshold.
An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits in order to sense some aspects of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the
motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it
that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects
radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of radiations are invisible to our
eyes that can be detected by an infrared sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light
Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR
light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the
photodiode, the resistances and these output voltages, change in proportion to the
magnitude of the IR light received.
fig2.9: IR Sensor

6. (a) IR Sensor Circuit Diagram and Working Principle:
An infrared sensor circuit is one of the basic and popular sensor module in an electronic
device. This sensor is analogous to human’s visionary senses, which can be used to detect
obstacles and it is one of the common applications in real time. This circuit comprises of
the following components-
 LM358 IC 2 IR transmitter and receiver pair
 Resistors of the range of kilo ohms.
 Variable resistors.
 LED (Light Emitting Diode).
fig2.10: IR Sensor Circuit diagram
In this project, the transmitter section includes an IR sensor, which transmits continuous
IR rays to be received by an IR receiver module. An IR output terminal of the receiver
varies depending upon its receiving of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be analyzed
as such, therefore this output can be fed to a comparator circuit. Here an operational
amplifier (op-amp) of LM 339 is used as comparator circuit. When the IR receiver does
not receive a signal, the potential at the inverting input goes higher than that non-
inverting input of the comparator IC (LM339). Thus the output of the comparator goes
low, but the LED does not glow. When the IR receiver module receives signal to the
potential at the inverting input goes low. Thus the output of the comparator (LM 339)

goes high and the LED starts glowing. Resistor R1 (100k ), R2 (10k ) and R3 (330) are
used to ensure that minimum 10 mA current passes through the IR LED Devices like
Photodiode and normal LEDs respectively.
6. (b) Types of IR Sensors:
1. Temperature sensor
2. PIR sensor
3. Ultrasonic sensor
1. TEMPERATURE SENSOR :
 The temperature sensor is used for industrial temperature control.
 A sensor is a unit that can measure a physical phenomenon and quantify the latter, in
other words it gives a measurable representation of the wonder on a particular scale
or range. Generally sensors are categorized into two types, analog and digital sensors.
Here we are going to discuss about the analog sensor.
2. PIR SENSOR :
 A passive infrared sensor is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light
radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based
motion detectors.
 A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of people, animals, or other
objects. They are commonly used in burglar alarms and automatically-
activated lighting systems. They are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes
"PID", for "passive infrared detector".
 PIR sensor detects a human being moving around within approximately 10m from
the sensor. This is an average value, as the actual detection range is between 5m and
12m.PIR are fundamentally made of a pyro electric sensor, which can detect levels
of infrared radiation. For numerous essential projects or items that need to discover
when an individual has left or entered the area. PIR sensors are incredible, they are
flat control and minimal effort, have a wide lens range, and are simple to interface
with.
 PIR sensor is used for automatic door opening system.
 Most PIR sensors have a 3-pin connection at the side or bottom. One pin will be
ground, another will be signal and the last pin will be power. Power is usually up to
5V. Sometimes bigger modules don’t have direct output and instead just operate a
relay which case there is ground, power and the two switch associations. Interfacing
PIR with microcontroller is very easy and simple.

fig2.11: PIR sensor
3. ULTRASONIC SENSOR :
 Ultrasonic sensor are used for distance measurement.
 Generally ultrasonic sensors are also called as transducers, and these sensors are used
to measure the reflection of a moving object.
 When a voltage is applied in the form of an electric pulse to the ultrasonic transducer,
it vibrates with a certain spectrum of frequencies and produces sound waves. When
any obstacle comes within the spectrum of the ultrasonic sensor, then the sound
waves get reflect back (echoes) and the process generates electric pulse. Hence, the
motion of the object is detected with these echo patterns.
fig2.12: Ultrasonic sensor

7. BLUETOOTH MODULE (HC05):
The Bluetooth module HC-05 is a MASTER/SLAVE module. By default the factory
setting is SLAVE. The Role of the module (Master or Slave) can be configured only by
AT COMMANDS. The slave modules cannot initiate a connection to another Bluetooth
device, but can accept connections. Master module can initiate a connection to other
devices.
fig2.13: Bluetooth Module HC05
Hardware Features:
 Typical ‐80dBm sensitivity.
 Up to +4dBm RF transmit power.
 3.3 to 5 V I/O.
 PIO (Programmable Input/Output) control.
 UART interface with programmable baud rate.
 With integrated antenna.
 With edge connector.
Software Features:
 Slave default Baud rate: 9600, Data bits: 8, Stop bit: 1, Parity: No parity.
 Auto‐connect to the last device on power as default.
 Permit pairing device to connect as default.
 Auto‐pairing PINCODE:”1234” as default.

CHAPTER-3
MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY
Mechanical assembly plays a vital role in proper functioning of this project. The display
is scanned each time, by rotating the whole assembly in a circular path. The basic idea
we developed is on our own, by implementing and modifying different ways to do this.
fig3.1: Mechanical assembly
Following diagram shows the most reliable way, that we finally selected. Here, one major
challenge was how to bring +5V supply to the spinning circuit. We tried the same by
adopting two-three different methods, but finally concluded on the method, as shown in
the figure.
As seen in the diagram, one supply connection (GND) is provided. Through the motor’s
shaft. Other terminal (VCC) is connected, by arranging a friction disc-brush arrangement.
Circuit
5V 12
V
GN
D

The brush keeps its contact with the disc, so that current can be supplied. Most critical
objective was to achieve pristine balance and overall good mechanical strength. For
weight adjustment, we have provided one long screw, and weight can be attached or
removed by adding / removing metallic bolts. If the assembly is balanced perfect, then it
can achieve stability, and rotate at high RPMs too. This will improve the overall
efficiency of this display.
3.1 POWER SUPPLY MODULE:
fig3.2: Circuit Diagram of Power Supply Module

fig3.3: LED circuit
We are using a 9v motor dc motor to rotate the assembly to provide 9v to the DC motor
we have used a voltage adapter, which has an in built rectification circuit, that converts
230 V AC mains with the help of step-down transformer to 9V DC. The 9V DC is given
to an arbitrary PCB then with connectors the supply is given to motor. Microcontroller
we are using, P89V51RD2, operates at 5V DC supply. The DC supply is provided by
using 7805 regulator and a 9V battery. The capacitor connected output terminal to ground
cancel out any inductive effect due to long distribution lead. Input capacitor are used to
improve transient response of regulator IC. In electronics, an LED circuit or LED driver
is an electrical circuit used to power a light-emitting diode (LED). The circuit must
provide sufficient current to light the LED at the required brightness, but must limit the
current to prevent damaging the LED. The voltage drop across an LED is approximately
constant over a wide range of operating current; therefore, a small increase in applied
voltage greatly increases the current.

3.2 FRONT VIEW OF PROPELLER LED DISPLAY:
This is front view of original circuit diagram of Propeller LED Display which is working
on persistent of vision. Which is shown in figure blow:
fig3.4: Front view of propeller LED display (original)

When we give the supply through adapter having its rating 12 V to motor (12 V, 3000
rpm) then PCB board is rotate then we give them any name or title through Arduino
Bluetooth Terminal app send text on Bluetooth module which is connected to PCB board
then text is display on Propeller LED Display. This is one text display on Propeller LED
Display.
fig3.5: Final working model of propeller LED display (original)

CHAPTER- 4
PCB BOARD DESIGN
4.1 PCB DESIGNING STEPS:
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects
electrically connects electronic or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads
and other features etched from one or more layers of copper sheets laminated onto a non-
conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both
electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it. Advanced PCBs may contain
components embedded in the substrate. Printed circuit boards are used in all but the
simplest electronic products. They are also used in some electrical (not electronic)
products, such as passive switch boxes and electric fans. The most important requirement
of this project was to build a PCB with minimum weight and size. A Zero PCB is a drilled
board. Drilling process removes a lot of material from board, and the weight is reduced.
Designing method is as follows.
 Decide proper places for components
 Actual Placement of components on Zero PCB
 Connecting Tracks with solid wires
 Testing for continuity and Debugging
 The main PCB, the LED module, and power supply PCB. All PCBs are constructed
on simple zero PCB, and interconnection of components was done by single stranded
wires.
4.2 8051 MICROCONTROLLER BASIC CIRCUIT:
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single IC that integrates all the features that
are found in the microprocessor. 8051 microcontrollers have four I/O ports where in each
port contains 8 pins that can be configured as inputs or outputs. The Pin configuration –
whether it to be configured as an I/P (1) or an O/P (0), depends on its logic state. In order
to configure a microcontroller pin as an output, it is necessary to apply a logic zero (0)
to the suitable I/O port bits. In this case, the voltage level at the appropriate pin will be
0.Now that we have seen the 8051 Microcontroller Pin Diagram and corresponding Pin
Description, we will proceed to the basic circuit or schematic of the 8051
Microcontroller. The following image shows the basic circuit of the 8051
Microcontroller.

fig4.1: Circuit module of PCB board
Let us discuss a little bit deeper about this basic circuit of 8051 Microcontroller. First is
the power supply. Pins 40 and 20 (VCC and GND) of the 8051 Microcontroller are
connected to +5V and GND respectively. Next is the Reset Circuit. A logic HIGH (+5V)
on Reset Pin for a minimum of two machine cycles (24 clock cycles) will reset the 8051
Microcontroller. The reset circuit of the 8051 Microcontroller consists of a capacitor, a
resistor and a push button and this type of reset circuit provides a Manual Reset Option.
If you remove the push button, then the reset circuit becomes a Power-On Reset Circuit.

fig4.2: 8051 microcontroller basic circuit
4.3 ATMEGA 16, 8051 PIN DIAGRAM:
The following image shows the 8051 Microcontroller Pin Diagram with respect to a 40
– pin Dual In-line Package (DIP). Since it is a 40 – pin DIP IC, each side contains 20
Pins. We have also seen that there other packages of 8051 like the 44 – Lead PLCC and
the 44 – Lead TQFP. The following image shows the 8051 Microcontroller Pin Diagram
for these packages specifically. As mentioned in the previous tutorial, 8051
Microcontroller is available in a variety of packages like 40 – pin DIP or 44 – lead PLCC
and TQFP. The pin orientation of an 8051 Microcontroller may change with the package
but the Pin Configuration is same.

fig4.3: ATmega16, 8051 pin diagram
4.4 PIN DESCRIPTIONS VCC:
1. PORT A (PA7.PA0):
 Supply
voltage.
 GND.
 Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.
 Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used.
 Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A
output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability.
 When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will
source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-
stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

2. PORT B (PB7.PB0):
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port B also serves the
functions of various special features of the ATmega16 as listed on page 56.
1. PORT C (PC7.PC0):
Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is
enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS) and PC2 (TCK) will be
activated even if a reset occurs. Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface
and other special features of the ATmega16 as listed on page 59.
2. PORT D (PD7.PD0):
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port D also serves the
functions of various special features of the ATmega16 as listed on page 61.
3. RESET
Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will
generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in
Table 15 on page 36. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
4. XTAL1
Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
5. XTAL2
Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

6. AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be
externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should
be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.
7. AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
fig4.4: Crystal of ATmega16, 8051 pin
4.5 FEATURES OF ATMEGA 16, 8051 MICROPROCESSOR:
 Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
 Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
 Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
 In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
 True Read-While-Write Operation
 Programming Lock for Software Security
 Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
 Extensive On-chip Debug Support

 Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG
Interface
 Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
 One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
 Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
 Four PWM Channels
 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
 8 Single-ended Channels
 7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only
 2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
 Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
 Programmable Serial USART
 Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
 Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
 Chip Analog Comparator On
 Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
 Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
 External and Internal Interrupt Sources
 Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby
and Extended Standby
 I/O and Packages
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF
 Operating Voltages
 2.7V - 5.5V for ATmega16L
 4.5V - 5.5V for ATmega16
 Speed Grades
 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L
 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16
 Idle Mode: 0.35 mA
 Power-down Mode: < 1 μA
 High-performance, Low-power Atmel AVR 8-bit Microcontroller
 Advanced RISC Architecture

 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
 Fully Static Operation
 Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
 On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
 High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
 16 Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
 512 Bytes EEPROM
 1 Kbyte Internal SRAM
 Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
 Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
 Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
 In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
 True Read-While-Write Operation
 Programming Lock for Software Security
 JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
 Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
 Extensive On-chip Debug Support
 Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG
Interface
 Peripheral Features
 Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
 Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
 External and Internal Interrupt Sources
 Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby
and Extended Standby
 I/O and Packages
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF
 Operating Voltages
 2.7V - 5.5V for ATmega16L
 4.5V - 5.5V for ATmega16
 Speed Grades
 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L

 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16
 Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25°C for ATmega16L
 Active: 1.1 mA
 Idle Mode: 0.35 mA
 Power-down Mode: < 1 μA On-chip Analog Comparator
 Special Microcontroller Features
 Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection Programmable Serial
USART
 Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
 8 Single-ended Channels
 7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only
 2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
 Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
Table NO. 4.1: Description of 8051 microprocessor pin
PORT 3 Pin Function Description
P3.0 RXD Serial Input
P3.1 TXD Serial Output
P3.2 INT0 External Interrupt 0
P3.3 INT1 External Interrupt 1
P3.4 T0 Timer 0
P3.5 T1 Timer 1
P3.6 WR External Memory Write
P3.7 RD External Memory Read

CHAPTER-5
SOFTWARE DESIGN
5.1 SOFTWARES USED:
Here is a very simple but complete example program to blink a LED. Actually it is the
source code of the example project that we are going to construct in the next part of the
tutorial, but for now it is important to concentrate on the programming to summarize the
notions discussed above.
(1.) Code for displaying any name with the help of Bluetooth module
on propeller LED display:
#include <reg52.h>
sbit input=P2^0;
unsigned char rfidX[13];
unsigned int time=0, rem=0;
int a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n;
/**********************start of program
functions************************************************/
//________________________________Delay
subroutine_____________________________________________________________
___
void delay(unsigned int time) //delay for 10 ms
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(i=0;i<time;i++);
}
}
/*****************TIMER Interrrupt***************************/
void serial()interrupt 4
{
if(RI==1)
{

rfidX[time]=SBUF;
time++;
rem=0;
RI=0;
}
}
/****************************main program****************************/
void main()
{
unsigned int x=0, match=1,c1=0,c2=0;
SCON=0x50;
TMOD=0x20;
delay(200);
loop:
time=0;
match=0;
while(1)
{
if(time==9)
{
if(rfidX[0]=='A')
{
a=1;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='B')
{
a=2;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='C')
{
a=3;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='D')
{

a=4;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='E')
{
a=5;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='F')
{
a=6;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='G')
{
a=7;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='H')
{
a=8;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='I')
{
a=9;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='J')
{
a=10;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='K')
{
a=11;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='L')
{
a=12;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='M')

{
a=13;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='N')
{
a=14;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='O')
{
a=15;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='P')
{
a=16;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='Q')
{
a=17;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='R')
{
a=18;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='S')
{
a=19;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='T')
{
a=20;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='U')
{
a=21;

}
if(rfidX[0]=='V')
{
a=22;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='W')
{
a=23;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='X')
{
a=24;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='Y')
{
a=25;
}
if(rfidX[0]=='Z')
{
}
5.2 PROGRAM CONVERTING IN THE HEX FILE:
This is a .HEX file which you can directly dump in your microcontroller. The .a51 file
can be opened in keil software to see the actual code. I have also attached a simple code
(propeller’s) for understanding purposes. This is a simple code which can be edited into
keil software and can be customized according to the requirements. Intel HEX is a file
format that conveys binary information in ASCII text form. It is commonly used for
programming microcontrollers, EPROMs, and other types of programmable logic
devices. In a typical application, a compiler or assembler converts a program's source
code (such as in C or assembly language) to machine code and outputs it into a HEX file.
The HEX file is then imported by a programmer to "burn" the machine code into a ROM,
or is transferred to the target system for loading and execution. Intel HEX records are
separated by one or more ASCII line termination characters so that each record appears
alone on a text line. This enhances legibility by visually delimiting the records and it also
provides padding between records that can be used to improve parsing efficiency.

CHAPTER-6
6.1 USING THE KEIL ENVIRONMENT:
KEIL µVision is the name of a software dedicated to the development and testing of a
family of microcontrollers based on 8051 technology, like the P89V51RD2 which we
are going to use along this tutorial. We can download an evaluation version of KEIL at
their website: http://www.keil.com/c51/. Most versions share merely the same interface,
this tutorial uses KEIL C51 µvision 3 with the C51 compiler v8.05a.
6.1 (a) To create a project, write and test the previous example source
code, follow the following steps:
1.
fig6.1: Getting started with KEIL 1

 Open Keil and start a new project.
 You will prompted to choose a name for your new project, Create a separate folder
where all the files of your project will be stored, chose a name and click save. The
following window will appear, where you will be asked to select a device for Target
‘Target 1”.
2.
 Click File, New, and something similar to the following window should appear. The
box named ‘Text1′ is where your code should be written later.
 From the list at the left, seek for the brand name NXP, then under NXP, select
P89V51RD2. You will notice that a brief description of the device appears on the
right. Leave the two upper check boxes unchecked and click OK. The P89V51RD2
will be called your ‘Target device’, which is the final destination of your source code.
You will be asked whether to ‘copy standard 8051 startup code.c click no.

3.
 Open Keil and start a new project.
 Now you have to click ‘File, Save as’ and chose a file name for your source code
ending with the letter ‘.c’. You can name is ‘code.c’ for example, and click save.
Then you have to add this file to your project work space at the left as shown in the
following screen shot.
 Click File, New, and something similar to the following window should appear.
The box named ‘Text1′ is where your code should be written later.

4.
 After right-clicking on ‘source group 1‘, click on ‘Add files to group…‘, then you
will be prompted to browse the file to add to ‘source group 1′, chose the file that you
just saved, eventually ‘code.c’ and add it to the source group. You will notice that the
file is added to the project tree at the left.
 In some versions of this software you have to turn ON manually the option to generate
HEX files. make sure it is turned ON, by right-clicking on target 1, Options for target
‘target 1′, then under the ‘output‘ tab, by checking the box ‘generate HEX file‘. This
step is very important as the HEX file is the compiled output of your project that is
going to be transferred to the microcontroller.

5.
 You can use the output window to track eventual syntax errors, but also to check the
FLASH memory occupied by the program (code = 49) as well as the registers
occupied in the RAM (data = 9). If after rebuilding the targets, the ‘output ‘window’
shows that there is 0 error, then you are ready to test the performance of your code.
In KEIL, like in most development environment, this step is called Debugging, and
has this icon . After clicking on the debug icon, you will notice that some part of
the user interface will change, some new icons will appear, like the run icon circled
in the following figure:

6.
 You can click on the ‘Run’ icon and the execution of the program will start. In our
example, you can see the behavior of the pin 0 or port one, but clicking on
‘peripherals, I/O ports, Port 1′. You can always stop the execution of the program by
clicking on the stop button ( ) and you can simulate a reset by clicking on the
‘reset’ button

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF PROPELLER LED DISPLAY:
 With the help of propeller led display we can display any information like- Name and
Title.
 We can make 3-Dimensional version of this display.
 Though we have tried our best to minimize the cost of project but it can further be
made cost efficient by cost cutting components.
 This device can be modifying as a computer based display board. A wireless system
can be used to communicate between the PC and the device. This would let the user
to display any massage easily on propeller display.
 We can use less number of LED (approximate 8 LED), we can display more number
of words.
 We can use an external real time clock (RTC) module as the clock.
 The project can be made more compact with effective arrangement of all the
components.
 It gives time and date with 100% accuracy.
 LED patterns can we display using this devise. We have to modify the program for
LED patterns.
 Once developed at a large scale and used with multicolor LEDs can be used to
replace LCD screen.
 This project explains about a basic principle of persistence of vision using simple low
cost circuit.
6.3 APPLICATIONS:
 Applications can find their way into cost effective solutions for large
public displays, information systems.
 It can directly replace Railway station information displays, bus stands
and many more places.
 With the help of propeller led display we can display any information like- Name and
Title.
 A television is a common example in which image is re-scanned every 25 times,
thereby appear continuous.
 This can be used in large scale to form a nice display screens.

CONCLUSION
The Propeller LED display is used to create virtual display. It gives clear display by using
bright light LEDs. Many aspects like cost, power requirement, hardware requirements,
ease of use, maintenance were considered. The propeller should build as lighter and more
stable. It matters of a faster rotation of propeller. And if the assembly is balanced perfect
with having good mechanical strength, then it can achieve stability, and rotate at high
RPM. More clear display can get using bright light LEDs. An IR transmitter receiver pair
should be used to get a ‘home’ point for the propeller clock. It is used to detect the
completion of one revolution. This will improve the overall efficiency of this display and
this gives a clear picture without flicker. In this project we can display information like
Name, Title, Time and any other information on it. It is a very simple and interesting
project for hobbyist. By using some LED’s we can display any information on it. Here
we have used 5x7 Dot-Matrix codes for displaying information. This circuit is attached
to a DC Electric Motor. This project is based on concept of persistence of
vision (POV). This project comprises of circular display of a string of LEDs. Using a
high speed motor and some mechanical assembly, LED string mounted on a printed
circuit board are duly interfaced to a microcontroller. An appropriate program while
executed drives a pair of single line LEDs in space multiplexing mode. This displays
some message and or a clock timing taking advantage of persistence of vision of human
eye. Without the single line of LEDs in space multiplexing mode if one would have to
display a message, number of LEDs as high as 525 would have been used. Here the
project uses only 8 LEDs. Thus material count, hardware requirement, brings the overall
cost to very affordable price. The synchronizing is be implemented through software.
The propeller should build as lighter and more stable. It matters to a faster rotation of
propeller. And if the assemble is balanced perfect with having good mechanical strength,
then it can achieve stability, and rotate at high RPM. More clear display can get using
bright light LEDs. An IR transmitter receiver pair should be used to get a ‘home’ point
for the propeller clock. It is used to detect the completion of one revolution. This will
improve the overall efficiency of this display and this gives a clear picture without flicker.

REFERENCES
[1.] J.B. Gupta, Electronic circuits and devices, 1sted, S.KKataria and Sons, 2005
[2.] Muhammed AliMazidi, Janice GillispieMazidi and Rolin D Mckinlay, The 8051
Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C,2nded, Pearson, 2007
[3.] Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op Amp and Lineair Integrated Circuit, 2nded, Prentice
Hall PTR, 2000
[4.] A. David, KJ Josphin, Propeller LED Display International Journal of Innovative
Research in Electrical Electronics Instrumentation and Control Engineering, vol. 4, no.
4, April 2016.
[5.] R P. Paul, G B. Rathod, "Persistence of Vision Control Using Arduino", I.J.
Intelligent Systems and Applications, vol. 01, pp. 102-111, 2014.
[6.] B Venkata Ravikumar, M. Raju, "Propeller Display Based on Persistence of Vision",
International journal of scientific engineering and technology research, vol. 03, no. 16,
July 2014, ISSN 2319–8885.
[7.] J. P. George, T Thomas, "Design and Implementation of Microcontroller Based
Propeller Clock", International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical Electronics
and Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, February 2014.
[8.] M Sharma, K Mohan, "Low Cost Propeller LED Display", International Journal of
Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), vol. 4, no. 2,
February 2015.
[9.] K Krishnamurthi, S Mukherjee, M Mohanan, R Johny, "Propeller LED Message
Display based on Persistence of Vision", International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer Science and Software Engineering, vol. 5, no. 3, Mar 2015.
[10.] S R Manihar, K P Dewangan, "The Design and Construction of a low cost Propeller
Led Display", Global Journal of researches in engineering Electrical and electronics
engineering, vol. 12, no. 4, March 2012. 4.
[11.] “The 8051 microcontroller and Embedded Systems” by M.A.Mazidi 2008.
[12.] Propeller Display Rennes’s H8 Design Contest 2003 Entry H3210
[13.] M. Van Osch, D. Bera, K. Van Hee, Y. Koks, H. Zeegers, "Tele-operated service
robots: ROSE", Automation in Construction, vol. 39, pp. 152-160, April 2014.
[14.] Mohammed Ali Mazidi Propeller LED Display International Journal of Innovative
Research in Electrical Electronics Instrumentation and Control Engineering, vol. 4, no.
4, April 2016.

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