Projectart
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•866 views
Geodesic domes are giant spherical structures created from metal triangles arranged in a geodesic pattern, allowing the domes to be very lightweight yet strong. Reinforced concrete uses metal rods within concrete to increase its tensile strength, making it suitable for a variety of structures beyond just sidewalks. Suspension bridges suspend their weight from steel cables attached to vertical towers driven into the ground.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Soil investigation part2
The document discusses different types of foundations and their suitability for various soil conditions. Strip foundations are suitable for stable soils like rock or dense sand, while wider strips or piled foundations are needed for soft clays or shrinkable soils. Raft foundations are used for very weak soils or areas at risk of subsidence, as they spread the load more broadly. The type of foundation chosen depends on the load from the building and the bearing capacity of the underlying soil.
Bromfield's Bridges story
Llewellyn Bromfield Jr. designed several bridges in Stamford, Connecticut between 1932-1938, combining modern reinforced concrete with natural stone masonry. These include the Wildwood Road, Interlaken Road, June Road, Cold Spring Road, Cedar Heights Road, and Riverbank Road bridges. Bromfield took inspiration from bridges in Acadia National Park and on the Bronx River Parkway. Now over 75 years old, the bridges are in need of repair, and the City of Stamford is working to sensitively rehabilitate them while retaining original materials.
assignment two civil
This document summarizes an assignment on construction materials and terminology. It lists common construction materials like stone, brick, cement and reinforcing steel. It also defines key terms used in construction like superstructure, substructure, bearing capacity, load bearing and framed construction. Finally, it compares stone and brick masonry based on attributes like strength, durability, appearance and fire resistance, noting that stone masonry is generally stronger but more difficult to handle than brick masonry.
Monolithic Dome Seminar paper rev01
Monolithic domes are energy efficient, spherical structures constructed using inflatable airforms, reinforced concrete, and polyurethane foam insulation. They offer minimal surface area exposed to outside temperatures and can withstand bomb blasts, earthquakes, fires, and other disasters better than conventional buildings. Many schools, gyms, and other facilities now use monolithic domes, some as tornado shelters. They were invented in 1975 and are built worldwide, ranging in size from small to very large 80-meter diameter domes.
Chapter11 copy
Frank Lloyd Wright said that architecture is the "mother art" and that without our own architecture, a civilization has no soul. Architecture is both the art and science of designing structures like buildings and bridges to meet human needs. It is also a vehicle for artistic expression. The most common architectural materials through history have been stone, wood, cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete, steel cable, and shells. New materials and engineering advances now allow architects even greater freedom of expression and new visions in design.
Elements of dome
The document discusses different aspects of dome architecture. It defines a dome as resembling the upper half of a sphere. It then describes several common elements of domes, including coffer, cupola, lantern, oculus, pendentive, rotunda, squinch, tholobate/drum, and whispering gallery. It provides details on the purpose and structure of each of these elements. The document also examines different types of domes and discusses materials, construction technologies, and applications of dome architecture.
Monolithic dome
Monolithic dome is rounded building made of four major building material airform,foam,stell rebars,concrete.It has proved its abilty in surviving earthquakes, tornadoes and some man hazards.It is best alternative to the conventional houses.
Arcuated stractures
This presentation contain information about curvature structure in many different ears of architecture .
Recommended
Soil investigation part2
The document discusses different types of foundations and their suitability for various soil conditions. Strip foundations are suitable for stable soils like rock or dense sand, while wider strips or piled foundations are needed for soft clays or shrinkable soils. Raft foundations are used for very weak soils or areas at risk of subsidence, as they spread the load more broadly. The type of foundation chosen depends on the load from the building and the bearing capacity of the underlying soil.
Bromfield's Bridges story
Llewellyn Bromfield Jr. designed several bridges in Stamford, Connecticut between 1932-1938, combining modern reinforced concrete with natural stone masonry. These include the Wildwood Road, Interlaken Road, June Road, Cold Spring Road, Cedar Heights Road, and Riverbank Road bridges. Bromfield took inspiration from bridges in Acadia National Park and on the Bronx River Parkway. Now over 75 years old, the bridges are in need of repair, and the City of Stamford is working to sensitively rehabilitate them while retaining original materials.
assignment two civil
This document summarizes an assignment on construction materials and terminology. It lists common construction materials like stone, brick, cement and reinforcing steel. It also defines key terms used in construction like superstructure, substructure, bearing capacity, load bearing and framed construction. Finally, it compares stone and brick masonry based on attributes like strength, durability, appearance and fire resistance, noting that stone masonry is generally stronger but more difficult to handle than brick masonry.
Monolithic Dome Seminar paper rev01
Monolithic domes are energy efficient, spherical structures constructed using inflatable airforms, reinforced concrete, and polyurethane foam insulation. They offer minimal surface area exposed to outside temperatures and can withstand bomb blasts, earthquakes, fires, and other disasters better than conventional buildings. Many schools, gyms, and other facilities now use monolithic domes, some as tornado shelters. They were invented in 1975 and are built worldwide, ranging in size from small to very large 80-meter diameter domes.
Chapter11 copy
Frank Lloyd Wright said that architecture is the "mother art" and that without our own architecture, a civilization has no soul. Architecture is both the art and science of designing structures like buildings and bridges to meet human needs. It is also a vehicle for artistic expression. The most common architectural materials through history have been stone, wood, cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete, steel cable, and shells. New materials and engineering advances now allow architects even greater freedom of expression and new visions in design.
Elements of dome
The document discusses different aspects of dome architecture. It defines a dome as resembling the upper half of a sphere. It then describes several common elements of domes, including coffer, cupola, lantern, oculus, pendentive, rotunda, squinch, tholobate/drum, and whispering gallery. It provides details on the purpose and structure of each of these elements. The document also examines different types of domes and discusses materials, construction technologies, and applications of dome architecture.
Monolithic dome
Monolithic dome is rounded building made of four major building material airform,foam,stell rebars,concrete.It has proved its abilty in surviving earthquakes, tornadoes and some man hazards.It is best alternative to the conventional houses.
Arcuated stractures
This presentation contain information about curvature structure in many different ears of architecture .
Superstructure design
This document discusses the key components of building superstructures, including external walls, floors, roofs, and windows. It focuses on walls, describing that most external walls are made of brick and concrete blocks. It provides specifications for bricks and blocks, and notes that cavity construction is most common, using two wall skins connected by ties to improve structural stability, sound insulation, fire protection, and allow for thermal movement.
Geodesic Dome - History and Construction
a descriptive research on history, types and construction method of a Geodesic Dome. Being sustainable, geodesic dome is being used very frequently from the past few decades. Currently, these domes are also used as residential constructions
Butterfly bridge sannam kalra
The Butterfly Bridge is a footbridge over a section of the river used for rowing in Bedford, UK. It was opened in 1998 after an architectural competition and cost notably more than expected. The bridge has twin steel arches that are inclined like butterfly wings to provide an open but contained feeling on the deck. The bridge was intended to replace a temporary pontoon bridge used during festivals but is actually used in addition to the temporary bridge.
Domes Basics and It's Future from it's origin
Some basic knowledge about Domes and it's awesome properties :) , I tried to make it as simple as possible.For more information you can comment below and I will try my best to answer your questions.
components of buildings
The document summarizes the key components of buildings. It describes the roof as the topmost component that covers the building. Parapets are short walls above flat roofs that act as safety walls. Lintels support the weight above openings like doors and windows. Beams and slabs form horizontal members, with beams transferring load to columns. Columns are vertical members that support slabs and transfer load to the foundation. Other components discussed include damp proof course, walls, windows and doors, floors, stairs, plinth beam, plinth, and foundation.
Components of a building
Residential Buildings (e.g. apartment, house, hotel)
Educational Buildings (e.g. school, college)
Institutional Buildings (e.g. hospital, prisons, nursing homes)
Assembly Buildings (e.g. club room, restaurants)
Business Building (e.g. shopping mall, market)
Mercantile Buildings (e.g. bank, stores)
Industrial Buildings (e.g. mills, gas plant)
Storage Buildings (e.g. garages, cold storage)
Hazardous Buildings
Column
The document discusses different types of columns categorized by geometric shape, materials, and size. Geometric shapes include circular, rectangular, square, hexagonal, and octagonal. Material types are wooden, bamboo, concrete, steel, and composite. Columns are also classified as short or long based on size. Reinforcing, shuttering, casting, and curing steps are outlined for constructing concrete columns. Factors that can lead to column failure like segregation, bleeding, highly compressed concrete, and lacking support are also summarized.
Domes
This document discusses different types of dome structures. It begins by explaining that domes are prominent architectural features seen in many historic styles. Domes evolved from simple huts and tombs to large cathedrals and government buildings. The key elements of domes include the cupola, coffering, lantern, oculus, pendentive, rotunda, squinch, and drum. Common dome materials include brick, concrete, bamboo, metal, timber and cast iron. The document goes on to describe different dome types including corbel, geodesic, crossed-arch, onion, oval, saucer and umbrella domes. It concludes by discussing advantages like strength and aesthetics, disadvantages like cost and complexity, and
Spherical or geodesic dome
introduction of geodesic domes, construction details, efficacy, advantages and disadvantages, examples, references
BUCKMINSTER FULLER
R. Buckminster Fuller dedicated his life to solving global problems through comprehensive design. He is known for developing the geodesic dome, a strong spherical structure made of triangles that uses minimal materials. Fuller worked across many fields and influenced generations with his principle of "doing more with less." He designed dome structures, houses like the Dymaxion house and Wichita house, that were efficient, low-cost and focused on sustainability.
Domes
Domes come in many shapes and forms, defined by their structure and materials. The basic dome is a curved structure that spans an opening and may or may not support weight. Domes are essentially arches rotated around a central point. Common materials used are brick, stone, wood, metal, glass and concrete. Some specific dome types include polygonal domes with non-circular bases, compound domes with smaller domes atop pendentives, crossed-arch domes with intersecting ribs, and geodesic domes made of triangular frameworks. Hemispherical, onion, oval, parabolic, sail, saucer, segmented and umbrella domes each have distinguishing structural features.
Superstructure construction
1. Superstructure construction includes column, beam, floor, wall and roof located above ground level. Materials used are timber, steel and concrete.
2. Timber floor construction involves plank wood supported by timber joists and beams. Reinforced concrete uses column and beam construction with formwork, steel bar installation and concrete pouring.
3. Load bearing walls support loads and transfer to foundation, with minimum thickness of one brick. Non-load bearing walls only support own weight and are half brick thickness.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Presentation
This document provides information about building construction components and their functions. It discusses the classification of buildings based on occupancy and structure, including residential, educational, and industrial buildings. It also describes the different types of building loads like dead, live, wind, and earthquake loads. The key building components are foundations and superstructure. Foundations can be shallow like spread footings or deep like pile foundations, and transfer load from the superstructure to the soil.
Foundation Failure
The document describes two structural failures: the 1995 collapse of the Sampoong Department Store in South Korea and the 2004 Nicoll Highway incident in Singapore. The Sampoong collapse was caused by overloaded floors and weakened support columns, trapping over 1,500 people and killing 500. The Nicoll Highway incident involved the collapse of an excavation site for an MRT tunnel, caving in a highway and killing 4 workers. Recovery efforts like stabilizing the soil and monitoring nearby structures were undertaken. Learning points on construction methods and their risks were discussed.
Architecture
Architecture is both an art and a science that designs structures to meet human needs through artistic expression. The architect chooses materials like stone, wood, steel, and concrete and uses techniques such as post-and-lintel construction, arches, vaults, domes, trusses, and reinforced concrete to design enduring and functional buildings. New materials and visions have led to innovative high-tech structures assembled in novel ways.
Ct assignment (2)
The document discusses the construction of Madge Mansions, a luxury condominium development consisting of 3 blocks of 10 stories with 52 units total. It describes the pile foundation, suspended slab flooring, and flat roof used for the building. The foundation uses piles to transfer the heavy building loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. Suspended slabs are used for the floors to support loads between levels. A flat roof design is employed.
Ch 02 Concepts of Construction
The document discusses key concepts in construction including:
1) The variety of forces (e.g. gravity, wind loads) that buildings must withstand and different types of structural loads.
2) Important structural elements like columns, beams, walls and how they transmit loads.
3) The importance of connections in transferring loads between structural elements and how connections can fail in fires.
Building Construction 2 Project 1 Report
This document outlines a student project to design and construct a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on the design process, drawings and 3D model, materials used, structural joints and connections, construction progress, structural analysis, and test results. The group's design is inspired by Wang Shu's bus stop design and emphasizes the structural components. Key elements include a cuboid base, triangular roof sections made of timber and clear acrylic sheeting, and a one-way floor system to transfer loads. Construction involved forming concrete stumps, assembling the floor frame, adding seating, and completing the roof structure. Testing showed the floor could withstand typical live loads.
Assignment 2 edited
This document summarizes a construction technology assignment analyzing a semi-detached house in Puchong. The house uses a pad foundation and has both non-suspended and suspended slabs. It has a pitched roof suited for the humid climate. Other suitable foundation types include strip foundations and piling due to good soil bearing capacity. Alternative slab options are waffle slabs and post-tensioned slabs. Hip and flat roofs could also be used. References are provided for post-tensioned slabs, waffle slabs, and pitched roofs.
Learning about stem by building a geodesic houseboat mrw 070714
In 2013, I built a geodesic houseboat right in the Buffalo Ship Canal, in just five weeks, for less than $2,000. We had our won little waterfront get-away.
Never being satisfied, that led to a book, Building a New and Useful Buffalo, which introduces the idea of a new interconnection framework to accelerate my community's quality of life and economy.
It also led to my development of a class on building domes (thanks to the HILA Road series / youtube) and now it compliments the desire to inspire STEM careers by making something fun.
I presented this at Alfred State SUNY in Alfred, NY to PhD's and teachers loved it. I was humbled by the experience. I am a 30 yr. engineering veteran experiencing the joy of education as a second life.
I wish to share with you and solicit your input on what content you would recommend for a new National STEM
If you would like to help build a 32' dia. geodesic greenhouse this summer in Downtown Buffalo, adjacent to the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus, contact the author at michaellovesbuffalo@gmail.com
Thank you, enjoy and SHARE this!
Tensile structures for architects
Tensile structures provide large column-free interior spaces through the use of tensioned fabric membranes maintained under tension by cable or truss networks. They offer several advantages over conventional structures like flexibility in design, natural daylighting, low costs, and minimal maintenance. However, the lightweight nature of fabric requires careful consideration of structural form finding, static and dynamic load analysis, and material patterning during the design process to develop stable, efficient tensile structures.
More Related Content
What's hot
Superstructure design
This document discusses the key components of building superstructures, including external walls, floors, roofs, and windows. It focuses on walls, describing that most external walls are made of brick and concrete blocks. It provides specifications for bricks and blocks, and notes that cavity construction is most common, using two wall skins connected by ties to improve structural stability, sound insulation, fire protection, and allow for thermal movement.
Geodesic Dome - History and Construction
a descriptive research on history, types and construction method of a Geodesic Dome. Being sustainable, geodesic dome is being used very frequently from the past few decades. Currently, these domes are also used as residential constructions
Butterfly bridge sannam kalra
The Butterfly Bridge is a footbridge over a section of the river used for rowing in Bedford, UK. It was opened in 1998 after an architectural competition and cost notably more than expected. The bridge has twin steel arches that are inclined like butterfly wings to provide an open but contained feeling on the deck. The bridge was intended to replace a temporary pontoon bridge used during festivals but is actually used in addition to the temporary bridge.
Domes Basics and It's Future from it's origin
Some basic knowledge about Domes and it's awesome properties :) , I tried to make it as simple as possible.For more information you can comment below and I will try my best to answer your questions.
components of buildings
The document summarizes the key components of buildings. It describes the roof as the topmost component that covers the building. Parapets are short walls above flat roofs that act as safety walls. Lintels support the weight above openings like doors and windows. Beams and slabs form horizontal members, with beams transferring load to columns. Columns are vertical members that support slabs and transfer load to the foundation. Other components discussed include damp proof course, walls, windows and doors, floors, stairs, plinth beam, plinth, and foundation.
Components of a building
Residential Buildings (e.g. apartment, house, hotel)
Educational Buildings (e.g. school, college)
Institutional Buildings (e.g. hospital, prisons, nursing homes)
Assembly Buildings (e.g. club room, restaurants)
Business Building (e.g. shopping mall, market)
Mercantile Buildings (e.g. bank, stores)
Industrial Buildings (e.g. mills, gas plant)
Storage Buildings (e.g. garages, cold storage)
Hazardous Buildings
Column
The document discusses different types of columns categorized by geometric shape, materials, and size. Geometric shapes include circular, rectangular, square, hexagonal, and octagonal. Material types are wooden, bamboo, concrete, steel, and composite. Columns are also classified as short or long based on size. Reinforcing, shuttering, casting, and curing steps are outlined for constructing concrete columns. Factors that can lead to column failure like segregation, bleeding, highly compressed concrete, and lacking support are also summarized.
Domes
This document discusses different types of dome structures. It begins by explaining that domes are prominent architectural features seen in many historic styles. Domes evolved from simple huts and tombs to large cathedrals and government buildings. The key elements of domes include the cupola, coffering, lantern, oculus, pendentive, rotunda, squinch, and drum. Common dome materials include brick, concrete, bamboo, metal, timber and cast iron. The document goes on to describe different dome types including corbel, geodesic, crossed-arch, onion, oval, saucer and umbrella domes. It concludes by discussing advantages like strength and aesthetics, disadvantages like cost and complexity, and
Spherical or geodesic dome
introduction of geodesic domes, construction details, efficacy, advantages and disadvantages, examples, references
BUCKMINSTER FULLER
R. Buckminster Fuller dedicated his life to solving global problems through comprehensive design. He is known for developing the geodesic dome, a strong spherical structure made of triangles that uses minimal materials. Fuller worked across many fields and influenced generations with his principle of "doing more with less." He designed dome structures, houses like the Dymaxion house and Wichita house, that were efficient, low-cost and focused on sustainability.
Domes
Domes come in many shapes and forms, defined by their structure and materials. The basic dome is a curved structure that spans an opening and may or may not support weight. Domes are essentially arches rotated around a central point. Common materials used are brick, stone, wood, metal, glass and concrete. Some specific dome types include polygonal domes with non-circular bases, compound domes with smaller domes atop pendentives, crossed-arch domes with intersecting ribs, and geodesic domes made of triangular frameworks. Hemispherical, onion, oval, parabolic, sail, saucer, segmented and umbrella domes each have distinguishing structural features.
Superstructure construction
1. Superstructure construction includes column, beam, floor, wall and roof located above ground level. Materials used are timber, steel and concrete.
2. Timber floor construction involves plank wood supported by timber joists and beams. Reinforced concrete uses column and beam construction with formwork, steel bar installation and concrete pouring.
3. Load bearing walls support loads and transfer to foundation, with minimum thickness of one brick. Non-load bearing walls only support own weight and are half brick thickness.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Presentation
This document provides information about building construction components and their functions. It discusses the classification of buildings based on occupancy and structure, including residential, educational, and industrial buildings. It also describes the different types of building loads like dead, live, wind, and earthquake loads. The key building components are foundations and superstructure. Foundations can be shallow like spread footings or deep like pile foundations, and transfer load from the superstructure to the soil.
Foundation Failure
The document describes two structural failures: the 1995 collapse of the Sampoong Department Store in South Korea and the 2004 Nicoll Highway incident in Singapore. The Sampoong collapse was caused by overloaded floors and weakened support columns, trapping over 1,500 people and killing 500. The Nicoll Highway incident involved the collapse of an excavation site for an MRT tunnel, caving in a highway and killing 4 workers. Recovery efforts like stabilizing the soil and monitoring nearby structures were undertaken. Learning points on construction methods and their risks were discussed.
Architecture
Architecture is both an art and a science that designs structures to meet human needs through artistic expression. The architect chooses materials like stone, wood, steel, and concrete and uses techniques such as post-and-lintel construction, arches, vaults, domes, trusses, and reinforced concrete to design enduring and functional buildings. New materials and visions have led to innovative high-tech structures assembled in novel ways.
Ct assignment (2)
The document discusses the construction of Madge Mansions, a luxury condominium development consisting of 3 blocks of 10 stories with 52 units total. It describes the pile foundation, suspended slab flooring, and flat roof used for the building. The foundation uses piles to transfer the heavy building loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. Suspended slabs are used for the floors to support loads between levels. A flat roof design is employed.
Ch 02 Concepts of Construction
The document discusses key concepts in construction including:
1) The variety of forces (e.g. gravity, wind loads) that buildings must withstand and different types of structural loads.
2) Important structural elements like columns, beams, walls and how they transmit loads.
3) The importance of connections in transferring loads between structural elements and how connections can fail in fires.
Building Construction 2 Project 1 Report
This document outlines a student project to design and construct a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on the design process, drawings and 3D model, materials used, structural joints and connections, construction progress, structural analysis, and test results. The group's design is inspired by Wang Shu's bus stop design and emphasizes the structural components. Key elements include a cuboid base, triangular roof sections made of timber and clear acrylic sheeting, and a one-way floor system to transfer loads. Construction involved forming concrete stumps, assembling the floor frame, adding seating, and completing the roof structure. Testing showed the floor could withstand typical live loads.
Assignment 2 edited
This document summarizes a construction technology assignment analyzing a semi-detached house in Puchong. The house uses a pad foundation and has both non-suspended and suspended slabs. It has a pitched roof suited for the humid climate. Other suitable foundation types include strip foundations and piling due to good soil bearing capacity. Alternative slab options are waffle slabs and post-tensioned slabs. Hip and flat roofs could also be used. References are provided for post-tensioned slabs, waffle slabs, and pitched roofs.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Learning about stem by building a geodesic houseboat mrw 070714
In 2013, I built a geodesic houseboat right in the Buffalo Ship Canal, in just five weeks, for less than $2,000. We had our won little waterfront get-away.
Never being satisfied, that led to a book, Building a New and Useful Buffalo, which introduces the idea of a new interconnection framework to accelerate my community's quality of life and economy.
It also led to my development of a class on building domes (thanks to the HILA Road series / youtube) and now it compliments the desire to inspire STEM careers by making something fun.
I presented this at Alfred State SUNY in Alfred, NY to PhD's and teachers loved it. I was humbled by the experience. I am a 30 yr. engineering veteran experiencing the joy of education as a second life.
I wish to share with you and solicit your input on what content you would recommend for a new National STEM
If you would like to help build a 32' dia. geodesic greenhouse this summer in Downtown Buffalo, adjacent to the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus, contact the author at michaellovesbuffalo@gmail.com
Thank you, enjoy and SHARE this!
Tensile structures for architects
Tensile structures provide large column-free interior spaces through the use of tensioned fabric membranes maintained under tension by cable or truss networks. They offer several advantages over conventional structures like flexibility in design, natural daylighting, low costs, and minimal maintenance. However, the lightweight nature of fabric requires careful consideration of structural form finding, static and dynamic load analysis, and material patterning during the design process to develop stable, efficient tensile structures.
Space frame , space structure and geodesic domes
our presentation will provide information about space frame , space structures and geodesic domes, these technology used to cover large/long span shed, beautification of buildings.
Geodesic Domes
The document discusses the benefits of building geodesic dome structures compared to traditional "A" frame homes. It states that domes are more sustainable, energy efficient, eco-friendly, and cost effective due to their strong structure which uses less material. Domes also have benefits such as being weather resistant, aesthetically pleasing, acoustic, and having high insulation values.
Geodesic dome{rishabh mishra}
The document discusses geodesic domes. It begins by defining a dome as a curved architectural structure that resembles half a sphere and encloses space using minimal materials. It then defines geodesic domes, which were invented by Buckminster Fuller in the 1950s. Geodesic domes are sphere-like structures composed of interconnected triangles that provide strength using minimal materials. The document discusses the advantages of geodesic domes, including sustainability, energy efficiency due to their shape, strength, cost effectiveness, and ability to withstand weather. It provides examples of uses such as greenhouses and residential homes. In conclusion, the document presents a case study of a geodesic dome greenhouse in Lithuania.
R. buckminster fuller
R. Buckminster Fuller was an American architect and engineer known for developing the geodesic dome. He was also a philosopher who had unconventional ideas. He attended Harvard but was expelled twice. For decades, Fuller developed many designs focused on efficiency and lower costs, documenting his work daily. His most famous structure is the geodesic dome, a spherical structure based on triangles that distributes stress evenly. Fuller designed dome-shaped structures like the Biosphere museum in Montreal and Dymaxion houses, which sought to use minimal materials efficiently. However, none of his house designs were widely produced. Fuller received patents for his dome design and popularized its use in buildings.
Domes
This document lists the names of various domed religious structures from around the world, including cathedrals, basilicas, and churches located in cities such as Florence, Rome, Istanbul, Padua, Berlin, Paris, Innsbruck, and others. Many of the domes listed are famous landmarks like the dome of St Peter's Basilica, Hagia Sophia, and the Taj Mahal.
Pre Engineered Steel Buildings
Pre Engineered Steel buildings are the fastest systems of modern day construction, an amalgamation of Speed, functionality and durability. These are known for their unique designs, self adhesive nature, and thermal insulation properties. Delta steel provide end-to-end PEB solutions from structural design to installation
Shell structures- advanced building construction
This document discusses different types of shell structures used in construction. It begins by defining shell structures as thin curved membranes or slabs, usually of reinforced concrete, that function as both structure and covering. It then describes various forms of curvature for shells including surfaces of revolution, translation, and ruled surfaces. It discusses developable and non-developable shells and provides examples of different shell structures like barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and more. It also covers topics like suitable materials, centering, and construction of reinforced concrete barrel vaults.
Viewers also liked (9)
Learning about stem by building a geodesic houseboat mrw 070714
Learning about stem by building a geodesic houseboat mrw 070714
Similar to Projectart
Prestressed concrete
At the beginning of the twentieth century, “Prestressed Concrete” soon became the single most significant new direction in structural engineering according to Billington (2004).
This unique concept gave the engineer the ability to control the actual structural behavior while forcing him or her to dive more deeply into the construction process of the structural material. It gave architects as well as engineers a new realm of reinforced concrete design pushing not only the structural but also the architectural limits of concrete design to a level that neither concrete nor structural steel could achieve. Ordinary reinforced concrete could not achieve the same limits because the new long spans that “Prestressed Concrete” were able to achieve could not be reached with reinforced concrete. Those longer spans required much deeper members, which quickly made reinforced concrete uneconomical. Additionally, steel structures weren’t able to create the same architectural forms that the new “Prestressed Concrete” could.
1.2.1: Prestressed Concrete Concept ,Idea & Designs
P.H.Jackson – 1888 – USA.
The concept of Prestressed Concrete appeared in 1888 when P.H. Jackson was granted the first patent in the United States for Prestressed Concrete design as a method of Prestressed construction in concrete pavement.
Jackson’s idea was perfect, but the technology of high strength steel that exhibited low relaxation characteristics was not yet available. This was the reason Prestressed Concrete was not used as building material in the early years. For example, metallurgists had not yet discovered high strength steel, which combined the needed high compressive forces in a minimal amount of steel with low relaxation characteristics that minimized creep and post-stress deformations in the prestressing steel; therefore, the idea hibernated until Freyssinet reexamined it in the early twentieth century, the first to actively promote prestressed concrete.
101 FACTS ABOUT CEMENT.pptx
This document provides 101 facts about the cement industry and cement production. It discusses the history of concrete and cement usage dating back thousands of years to ancient Egypt and Rome. Key developments include the invention of Portland cement in the 1820s and the introduction of reinforced concrete in the late 19th century. Modern cement production techniques and common concrete applications are also outlined.
Roman bridges final assignment
This document discusses the history and evolution of bridge construction from ancient Roman times through the 21st century. It describes key developments in bridge design and building materials for each major time period, including the transition from stone to iron and steel bridges during the Industrial Revolution. The document also highlights important innovations such as the truss design, concrete reinforcement, cantilever construction, and deflection theory that enabled the building of longer and stronger bridges over time.
TERM PAPER2
This document provides an overview of steel bridge design and components. It begins with an abstract describing the primary functions of a bridge deck and various decking options. It then introduces bridges and their history, describing how designs have evolved from simple log bridges to modern steel and cable-stayed bridges. The document outlines various bridge types including beam, truss, arch, suspension, and cable-stayed bridges. It also defines basic bridge concepts such as span, force, compression, tension, and loads.
concrete.pptx
The document discusses cement concrete, including its composition, properties, types, and testing methods. Cement concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, crushed rock, and water that hardens over time. It has high compressive strength but is weak in tension, so reinforcement is often added. Types include plain, reinforced, pre-stressed, lightweight, no-fines, and fiber-reinforced concrete. Workability is tested via slump and compaction factor tests, while compressive strength is determined through crushing tests. The document provides details on the composition, production, and applications of various concrete types.
Concrete and glass as building material
This document summarizes key information about concrete and glass construction materials. It discusses the ingredients and properties of concrete, how it is used in modern construction for foundations, beams, columns, slabs, and other elements. It also outlines the history of glass and describes various glass types like float glass, laminated glass, low-emissivity glass, and their uses in facades, roofs, floors, and other applications. Various architectural examples using concrete and glass are provided.
Lecture 1 introduction to concrete as a structural material
In this lecture, I have provided information about concrete, its historical development, uses, advantages and disadvantages and types based on various criteria.
Case studies for strengthening of existing structures
The document discusses two case studies of structural strengthening projects:
1) The restoration of the historic Jiangwan Stadium in China from 1935, which involved carbonation rehabilitation, steel truss repairs, surface repairs, crack solutions, filler wall strengthening, and reinforced concrete flexural member strengthening.
2) Strengthening of a 14-story reinforced concrete building in Mexico City damaged in earthquakes, including adding steel bracing, jacketing beams and columns, reinforced concrete walls, and new foundation piles. Both case studies highlight understanding damage causes and ensuring load paths in rehabilitation designs.
Bendable concrete
This document summarizes research on developing bendable or ductile concrete. Traditional concrete is brittle and cracks easily, which can lead to infrastructure collapse during earthquakes or other hazards. Researchers are working to create ductile engineered cementitious composites (ECC) that can redistribute stress and deform without complete failure. ECC maintains stiffness under normal conditions but yields and deforms without loss of load-bearing capacity during severe stresses, making infrastructure more damage tolerant and resilient to hazards. Testing shows ECC spreads stress through an expanding "onion-shaped" damage zone rather than localized cracking, potentially improving safety.
Constructions(ancient present)
This ppt is about to know the basic info how the construction took place different regions,areas and in different centuries..
This ppt may be useful for all.
Rcs1-chapter1
The document provides an overview of reinforced concrete structures and discusses key concepts. It introduces reinforced concrete, describing it as a composite material made of concrete and steel reinforcement that works together. It then outlines the chapters that will be covered in the course, including generalities of reinforced concrete, evolution of standards, material properties, durability, beams under bending, and tension members. Selected references are also provided.
Fiber reinforced concrete and roller
Fiber reinforced concrete is a concrete consisting of cement, water, aggregates, and discontinuous fibers. There are many types of fibers that can be used including steel, plastic, glass, and natural materials. Fiber reinforced concrete has advantages over plain concrete like improved toughness and flexural strength. It is also more economical than using steel reinforcement and is less prone to corrosion. Some common applications of fiber reinforced concrete include pipes, slabs, countertops, and tiles.
theory_of_structures.ppt
This document provides an overview of structural engineering theory including:
- A brief history of structural engineering from ancient Greek and Egyptian temples to modern skyscrapers.
- The main forms of structures including cables, arches, trusses, beams, and surfaces like membranes, plates and shells.
- Common building materials used in structural engineering like aggregates, steel, concrete, wood and composites.
- The different types of loads structures must support including static loads (dead and live), as well as dynamic loads from wind, earthquakes, and other sources.
Concrete historical timeline
1. Concrete was first developed as early as 6500 BC in Syria when archaeologists discovered a form of concrete.
2. Throughout history, various ancient civilizations like the Chinese, Egyptians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Greeks and Romans experimented with and advanced the use of concrete and its constituents like lime, volcanic ash, pozzolana in structures.
3. Major concrete developments include Joseph Aspdin inventing modern Portland cement in 1824, the development of reinforced concrete in the 1850s, and pre-stressed concrete in the 1920s which allowed for modern high-rise and large-scale construction.
Skyscraper
The document discusses the history and evolution of skyscrapers from the late 19th century to today. It describes how early skyscrapers used stone and brick but were limited to around 12 floors tall. The development of the steel frame structure in the 1880s allowed buildings to achieve much greater heights, supporting heavier weights and lasting longer. Important American architects like Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright further advanced skyscraper design by embracing the aesthetic possibilities of steel and glass. Landmark skyscrapers discussed include the Woolworth Building, the Empire State Building, and the soon-to-be-completed Burj Dubai in Dubai.
Brick as a material
The document summarizes the evolution of brick as a building material from ancient times to modern times. It discusses how bricks were first used in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, made of sun-dried mud. The Mesopotamians developed stronger bricks by baking mud bricks mixed with straw in kilns. Later, the Chinese, Romans, British, and Americans improved brick construction technology and the properties of bricks for increased strength, durability, and use in new building typologies. Bricks evolved from a purely load-bearing building material to also being used for their aesthetic and acoustic properties. Modern composite construction methods allow for the use of bricks in high-rise buildings.
project report on truss bridge
This document provides information about truss bridges, including their history, types, and design principles. It discusses the evolution of bridge construction from natural bridges to modern designs. Key truss designs discussed include the Kingpost, Queenpost, Howe, Pratt, and Warren trusses. The document also covers truss components, optimal truss geometry, design of compression/tension members, and design of vertical and diagonal members. Overall, the document provides a technical overview of truss bridge design and the various truss configurations used in steel bridges.
Construction Concrete materials
Concrete is a mixture of aggregate, cement, water, and sometimes admixtures. Its key qualities are strength, durability, stability, and relatively low cost. Concrete can be poured into any shape and colored. It has been used as a building material since ancient Roman times, when they discovered volcanic ash improved cement. Throughout history, improvements were made such as reinforced concrete, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, and roller-compacted concrete. Concrete has various uses such as structural elements, pavements, pipes, and sculptures. It exists in different states from plastic to hardened and has properties of workability, cohesion, strength, and durability that are affected by its mixture proportions and density.
Pile foundation project_report
The document discusses foundations and piles. It defines foundations as structures that transfer structural loads from buildings into the ground. Foundations are either shallow, bearing close to the surface, or deep, embedded deeper into the ground. Piles are deep foundations that transmit loads through friction and bearing. Piles can be made of various materials like timber, steel, or concrete and are classified by their construction method, whether driven, bored, or precast. The document provides detailed descriptions and images of different pile types, materials, construction processes, and considerations for design and installation.
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the .pdf
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the late nineteenth century in
reference to the construction of the Crystal Palace or Eiffel Tower.
After the Baroque faded slowly away, eighteenth-century architecture consisted primarily of
revivals of previous periods. This time was to be the calm before the storm, for the approaching
Industrial Revolution was to change everything about the world as it was then, including
architecture. Previously, building materials had been restricted to a few manmade materials
along with those available in nature: timber, stone, timber, lime mortar, and concrete. Metals
were not available in sufficient quantity or consistent quality to be used as anything more than
ornamentation. Structure was limited by the capabilities of natural materials. The Industrial
Revolution changed this situation dramatically.
In 1800, the worldwide tonnage of iron produced was 825,000 tons. By 1900, with the Industrial
Revolution in full swing, worldwide production stood at 40 million tons, almost 50 times as
much. Iron was available in three forms. The least processed form, cast iron, was brittle due to a
high percentage of impurities. It still displayed impressive compressive strength, however.
Wrought iron was a more refined form of iron, malleable, though with low tensile strength. Steel
was the strongest, most versatile form of iron. Through a conversion process, all of the impurities
were burned out of the iron ore, then precise amounts of carbon were added for hardness. Steel
had tensile and compressive strength greater than any material previously available, and its
capabilities would revolutionize architecture.
This change did not happen over night. Prior to the introduction of bulk iron, architecture relied
on compressive strength to hold buildings up. Even great structures like the Chartres Cathedral
or the Parthenon were essentially orderly piles of stone. Architects were accustomed to thinking
of certain ways of creating structure, and though they glimpsed some of the possibilities of the
new materials, the first applications were made using the old ideas.
The explosion in the development of iron and steel structures was driven initially by the advance
of the railroads. Bridges were required to span gorges and rivers. In 1779, the first iron bridge
was built across the Severn River in Coalescence, England. It was not an iron bridge as we might
conceive of it today, but rather a traditional arch made of iron instead of stone. The compressive
strength of limestone is 20 tons per square foot. The compressive strength of cast iron is 10 tons
per square inch, 72 times as high, permitting significantly larger spans. Later, the truss, long used
in timber roofs, became the primary element of bridge building. A triangle is the strongest
structural element known, and applied force only makes it more stable. When a diagonal is added
to a square, the form can be viewed as two triangles sharing a side, the fundam.
Similar to Projectart (20)
Lecture 1 introduction to concrete as a structural material
Lecture 1 introduction to concrete as a structural material
Case studies for strengthening of existing structures
Case studies for strengthening of existing structures
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the .pdf
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the .pdf
Recently uploaded
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
DearbornMusic-KatherineJasperFullSailUni
My powerpoint presentation for my Music Retail and Distribution class at Full Sail University
Hamster Kombat' Telegram Game Surpasses 100 Million Players—Token Release Sch...
Hamster Kombat' Telegram Game Surpasses 100 Million Players—Token Release Schedule Unveiled
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a story
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdf
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证（otago毕业证）如何办理
一模一样【微信：A575476】【新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证（otago毕业证）成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
Call8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessing
Satta Matka Kalyan Main Mumbai Fastest Results
Satta Matka ❋ Sattamatka ❋ New Mumbai Ratan Satta Matka ❋ Fast Matka ❋ Milan Market ❋ Kalyan Matka Results ❋ Satta Game ❋ Matka Game ❋ Satta Matka ❋ Kalyan Satta Matka ❋ Mumbai Main ❋ Online Matka Results ❋ Satta Matka Tips ❋ Milan Chart ❋ Satta Matka Boss❋ New Star Day ❋ Satta King ❋ Live Satta Matka Results ❋ Satta Matka Company ❋ Indian Matka ❋ Satta Matka 143❋ Kalyan Night Matka..
Best Forex Brokers Comparison in INDIA 2024
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
9356872877Sattamatka.satta.matka.satta matka.kalyan weekly chart.kalyan chart.kalyan jodi chart.kalyan penal chart.kalyan today.kalyan open.fix satta.fix fix fix Satta matka nambar.Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdown
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Indian satta Matka Dpboss Matka Kalyan Chart Matka Boss otg matka Guessing Satta Top 10 Free Accounting and Bookkeeping Apps for Small Businesses
Maintaining a proper record of your money is important for any business whether it is small or large. It helps you stay one step ahead in the financial race and be aware of your earnings and any tax obligations.
However, managing finances without an entire accounting staff can be challenging for small businesses.
Accounting apps can help with that! They resemble your private money manager.
They organize all of your transactions automatically as soon as you link them to your corporate bank account. Additionally, they are compatible with your phone, allowing you to monitor your finances from anywhere. Cool, right?
Thus, we’ll be looking at several fantastic accounting apps in this blog that will help you develop your business and save time.
Best practices for project execution and delivery
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdf
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb Platform
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Taste
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
Recently uploaded (20)
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...
Hamster Kombat' Telegram Game Surpasses 100 Million Players—Token Release Sch...
Hamster Kombat' Telegram Game Surpasses 100 Million Players—Token Release Sch...
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
Call8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessing
Call8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessing
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka
Top 10 Free Accounting and Bookkeeping Apps for Small Businesses
Top 10 Free Accounting and Bookkeeping Apps for Small Businesses
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdf
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdf
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb Platform
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb Platform
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Taste
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Taste
Projectart
- 1. GEODESIC DOMES The only structure system that can be attributed to one man R. Buckminster Fuller. Geodesic domes are giant bubbles created from metal rods arranged into triangles.
- 2. Domes offered advantages never available before in architecture. Very light weight in relation to size and amazingly strong.
- 5. Suspension This structure is mostly associated with bridges. Developed in 19th century. Weight of the structure is suspended from steel cables that are attached to vertical pylons driven into the ground.
- 6. Reinforced Concrete Concrete: mixture of cement gravel and water, dating back to Roman Times. Concrete: Brittle and low tensile strength. Often seen in sidewalks and patios.
- 7. This problem was fixed in the 19th century when a method was developed for reinforcing the concrete by putting metal rods in the concrete.
- 9. Not only used as skeletons, but can be used as shell and form structures that are self sustaining.
- 10. Reinforced concrete is the sort of material that allows the builder to experiment and try new techniques. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcpcIHBTfU8