The document discusses the basic structure of a C program, which includes documentation, link, definition, global declarations, main functions, and subprograms sections. It also summarizes the key components of a C program like data types, variables, expressions, statements, operators, library functions, input/output functions, and control flow statements like if/else, loops. The main function contains the declaration and execution parts, while user-defined functions are defined in the subprogram section. Common input functions like scanf and output functions like printf are also summarized.
The document provides an introduction to the basic structure of C programs. It discusses that a C program typically contains sections for documentation, header files (link), definitions, global declarations, the main function, and subprograms (functions). It then goes on to describe each of these main sections in more detail. For example, it states that the documentation section usually provides details about the program name, author, etc., while the main function contains declaration and execution parts within curly braces.
The document provides information on the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in 1972 and is a general purpose programming language well suited for business and scientific applications. It describes the basic structure of a C program including sections for links, definitions, variables, functions, and input/output statements. It also covers various C language concepts like data types, operators, decision making statements, looping statements, functions, and more.
The document discusses header files and C preprocessors. It defines header files as files containing C declarations and macro definitions that can be shared between source files by including them using the #include directive. Common header files like stdio.h, conio.h, and math.h are given as examples. Preprocessors are described as a macro processor that transforms the program before compilation by handling preprocessor directives like #define. It allows defining macros which are abbreviations for longer code constructs. The document also provides examples of preprocessor directives like #include and #define.
The document discusses the basics of C programming language including the structure of a C program, constants, variables, data types, operators, and expressions. It explains the different sections of a C program such as documentation, link, definition, global declaration, main function, and user-defined function sections. It also describes various data types in C like integer, floating point, character, and void. Furthermore, it covers various operators used in C like arithmetic, assignment, relational, logical, bitwise, ternary, and increment/decrement operators and provides examples.
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses the structure of a C program including documentation, preprocessor directives, header files, and function definitions. It also describes various math and trigonometric functions available in the standard library like sqrt, pow, sin, cos, and log. The rest of the document outlines the steps to compile and execute a C program and defines key concepts like variables, constants, and data types in C.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in C programming including identifiers, keywords, data types, operators, control statements, and functions for controlling program flow. It discusses identifiers and keywords rules. It also covers basic data types and different operators used in C. The document explains various control statements like if-else, switch case, for, while, do-while loops. It provides examples of using conditional operators and break and continue statements. Finally, it discusses nested loops and references additional resources to learn C programming.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in C programming including identifiers, keywords, data types, operators, control statements, and functions for controlling program flow. It discusses identifiers and keywords rules. It also covers basic data types and different operators used in C. The document explains various control statements like if-else, switch case, for, while, do-while loops. It provides examples of using conditional operators and break and continue statements. Finally, it discusses nested loops and references additional resources to learn C programming.
This document provides an overview of a sample C program and explanations of key concepts:
1. The sample "Hello World" program prints that message to the screen using the printf function. It demonstrates the required main function and use of a pre-defined function.
2. Key concepts discussed include functions, parameters, header files, data types, expressions, assignment statements, increment/decrement operators, and input/output statements.
3. Input is received using built-in functions, while output display is handled by functions like printf that use format specifiers to control output formatting.
The document provides an introduction to the basic structure of C programs. It discusses that a C program typically contains sections for documentation, header files (link), definitions, global declarations, the main function, and subprograms (functions). It then goes on to describe each of these main sections in more detail. For example, it states that the documentation section usually provides details about the program name, author, etc., while the main function contains declaration and execution parts within curly braces.
The document provides information on the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in 1972 and is a general purpose programming language well suited for business and scientific applications. It describes the basic structure of a C program including sections for links, definitions, variables, functions, and input/output statements. It also covers various C language concepts like data types, operators, decision making statements, looping statements, functions, and more.
The document discusses header files and C preprocessors. It defines header files as files containing C declarations and macro definitions that can be shared between source files by including them using the #include directive. Common header files like stdio.h, conio.h, and math.h are given as examples. Preprocessors are described as a macro processor that transforms the program before compilation by handling preprocessor directives like #define. It allows defining macros which are abbreviations for longer code constructs. The document also provides examples of preprocessor directives like #include and #define.
The document discusses the basics of C programming language including the structure of a C program, constants, variables, data types, operators, and expressions. It explains the different sections of a C program such as documentation, link, definition, global declaration, main function, and user-defined function sections. It also describes various data types in C like integer, floating point, character, and void. Furthermore, it covers various operators used in C like arithmetic, assignment, relational, logical, bitwise, ternary, and increment/decrement operators and provides examples.
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses the structure of a C program including documentation, preprocessor directives, header files, and function definitions. It also describes various math and trigonometric functions available in the standard library like sqrt, pow, sin, cos, and log. The rest of the document outlines the steps to compile and execute a C program and defines key concepts like variables, constants, and data types in C.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in C programming including identifiers, keywords, data types, operators, control statements, and functions for controlling program flow. It discusses identifiers and keywords rules. It also covers basic data types and different operators used in C. The document explains various control statements like if-else, switch case, for, while, do-while loops. It provides examples of using conditional operators and break and continue statements. Finally, it discusses nested loops and references additional resources to learn C programming.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in C programming including identifiers, keywords, data types, operators, control statements, and functions for controlling program flow. It discusses identifiers and keywords rules. It also covers basic data types and different operators used in C. The document explains various control statements like if-else, switch case, for, while, do-while loops. It provides examples of using conditional operators and break and continue statements. Finally, it discusses nested loops and references additional resources to learn C programming.
This document provides an overview of a sample C program and explanations of key concepts:
1. The sample "Hello World" program prints that message to the screen using the printf function. It demonstrates the required main function and use of a pre-defined function.
2. Key concepts discussed include functions, parameters, header files, data types, expressions, assignment statements, increment/decrement operators, and input/output statements.
3. Input is received using built-in functions, while output display is handled by functions like printf that use format specifiers to control output formatting.
Esoft Metro Campus - Certificate in c / c++ programmingRasan Samarasinghe
Esoft Metro Campus - Certificate in java basics
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Structure of a program
Variables & Data types
Constants
Operators
Basic Input/output
Control Structures
Functions
Arrays
Character Sequences
Pointers and Dynamic Memory
Unions
Other Data Types
Input/output with files
Searching
Sorting
Introduction to data structures
The document discusses various control flow statements in C programming such as decision control statements (if, if-else, switch-case), looping statements (for, while, do-while loops), break, continue, goto, and functions. It provides examples of using each statement type and explains their syntax and usage. Key aspects like scope of variables, parameter passing methods (call by value, call by reference), and storage classes (auto, static, extern) related to functions are also covered in the document.
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language including:
- The C development environment and how a program is compiled from source code to executable code
- A simple "Hello World" example program
- Key elements of a C program like comments, preprocessor directives, data types, and basic functions like printf()
- Details on tokens, variables, statements, and basic data types and functions in C
This document discusses various fundamental concepts in C programming such as flowcharts, pseudocode, control structures, variables, data types, operators, functions, arrays, structures, and input/output functions. It provides definitions and examples for each concept. Control structures covered include conditional statements like if-else and switch-case, as well as loops like while, do-while and for. Data types discussed are integer, floating point, character and string constants. Key concepts like variables, arrays, structures, functions and their declarations are also summarized.
The document discusses the structure and fundamentals of C programming. It describes the typical sections of a C program including documentation, preprocessor directives, global declarations, the main function, and local declarations. It also covers input/output functions like scanf and printf, and data types in C like constants, variables, keywords, and identifiers. Finally, it discusses variable scope and the differences between local and global variables.
The document provides an introduction to programming in C and explains key concepts like variables, input/output, control structures (if/else, for loops, do-while loops), and switch statements through examples. It defines variables as locations for temporarily storing values, describes how the scanf function is used for input and printf for output, and explains how control structures like if/else and loops allow conditional or repeated execution of code. The examples given illustrate how each concept works in a C program.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed in 1972 at Bell Labs and is a popular systems and applications programming language. The document then covers various C language concepts like data types, variables, operators, input/output functions, and provides examples of basic C programs and code snippets.
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses fundamental C elements like data types, variables, constants, operators, and input/output functions. It explains how a basic C program is structured and compiled. Examples are provided to demonstrate simple C statements, arithmetic expressions, and how to write and run a first program that prints text. The key topics covered include basic syntax, program structure, data types, identifiers, operators, and input/output functions like printf() and scanf().
The document discusses C functions, including their definition, types, uses, and implementation. It notes that C functions allow large programs to be broken down into smaller, reusable blocks of code. There are two types of functions - library functions and user-defined functions. Functions are declared with a return type, name, and parameters. They are defined with a body of code between curly braces. Functions can be called within a program and allow code to be executed modularly and reused. Parameters can be passed by value or by reference. Functions can return values or not, and may or may not accept parameters. Overall, functions are a fundamental building block of C that improve code organization, reusability, and maintenance.
C is a programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. It is a structured programming language that is highly portable and supports functions. A C program consists of functions, with a main function that is the program entry point. Input/output in C uses predefined functions like printf() and scanf(). A C program is compiled into an executable file that can run on many machine architectures. The document then discusses C program structure, data types, libraries, variables, keywords, operators, and control flow statements like if/else, switch, while, do-while and for loops.
The document provides an introduction to algorithms and key concepts related to algorithms such as definition, features, examples, flowcharts, pseudocode. It also discusses different types of programming languages from first to fifth generation. Key points of structured programming approach and introduction to C programming language are explained including data types, variables, constants, input/output functions, operators, type conversion etc.
This document provides an overview of C programming and data structures. It begins with an introduction to C language concepts like data types, variables, constants, I/O functions, operators, and control statements. It then discusses the history and evolution of C from earlier languages like ALGOL and BCPL. The document outlines characteristics of C and its applications. It also covers topics like keywords, identifiers, data type sizes, variable naming rules, and comment syntax. Library functions for input/output like scanf and printf are explained. The different types of constants in C like integer, real, character, and string constants are defined along with their syntax rules.
C is a powerful, flexible and portable programming language created by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. It supports various data types and has a variety of operators to perform arithmetic, relational, logical and bitwise operations. C programs are compiled into machine-independent code that can run on a variety of hardware and operating system platforms. Key features of C include structured programming, functions, arrays and pointers.
The document provides information on C language basics. It discusses that C is a system programming language useful for writing system programs like compilers, drivers, etc. It is a structured language that supports functions and modular programming. C has many built-in functions and is portable, efficient, and can access hardware. Some key aspects covered include data types in C, variables, operators, conditional statements, and input/output functions. Examples of basic C programs are also included.
IIM.Com-FIT-Unit2(14.9.2021 TO 30.9.2021).pptxrajkumar490591
This document discusses various topics related to C programming language including:
- The structure of a typical C program which includes header files inclusion, main method declaration, variable declaration, function body, and return statement.
- Different types of variables in C like local, global, static, automatic, and external variables. Local variables are declared within a function while global variables are declared outside. Static variables retain their value between function calls.
- Key concepts like data types, valid variable names, compilers, linkers, and how a C program is executed after compilation.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language development environment and basic concepts:
1. It describes the six phases of converting C code into an executable program: editing, preprocessing, compiling, assembling, linking, and running.
2. It introduces basic C programming concepts like variables, data types, statements, comments, functions, and input/output functions like printf(), scanf(), getchar(), and putchar().
3. It explains the six types of tokens used in C programs - keywords, identifiers, constants, string literals, punctuators, and operators - and provides examples of each.
C is an imperative, procedural language in the ALGOL tradition. It has a static type system. In C, all executable code is contained within subroutines (also called "functions", though not in the sense of functional programming). Function parameters are passed by value, although arrays are passed as pointers, i.e. the address of the first item in the array. Pass-by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointers to the thing being referenced.
C program source text is free-format, using the semicolon as a statement separator and curly braces for grouping blocks of statements.
The C language also exhibits the following characteristics:
The language has a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of control flow primitives: if/else, for, do/while, while, and switch. User-defined names are not distinguished from keywords by any kind of sigil.
It has a large number of arithmetic, bitwise, and logic operators: +,+=,++,&,||, etc.
More than one assignment may be performed in a single statement.
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs to create the UNIX operating system. C is a structured, procedural programming language that is widely used to develop operating systems, databases, networks, and more. The document then covers some key concepts in C including functions, header files, variables, data types, operators, and escape sequences. It provides examples of basic C programs and exercises for practicing programming concepts.
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language, including its history, features, character sets, tokens, data types, operators, and the basic structure of a C program. It discusses key concepts such as variables, constants, comments, functions, input/output, and how to compile and execute a C program.
This document provides information about Java applets and their lifecycle methods. It discusses the init(), start(), stop(), destroy(), and paint() methods. It also describes how applets can request repainting, pass parameters, use graphics, fonts, colors, and more. The last sections cover Swing applets, JFrames, and differences between AWT and Swing components.
The document provides an overview of programming concepts in Java, covering topics such as object-oriented programming principles, classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, exceptions, threads, input/output streams, applets, and utilities. It also discusses control structures, arrays, strings, file input/output, and networking in Java. The document is presented as a course outline with multiple units that progressively introduce more advanced Java concepts.
Esoft Metro Campus - Certificate in c / c++ programmingRasan Samarasinghe
Esoft Metro Campus - Certificate in java basics
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Structure of a program
Variables & Data types
Constants
Operators
Basic Input/output
Control Structures
Functions
Arrays
Character Sequences
Pointers and Dynamic Memory
Unions
Other Data Types
Input/output with files
Searching
Sorting
Introduction to data structures
The document discusses various control flow statements in C programming such as decision control statements (if, if-else, switch-case), looping statements (for, while, do-while loops), break, continue, goto, and functions. It provides examples of using each statement type and explains their syntax and usage. Key aspects like scope of variables, parameter passing methods (call by value, call by reference), and storage classes (auto, static, extern) related to functions are also covered in the document.
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language including:
- The C development environment and how a program is compiled from source code to executable code
- A simple "Hello World" example program
- Key elements of a C program like comments, preprocessor directives, data types, and basic functions like printf()
- Details on tokens, variables, statements, and basic data types and functions in C
This document discusses various fundamental concepts in C programming such as flowcharts, pseudocode, control structures, variables, data types, operators, functions, arrays, structures, and input/output functions. It provides definitions and examples for each concept. Control structures covered include conditional statements like if-else and switch-case, as well as loops like while, do-while and for. Data types discussed are integer, floating point, character and string constants. Key concepts like variables, arrays, structures, functions and their declarations are also summarized.
The document discusses the structure and fundamentals of C programming. It describes the typical sections of a C program including documentation, preprocessor directives, global declarations, the main function, and local declarations. It also covers input/output functions like scanf and printf, and data types in C like constants, variables, keywords, and identifiers. Finally, it discusses variable scope and the differences between local and global variables.
The document provides an introduction to programming in C and explains key concepts like variables, input/output, control structures (if/else, for loops, do-while loops), and switch statements through examples. It defines variables as locations for temporarily storing values, describes how the scanf function is used for input and printf for output, and explains how control structures like if/else and loops allow conditional or repeated execution of code. The examples given illustrate how each concept works in a C program.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed in 1972 at Bell Labs and is a popular systems and applications programming language. The document then covers various C language concepts like data types, variables, operators, input/output functions, and provides examples of basic C programs and code snippets.
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses fundamental C elements like data types, variables, constants, operators, and input/output functions. It explains how a basic C program is structured and compiled. Examples are provided to demonstrate simple C statements, arithmetic expressions, and how to write and run a first program that prints text. The key topics covered include basic syntax, program structure, data types, identifiers, operators, and input/output functions like printf() and scanf().
The document discusses C functions, including their definition, types, uses, and implementation. It notes that C functions allow large programs to be broken down into smaller, reusable blocks of code. There are two types of functions - library functions and user-defined functions. Functions are declared with a return type, name, and parameters. They are defined with a body of code between curly braces. Functions can be called within a program and allow code to be executed modularly and reused. Parameters can be passed by value or by reference. Functions can return values or not, and may or may not accept parameters. Overall, functions are a fundamental building block of C that improve code organization, reusability, and maintenance.
C is a programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. It is a structured programming language that is highly portable and supports functions. A C program consists of functions, with a main function that is the program entry point. Input/output in C uses predefined functions like printf() and scanf(). A C program is compiled into an executable file that can run on many machine architectures. The document then discusses C program structure, data types, libraries, variables, keywords, operators, and control flow statements like if/else, switch, while, do-while and for loops.
The document provides an introduction to algorithms and key concepts related to algorithms such as definition, features, examples, flowcharts, pseudocode. It also discusses different types of programming languages from first to fifth generation. Key points of structured programming approach and introduction to C programming language are explained including data types, variables, constants, input/output functions, operators, type conversion etc.
This document provides an overview of C programming and data structures. It begins with an introduction to C language concepts like data types, variables, constants, I/O functions, operators, and control statements. It then discusses the history and evolution of C from earlier languages like ALGOL and BCPL. The document outlines characteristics of C and its applications. It also covers topics like keywords, identifiers, data type sizes, variable naming rules, and comment syntax. Library functions for input/output like scanf and printf are explained. The different types of constants in C like integer, real, character, and string constants are defined along with their syntax rules.
C is a powerful, flexible and portable programming language created by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. It supports various data types and has a variety of operators to perform arithmetic, relational, logical and bitwise operations. C programs are compiled into machine-independent code that can run on a variety of hardware and operating system platforms. Key features of C include structured programming, functions, arrays and pointers.
The document provides information on C language basics. It discusses that C is a system programming language useful for writing system programs like compilers, drivers, etc. It is a structured language that supports functions and modular programming. C has many built-in functions and is portable, efficient, and can access hardware. Some key aspects covered include data types in C, variables, operators, conditional statements, and input/output functions. Examples of basic C programs are also included.
IIM.Com-FIT-Unit2(14.9.2021 TO 30.9.2021).pptxrajkumar490591
This document discusses various topics related to C programming language including:
- The structure of a typical C program which includes header files inclusion, main method declaration, variable declaration, function body, and return statement.
- Different types of variables in C like local, global, static, automatic, and external variables. Local variables are declared within a function while global variables are declared outside. Static variables retain their value between function calls.
- Key concepts like data types, valid variable names, compilers, linkers, and how a C program is executed after compilation.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language development environment and basic concepts:
1. It describes the six phases of converting C code into an executable program: editing, preprocessing, compiling, assembling, linking, and running.
2. It introduces basic C programming concepts like variables, data types, statements, comments, functions, and input/output functions like printf(), scanf(), getchar(), and putchar().
3. It explains the six types of tokens used in C programs - keywords, identifiers, constants, string literals, punctuators, and operators - and provides examples of each.
C is an imperative, procedural language in the ALGOL tradition. It has a static type system. In C, all executable code is contained within subroutines (also called "functions", though not in the sense of functional programming). Function parameters are passed by value, although arrays are passed as pointers, i.e. the address of the first item in the array. Pass-by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointers to the thing being referenced.
C program source text is free-format, using the semicolon as a statement separator and curly braces for grouping blocks of statements.
The C language also exhibits the following characteristics:
The language has a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of control flow primitives: if/else, for, do/while, while, and switch. User-defined names are not distinguished from keywords by any kind of sigil.
It has a large number of arithmetic, bitwise, and logic operators: +,+=,++,&,||, etc.
More than one assignment may be performed in a single statement.
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs to create the UNIX operating system. C is a structured, procedural programming language that is widely used to develop operating systems, databases, networks, and more. The document then covers some key concepts in C including functions, header files, variables, data types, operators, and escape sequences. It provides examples of basic C programs and exercises for practicing programming concepts.
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language, including its history, features, character sets, tokens, data types, operators, and the basic structure of a C program. It discusses key concepts such as variables, constants, comments, functions, input/output, and how to compile and execute a C program.
This document provides information about Java applets and their lifecycle methods. It discusses the init(), start(), stop(), destroy(), and paint() methods. It also describes how applets can request repainting, pass parameters, use graphics, fonts, colors, and more. The last sections cover Swing applets, JFrames, and differences between AWT and Swing components.
The document provides an overview of programming concepts in Java, covering topics such as object-oriented programming principles, classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, exceptions, threads, input/output streams, applets, and utilities. It also discusses control structures, arrays, strings, file input/output, and networking in Java. The document is presented as a course outline with multiple units that progressively introduce more advanced Java concepts.
This document provides an overview of the fundamentals of the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses the basic architecture of IoT systems including sensing, network, data processing, and application layers. It also covers main design principles such as security, data management, and human factors. Additional topics include IoT standards considerations, devices and gateways, networking approaches, business processes, Everything as a Service models, reference architectures, and technical constraints around interoperability, privacy and security.
This document discusses ethical hacking and provides definitions and overviews of key concepts. It defines ethical hacking as an authorized practice to detect vulnerabilities in a system by bypassing security. It discusses the importance of security and impact of ethical hacking on society. Various hacker types like white hat, black hat and grey hat are defined. The document also covers essential terminology related to threats, attacks, vulnerabilities and phases of an attack. It provides examples of reconnaissance and port scanning techniques used in the footprinting phase of a hack.
The document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying scientific principles and methods to the development of software. The document then discusses the need for software engineering due to factors like managing large or scalable software, cost management, and dynamic nature of software. It also covers key concepts in software engineering like product vs process, software evolution, software development life cycle (SDLC), different SDLC models like waterfall, incremental, iterative and evolutionary.
This document provides an introduction to software testing. It defines software testing as checking whether a software product matches expected requirements and is defect-free. It discusses software testing background topics like infamous software error case studies, what a bug is, why bugs occur, the cost of bugs, what software testers do, and what makes a good software tester. It also covers software bugs, the cost of bugs, testing axioms, precision and accuracy, verification and validation, quality and reliability testing, testing and quality assurance, functional and structural testing methodologies, static and dynamic testing, and formal reviews.
The document discusses HTML programming and introduces various HTML concepts. It describes HTML editors and their features like syntax highlighting, auto-completion, and error detection. Popular HTML editors like Notepad, Word, Dreamweaver, Atom, and Visual Studio code are listed. The basics of CSS like syntax, types of style sheets, selectors, and positioning elements are explained. HTML elements like headings, paragraphs, and images can be styled, grouped, and nested. Properties like visibility and display control element visibility. Transitions in CSS allow animated changes to elements.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as software that acts as an interface between computer hardware and the user. It lists the main roles of an operating system as memory management, processor management, device management, file management, security, system performance control, job accounting, error detection, and coordination between software and users. It also describes different types of operating systems such as batch, time-sharing, distributed, embedded, and real-time operating systems. Finally, it discusses the major components and operations of operating systems including process management, memory management, device management, and file management.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as software that acts as an interface between computer hardware and users. It then describes the key roles and components of an operating system, including memory management, processor management, device management, file management, security, and more. It also discusses different types of operating systems like batch, time-sharing, distributed, embedded, and real-time operating systems. Finally, it outlines some major operating system operations like process management, memory management, device management, and file management.
This document discusses Java applets and Swing components. It covers the basics of applets including lifecycle methods like init(), start(), stop() and destroy(). It also discusses passing parameters to applets, using graphics, fonts and colors in applets. Later it introduces Swing components like JApplet, JFrame, differences between AWT and Swing components, containers, icons, and Swing widgets like JLabel, JButton, JCheckBox, JRadioButton and JComboBox.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
1. INTRODUCTION TO C
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A C PROGRAM
Main sections to a basic C program.
Documentation
Link
Definition
Global Declarations
Main functions
Subprograms
3. INTRODUCTION TO C
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A C PROGRAM
Documentation Section
He usually gives the name of the program, the details of the author and
other details. It gives anyone reading the code the overview of the code.
Link Section
This part of the code is used to declare all the header files that will be
used in the program. This leads to the compiler being told to link the
header files to the system libraries.
4. INTRODUCTION TO C
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A C PROGRAM
Definition Section
we define different constants. The keyword define is used in this part.
Global Declaration Section
This part of the code is the part where the global variables are declared.
All the global variable used are declared in this part. The user-defined
functions are also declared in this part of the code.
5. INTRODUCTION TO C
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A C PROGRAM
Main Function Section
Every C-programs needs to have the main function.
Each main function contains 2 parts.
Declaration part
Execution part.
Both the declaration and execution part are inside the curly
braces.
6. INTRODUCTION TO C
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A C PROGRAM
Sub Program Section
All the user-defined functions are defined in this section of the
program.
7. INTRODUCTION TO C
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTER SET
Set of all valid character which is used to form a words, numbers and
expression’s in source program.
Type of C character set
Alphabets
Digit
Special Character
White space
8. INTRODUCTION TO C
IDENTIFIERS
Identifiers are user-defined names of variables, functions and arrays.
It comprises of combination of letters and digits.
It must begin with an alphabet or an underscore and not digits.
It must contain only alphabets, digits or underscore.
A keyword cannot be used as an identifier
Must not contain white space.
9. INTRODUCTION TO C
KEYWORDS
Keywords are special words in C programming which have their own
predefined meaning.
The functions and meanings of these words cannot be altered.
10. INTRODUCTION TO C
KEYWORDS
auto break case char
continue const do default
double else enum extern
for float go if
int long register return
sign static sizeof short
struct switch typedef union
void volatile while unsigned
11. INTRODUCTION TO C
DATA TYPES
Refers to the type of data used to store the information.
Four different data types can be used to differentiate and store
various types of data.
12. INTRODUCTION TO C
DATA TYPES
Type Data types
Basic data types int, char, float, & double
Derived data types array, pointer, structure, & union
Enumeration data type enum
Void data type void
13. INTRODUCTION TO C
CONSTANT
The value which cannot be modified during the execution of the program.
Constant for representing the fixed values which do not change.
Types of Constants
Integer Constants
Floating Point Constants
Character Constants
String Constants
Enumeration Constants
14. INTRODUCTION TO C
VARIABLES
A variable is a container (storage area) to hold data.
To indicate the storage area, each variable should be given a unique
name (identifier).
Variable names are just the symbolic representation of a memory
location.
16. INTRODUCTION TO C
EXPRESSION
Expressions are the combination of variables, operands, and operators.
Types of Expressions in C
Arithmetic expressions
Relational expressions
Logical expressions
Conditional expressions
17. INTRODUCTION TO C
STATEMENTS
Statements is an executable part of the program it will do some
action.
Expression Statements
Compound Statements
Selection Statements
Iterative Statements
Jump Statements
18. INTRODUCTION TO C
OPERATORS
Operators take part in a program for manipulating data and variables
and form a part of the mathematical, conditional, or logical
expressions.
19. INTRODUCTION TO C
OPERATORS
Types of Operators
Arithmetic Operator
Assignment Operator
Relational Operator
Logical Operator
Bitwise Operator
20. INTRODUCTION TO C
LIBRARY FUNCTIONS
Library functions or simply C Library functions are inbuilt functions in
C programming.
The prototype and data definitions of these functions are present in
their respective header files. To use these functions we need to
include the header file in our program.
21. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
DATA INPUT OUTPUT FUNCTIONS
Accepting of data as input
The processing of data
The generation of output
22. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
DATA INPUT OUTPUT FUNCTIONS
Types of Input and Output functions
Unformatted Data input and output functions
Formatted Data input and output functions
23. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
DATA INPUT OUTPUT FUNCTIONS
Unformatted Data input and output functions
The unformatted functions are not capable of controlling the format
that is involved in writing and reading the available data.
getchar() & putchar() functions
gets() & puts() functions
24. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
DATA INPUT OUTPUT FUNCTIONS
Formatted Data input and output functions
printf( )
scnanf( )
The formatted functions basically present or accept the available
data (input) in a specific format.
25. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
DATA INPUT OUTPUT FUNCTIONS
printf( ) function
printf() is formatted output function which is used to display some
information on standard output unit.
Syntax
printf(“format_specifies”, var1, var2, var3, …, varN);
26. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
DATA INPUT OUTPUT FUNCTIONS
scanf( ) function
scanf() is formatted input function which is used to read formatted
data from standard input device and automatically converts numeric
information to integers and floats. It is defined in stdio.h.
Syntax
scanf(“format_string”, &var1, &var2, &var3, …, &varN);
27. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
SIMPLE C PROGRAMS
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int number;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &number);
printf("You entered: %d", number);
}
28. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
FLOW OF CONTROL
A special statement to control the execution of one or more statements
depending on a condition. Such statements are called control statements
or control-flow statements.
Types of control-flow statements
Selection Statement
Iterative Statement
Unconditional Control Statement
29. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
Selection Statement
It is a statement whose execution results in a choice being made as
to which of two or more paths should be followed.
if construct
if-else construct
if-else-if construct
Nested if-else-if construct
switch-case construct
30. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
IF STATEMENT
The if construct is a selective statement, the statements within the
block are executed only once when the condition evaluates to true,
otherwise the control goes to the first statement after the if
construct.
31. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
IF STATEMENT
The general form
if (condition)
{
statement-1;
statement-2;
....
statement-n;
}
33. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
IF-ELSE STATEMENT
An if statement will execute its block only when the condition
evaluates to 1 (true).
We can also conditionally execute another block when the condition
evaluates to 0 (false) using the else construct.
34. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
IF-ELSE STATEMENT
The general syntax
if (expression)
{
statement-1;
}
else
{
statement-2;
}
36. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
IF-ELSE-IF STATEMENT
Multiple if constructs can be chained to any length. The else
construct which appears at the end is optional, and if it is to be
included it has to be only at the end.
The if-else-if construct is used whenever we have multiple mutually
exclusive if conditions that work on the same input.
37. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
IF-ELSE-IF STATEMENT
General form
if (expression_1) {
statement_1;
} else if (expression_2) {
statement_2;
} else if (expression_3) {
statement_3;
} else if (expression_4) {
statement_4;
} else {
statement_5;
}
38. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
LOOP STATEMENT
The process of repeatedly executing a statement or group of
statements until the condition is satisfied is called looping.
While loop
Do..while loop
for loop
39. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
LOOP STATEMENT
WHILE LOOP
To evaluate a test condition and iterate over the loop body until the
condition returns True. The loop ends when the condition returns
False.
40. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
LOOP STATEMENT
while (condition)
{
body of while loop
}
42. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
LOOP STATEMENT
DO….WHILE LOOP
The body is executed if and only if the condition is true. In some
cases, we have to execute a body of the loop at least once even if the
condition is false.
This type of operation can be achieved by using a do-while loop.
43. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
LOOP STATEMENT
DO….WHILE LOOP
do {
statements
} while (expression);
45. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
LOOP STATEMENT
FOR LOOP
The initial value of the for loop is performed only once.
The condition is a Boolean expression that tests and compares the
counter to a fixed value after each iteration, stopping the for loop when
false is returned.
The incrementation/decrementation increases (or decreases) the counter
by a set value.
46. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
LOOP STATEMENT
FOR LOOP
Syntax
for (initial value; condition; incrementation or decrementation )
{
statements;
}
51. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
BREAK AND CONTINUE
Break
The break statement ends the loop immediately when it is
encountered.
syntax
break;
52. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
BREAK AND CONTINUE
Continue
The continue statement skips the current iteration of the loop and
continues with the next iteration.
Syntax
continue;
53. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
GO - TO STATEMENTS
The goto statement allows us to transfer control of the program to the
specified label.
Syntax
goto label;
... .. ...
... .. ...
label:
statement;
54. INPUT, OUTPUT FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL STRUCTURES
COMMA OPERATOR
The comma operator in C is denoted by ,. The comma operator in C
has the least precedence.
The comma operator in C ensures that two or more expressions
separated by commas are evaluated one by one from left to right,
and the result of the entire expression is the value of the rightmost
expression.
55. FUNCTIONS
Definition
A function is a block of code that performs a specific task.
Benefits of functions
Enables reusability and reduces redundancy
Makes a code modular
Provides abstraction functionality
The program becomes easy to understand and manage
Breaks an extensive program into smaller and simpler pieces
56. FUNCTIONS
Basic Syntax of Functions
return_type function_name(arg1, arg2, … argn)
{
Body of the function //Statements to be processed
}
57. FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION PROTO-TYPES
A function prototype is a declaration in the code that instructs the compiler
about the data type of the function, arguments and parameter list. As we all
know that a block of code which performs a specific task is called as a
function.
59. FUNCTIONS
PASSING ARGUMENTS
C programming function arguments also known as parameters are the
variables that will receive the data sent by the calling program. These
arguments serve as input data to the function to carry out the specified
task.
61. FUNCTIONS
Function arguments in c programming
Basically, there are two types of arguments:
Actual arguments
Formal arguments
62. FUNCTIONS
Function arguments in c programming
Two ways to pass arguments to the function
Pass by Value
Pass by value is a method in which a copy of the value of the variables is
passed to the function for the specific operation.
Pass by reference
Pass by reference is a method in which rather than passing direct value the
address of the variable is passed as an argument to the called function.
63. FUNCTIONS
RECURSIONS
A function that calls itself is known as a recursive function. And, this technique is known as recursion.
void recurse()
{
... .. ...
recurse();
... .. ...
}
int main()
{
... .. ...
recurse();
... .. ...
}
64. FUNCTIONS
STORAGE CLASSES
The variable scope.
The location where the variable will be stored.
The initialized value of a variable.
A lifetime of a variable.
65. FUNCTIONS
There are 4 types of storage class
automatic
external
static
register
66. FUNCTIONS
MULTIFILE PROGRAMS
If a program contains many functions then it is difficult to read and
maintain because when the number of functions increases the size of the
program/file will also increase. To avoid this some functions can be written
in separate file
The individual files will be compiled separately and then linked together to
form one executable object program.
67. FUNCTIONS
MULTIFILE PROGRAMS
If a program contains many functions then it is difficult to read and
maintain because when the number of functions increases the size of the
program/file will also increase. To avoid this some functions can be written
in separate file
The individual files will be compiled separately and then linked together to
form one executable object program.
68. ARRAYS
An array is a collection of variables of same data types.
Advantage of Arrays
Less amount of code :
Easy access of elements :
Easy to implement algorithms :
Random Access :
71. ARRAYS
Single dimensional arrays
Single dimensional array or 1-D array is the simplest form of
arrays that can be found in C. This type of array consists of
elements of similar types and these elements can be accessed
through their indices.
72. ARRAYS
Multi-dimensional Arrays
The most common type of multi-dimensional array that is used in
the C language is a 2-D array. However, the number of dimensions
can be more than 2 depending upon the compiler of the user’s
system. These arrays consist of elements that are array
themselves.
74. PASSING ARRAYS TO FUNCTIONS
An array is a collection of similar data types which are stored in
memory as a contiguous memory block.
This means multi-dimensional arrays are also a continuous block
of data in our memory. In C, there are several times when we are
required to pass an array to a function argument.
75. ARRAYS AND STRING
A string is a sequence of characters terminated with a null
character.
Example
char c[] = "c string";
76. STRUCTURES
A struct (or structure) is a collection of variables (can be of
different types) under a single name.
To define a struct, the struct keyword is used.
79. USER DEFINED DATA TYPES
Union
A union is also a user-defined data type. It also holds members of
different data types under a single name. A union sounds similar
to a structure and they are similar in conceptual terms. But there
are some major differences between the two.
While a structure allocates sufficient memory for all its members,
a union only allocates memory equal to its largest member.
80. USER DEFINED DATA TYPES
Union
Syntax
union union_name
{
data_type var1;
data_type var2;
};
81. USER DEFINED DATA TYPES
Enumeration
Enumeration or simply enum is one of the user-defined data types
in C which provides a special type of flexibility of defining
variables. An enum consists of a set of integer constants that can
be replaced by user-defined names.
Syntax
enum flag {const_name1, const_name2, ..., const_nameN};
82. PASSING STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS
A structure can be passed to any function from main function or
from any sub function.
Structure definition will be available within the function only.
It won’t be available to other functions unless it is passed to those
functions by value or by address(reference).
83. PASSING STRUCTURES TO FUNCTIONS
Passing structure to function
It can be done in below 3 ways.
1. Passing structure to a function by value
2. Passing structure to a function by address(reference)
3. No need to pass a structure – Declare structure variable as
global
84. SELF-REFERENTIAL STRUCTURES
A self-referential structure is a structure that contains a pointer to
a variable of the same type. This allows the structure to refer to
itself, creating a linked data structure.
The concept of a self-referential structure is based on the idea of a
linked list, which is a collection of data elements that are
connected to each other through a series of pointers.
85. BITWISE OPERATIONS
In the arithmetic-logic unit (which is within the CPU),
mathematical operations like: addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division are done in bit-level. To perform bit-
level operations in C programming, bitwise operators are used.
86. POINTERS
A Pointer is a variable that holds the memory address of another
variable.
POINTER DECLARATION
datatype *pointer_variableName;
Example
int *ptr;
87. POINTERS
A Pointer is a variable that holds the memory address of another
variable.
POINTER DECLARATION
datatype *pointer_variableName;
Example
int *ptr;
88. PASSING POINTERS TO FUNCTIONS
Pointers can also be passed as an argument to a function like any
other argument. Instead of a variable.
Declare a function which accepts a pointer as an argument
return_type function_name(int*);
89. OPERATION IN POINTERS
An address in a memory is a numeric value we can perform
arithmetic operations on the pointer values.
Different operations
Assignment
Value finding
Taking a pointer address
Incrementing and Decrement a pointer
90. POINTER AND ARRAYS
Pointers and Array representations are very much related to each
other and can be interchangeably used in the right context.
Arrays can be single or multidimensional and are stored in contiguous
memory blocks in our system.
91. ARRAYS AND POINTERS
Pointer
Address of a variable in memory.
Allows us to indirectly access variables.
Arrays
Array is a group of elements that share a common name, and that are
different from one another by their positions within the array.
93. STRUCTURES AND POINTERS
Structure pointer points to the address of the structure variable in
the memory block to which it points.
This pointer can be used to access and change the value of structure
members.
95. FILES
A file represents a sequence of bytes on the disk where a group of
related data is stored. File is created for permanent storage of data. It
is a ready made structure.
A file is a container in computer storage devices used for storing data.
96. FILES
Basic file operations
Function Description
fopen() create a new file or open a existing file
fclose() closes a file
getc() reads a character from a file
putc() writes a character to a file
fscanf() reads a set of data from a file
fprintf() writes a set of data to a file
getw() reads a integer from a file
putw() writes a integer to a file
fseek() set the position to desire point
ftell() gives current position in the file
rewind() set the position to the begining point