This document provides an introduction to software testing. It defines software testing as checking whether a software product matches expected requirements and is defect-free. It discusses software testing background topics like infamous software error case studies, what a bug is, why bugs occur, the cost of bugs, what software testers do, and what makes a good software tester. It also covers software bugs, the cost of bugs, testing axioms, precision and accuracy, verification and validation, quality and reliability testing, testing and quality assurance, functional and structural testing methodologies, static and dynamic testing, and formal reviews.
This document discusses software engineering and software testing. Software engineering is concerned with developing large software through applying engineering principles. The challenge is to produce high quality software within budget and schedule constraints. Software testing is the process of finding errors in software and involves both manual and automated testing. Different types of testing include unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing. The goal of testing is to uncover defects early and reduce costs.
The document provides an introduction to software testing. It discusses that software testing verifies and validates that software meets requirements and works as expected. The main purposes of testing are verification, validation, and defect finding. Examples of why software testing is important are provided. The document outlines what is tested, who does the testing, and strategies for unit testing, integration testing, regression testing, validation testing, system testing, stress testing, and performance testing.
In this chapter, we will introduce you to the fundamentals of testing: why testing is needed; its limitations, objectives and purpose; the principles behind testing; the process that testers follow; and some of the psychological factors that testers must consider in their work. By reading this chapter you'll gain an understanding of the fundamentals of testing and be able to describe those fundamentals.
Manual Testing guide by nagula sai kiran.docxsai kiran
This document provides an overview of software testing, including definitions, types of testing, principles of testing, and the software development life cycle (SDLC). It defines software testing as evaluating software components to find bugs or defects and ensure the software meets requirements. The document outlines different types of testing such as manual testing, automation testing, unit testing, and integration testing. It also describes seven principles of software testing like showing the presence of defects and the impossibility of exhaustive testing. Finally, it provides a brief explanation of the SDLC phases for structuring software development.
The document discusses various types and levels of software testing. It defines software testing as analyzing a software item to detect differences between existing and required conditions (i.e. defects). The key types discussed are positive and negative testing, white-box and black-box testing. The levels covered are unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Various testing tools are also listed for different testing purposes such as source code testing, functional testing, performance testing, and database testing.
The document discusses software testing and debugging. It defines software testing as validating a software product to identify bugs and ensure it meets requirements. Debugging is defined as detecting and removing errors that cause unexpected behavior. The debugging process involves reproducing issues, analyzing variables, fixing bugs, and validating fixes. Common debugging tools and techniques like print statements, backtracking, and cause elimination are also outlined.
This document discusses software engineering and software testing. Software engineering is concerned with developing large software through applying engineering principles. The challenge is to produce high quality software within budget and schedule constraints. Software testing is the process of finding errors in software and involves both manual and automated testing. Different types of testing include unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing. The goal of testing is to uncover defects early and reduce costs.
The document provides an introduction to software testing. It discusses that software testing verifies and validates that software meets requirements and works as expected. The main purposes of testing are verification, validation, and defect finding. Examples of why software testing is important are provided. The document outlines what is tested, who does the testing, and strategies for unit testing, integration testing, regression testing, validation testing, system testing, stress testing, and performance testing.
In this chapter, we will introduce you to the fundamentals of testing: why testing is needed; its limitations, objectives and purpose; the principles behind testing; the process that testers follow; and some of the psychological factors that testers must consider in their work. By reading this chapter you'll gain an understanding of the fundamentals of testing and be able to describe those fundamentals.
Manual Testing guide by nagula sai kiran.docxsai kiran
This document provides an overview of software testing, including definitions, types of testing, principles of testing, and the software development life cycle (SDLC). It defines software testing as evaluating software components to find bugs or defects and ensure the software meets requirements. The document outlines different types of testing such as manual testing, automation testing, unit testing, and integration testing. It also describes seven principles of software testing like showing the presence of defects and the impossibility of exhaustive testing. Finally, it provides a brief explanation of the SDLC phases for structuring software development.
The document discusses various types and levels of software testing. It defines software testing as analyzing a software item to detect differences between existing and required conditions (i.e. defects). The key types discussed are positive and negative testing, white-box and black-box testing. The levels covered are unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Various testing tools are also listed for different testing purposes such as source code testing, functional testing, performance testing, and database testing.
The document discusses software testing and debugging. It defines software testing as validating a software product to identify bugs and ensure it meets requirements. Debugging is defined as detecting and removing errors that cause unexpected behavior. The debugging process involves reproducing issues, analyzing variables, fixing bugs, and validating fixes. Common debugging tools and techniques like print statements, backtracking, and cause elimination are also outlined.
What Is The Importance Of Reliability Testing In Software Testing.pdfBetter QA
Reliability testing is a testing method that examines how well software performs under various environmental situations in order to find problems with the functioning and design of the software.
This document provides an introduction to software testing fundamentals. It discusses why testing is important to find defects, how testing promotes quality, and how testing fits into quality assurance. It defines key terms like bug, defect, error, failure, fault, and explains causes of software defects. It discusses when defects arise and the costs of defects. It also covers the role of testing in software development and maintenance, how testing relates to quality, and challenges around determining how much testing is needed. Finally, it discusses using defect data to plan tests and how testing aims to improve quality but can never prove a system is completely defect-free.
1. The document discusses various types and levels of software testing including manual and automated testing. It describes unit, integration, and system testing which are done at different stages of the software development life cycle.
2. Software testing is explained as a process to ensure software code performs as intended without unexpected behavior. It aims to find defects, gain confidence in quality, and prevent defects. Complete testing of even simple programs is impractical due to the large number of potential inputs and outputs.
3. Economics and human psychology must be considered in testing as it is not possible to test all permutations of a program. Strategies like black-box and white-box testing help address challenges of testing economics.
This paper describes the different techniques of testing the software. This paper explicitly addresses the idea for testability and the important thing is that the testing itself-not just by saying that testability is a desirable goal, but by showing how to do it. Software testing is the process we used to measure the quality of developed software. Software Testing is not just about error-finding and their solution but also about checking the client requirements and testing that those requirements are met by the software solution. It is the most important functional phase in the Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC) as it exhibits all mistakes, flaws and errors in the developed software. Without finding these errors, technically termed as ‘bugs,’ software development is not considered to be complete. Hence, software testing becomes an important parameter for assuring quality of the software product. We discuss here about when to start and when to stop the testing of software. How errors or Bugs are formed and rectified. How software testing is done i.e. with the help of Team Work.
1. Software defects can range from minor annoyances to serious issues that endanger health and safety or the environment if a software program miscalculates important information.
2. Defects in software are caused when mistakes are made during the design and development of the software by programmers. Not all defects result in failures, and some may remain dormant without being detected.
3. Software testing is a process that involves planning what will be tested, preparing test cases, executing tests, evaluating results, and determining if the software is ready based on exit criteria and requirements. Both code and documentation need to be tested to fully evaluate the software.
Software testing verifies and validates that a program meets requirements and works as expected. It involves testing for defects according to principles like early testing and defect clustering. Exhaustive testing is impossible so testing aims to reduce the probability of undiscovered defects, though finding no defects does not prove correctness. Testing approaches depend on context and independent testing is most effective at finding failures.
Software has become an integral part of our lives. From the apps on our smartphones to the software that powers critical infrastructure, the reliability and quality of software are of utmost importance. This is where software testing and, more specifically, the art of bug hunting, come into play. In this comprehensive article, we will delve into the world of software testing and explore how mastering this art can make you a bug-hunting virtuoso. We will cover various aspects of software testing, including its importance, methodologies, tools, and techniques.
The document provides an overview of software testing concepts including definitions of software, types of software, the software development lifecycle, and principles of software testing. It defines software as a set of instructions that operate computers and defines system software and application software. It discusses the importance of testing in finding defects and outlines seven principles of software testing including that exhaustive testing is not possible, early testing is important, and testing is context dependent. It also provides an analogy comparing software testing to driving tests.
resume graham (2006) book FUNDAMENTALS OF TESTING
resume of Graham et al Foundationf of Software Testing (2006)
created by Fadhilla Elita information system class
The document provides an overview of software testing, including:
- The testing life cycle and types of testing such as unit, integration, system, and regression testing.
- Key terms like errors, bugs, faults, and failures.
- The roles of testers, test leads, and test managers.
- When testing occurs in the software development life cycle.
- Test planning, test cases, and test tools like JIRA, Confluence, and TestRail.
- Certifications available in testing and common job opportunities in the software industry.
The document provides an overview of software testing and quality assurance. It discusses that testing checks for mistakes and defects, which are important to identify as some can be expensive or dangerous. Both static and dynamic testing methods are used to test software throughout its development lifecycle. The objectives of testing are to determine if software meets requirements, demonstrate it is fit for purpose, and detect defects. Root cause analysis seeks to understand why defects occur. Testing aims to find the right amount of testing based on risk rather than being completely exhaustive.
Software testing is a process that evaluates the functionality and quality of software. It involves examining software through various testing types and processes to verify it meets requirements and is error-free. The main types of software testing include static vs dynamic, black box vs white box, automated vs manual, and regression testing. The goal of testing is to identify bugs and ensure the software works as intended.
The document discusses different types of software testing. It states that software testing is a process that verifies that a system meets requirements and finds errors. There are two main types of testing: whitebox testing, where internal code structure is known, and blackbox testing, where it is unknown. Whitebox testing is used for verification while blackbox testing is used for validation from an end user perspective. The document also outlines various stages of testing like unit testing, integration testing, and functional testing.
An introduction to Software Testing and Test ManagementAnuraj S.L
The document provides an introduction to software testing and test management. It discusses key concepts like quality, software testing definitions, why testing is important, who does testing, what needs to be tested, when testing is done, and testing standards. It also covers testing methodologies like black box and white box testing and different levels of testing like unit testing, integration testing, and system testing. The document is intended to give a basic overview of software testing and related topics.
Testing is needed to identify defects, provide confidence, and prevent defects. The objectives of testing include finding defects, providing information, and achieving confidence. Exhaustive testing is impossible, so risk-based testing is used instead of testing all combinations of inputs. Testing activities should start early in the software development life cycle and focus on defined objectives. Defect clusters are used to plan risk-based tests and test cases are regularly revised to overcome the pesticide paradox. The fundamental test process includes test planning, analysis and design, implementation and execution, evaluation and reporting, and closure activities. Independence is important for testing to provide an objective perspective.
The document discusses fundamentals of software testing, including common objectives, purposes, and principles. It defines testing as a process used to find defects, provide confidence in quality, and prevent defects. It provides an analogy between driving tests and software testing to illustrate key concepts. It discusses how testing aims to meet objectives like finding defects and gaining confidence, and how focusing on defects can help plan tests and identify areas needing more attention over time. Debugging is introduced as the process of fixing defects found during testing. The document emphasizes that testing cannot prove a system defect-free, and that customers ultimately care about a system meeting their needs.
Fundamentals of testing what is testing (reference graham et.al (2006))Alfarizi ,S.Kom
The document discusses software testing, its objectives, and its importance. It uses an analogy to a driving test to explain software testing. Some key points made:
1) Testing helps find defects, provide confidence in quality, and prevent defects, similar to how a driving test evaluates a driver's skills.
2) Both static and dynamic testing provide information to improve the system and development/testing processes.
3) Over time, as processes improve, dynamic testing finds fewer defects while static testing finds more early on.
This document provides information about Java applets and their lifecycle methods. It discusses the init(), start(), stop(), destroy(), and paint() methods. It also describes how applets can request repainting, pass parameters, use graphics, fonts, colors, and more. The last sections cover Swing applets, JFrames, and differences between AWT and Swing components.
The document provides an overview of programming concepts in Java, covering topics such as object-oriented programming principles, classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, exceptions, threads, input/output streams, applets, and utilities. It also discusses control structures, arrays, strings, file input/output, and networking in Java. The document is presented as a course outline with multiple units that progressively introduce more advanced Java concepts.
What Is The Importance Of Reliability Testing In Software Testing.pdfBetter QA
Reliability testing is a testing method that examines how well software performs under various environmental situations in order to find problems with the functioning and design of the software.
This document provides an introduction to software testing fundamentals. It discusses why testing is important to find defects, how testing promotes quality, and how testing fits into quality assurance. It defines key terms like bug, defect, error, failure, fault, and explains causes of software defects. It discusses when defects arise and the costs of defects. It also covers the role of testing in software development and maintenance, how testing relates to quality, and challenges around determining how much testing is needed. Finally, it discusses using defect data to plan tests and how testing aims to improve quality but can never prove a system is completely defect-free.
1. The document discusses various types and levels of software testing including manual and automated testing. It describes unit, integration, and system testing which are done at different stages of the software development life cycle.
2. Software testing is explained as a process to ensure software code performs as intended without unexpected behavior. It aims to find defects, gain confidence in quality, and prevent defects. Complete testing of even simple programs is impractical due to the large number of potential inputs and outputs.
3. Economics and human psychology must be considered in testing as it is not possible to test all permutations of a program. Strategies like black-box and white-box testing help address challenges of testing economics.
This paper describes the different techniques of testing the software. This paper explicitly addresses the idea for testability and the important thing is that the testing itself-not just by saying that testability is a desirable goal, but by showing how to do it. Software testing is the process we used to measure the quality of developed software. Software Testing is not just about error-finding and their solution but also about checking the client requirements and testing that those requirements are met by the software solution. It is the most important functional phase in the Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC) as it exhibits all mistakes, flaws and errors in the developed software. Without finding these errors, technically termed as ‘bugs,’ software development is not considered to be complete. Hence, software testing becomes an important parameter for assuring quality of the software product. We discuss here about when to start and when to stop the testing of software. How errors or Bugs are formed and rectified. How software testing is done i.e. with the help of Team Work.
1. Software defects can range from minor annoyances to serious issues that endanger health and safety or the environment if a software program miscalculates important information.
2. Defects in software are caused when mistakes are made during the design and development of the software by programmers. Not all defects result in failures, and some may remain dormant without being detected.
3. Software testing is a process that involves planning what will be tested, preparing test cases, executing tests, evaluating results, and determining if the software is ready based on exit criteria and requirements. Both code and documentation need to be tested to fully evaluate the software.
Software testing verifies and validates that a program meets requirements and works as expected. It involves testing for defects according to principles like early testing and defect clustering. Exhaustive testing is impossible so testing aims to reduce the probability of undiscovered defects, though finding no defects does not prove correctness. Testing approaches depend on context and independent testing is most effective at finding failures.
Software has become an integral part of our lives. From the apps on our smartphones to the software that powers critical infrastructure, the reliability and quality of software are of utmost importance. This is where software testing and, more specifically, the art of bug hunting, come into play. In this comprehensive article, we will delve into the world of software testing and explore how mastering this art can make you a bug-hunting virtuoso. We will cover various aspects of software testing, including its importance, methodologies, tools, and techniques.
The document provides an overview of software testing concepts including definitions of software, types of software, the software development lifecycle, and principles of software testing. It defines software as a set of instructions that operate computers and defines system software and application software. It discusses the importance of testing in finding defects and outlines seven principles of software testing including that exhaustive testing is not possible, early testing is important, and testing is context dependent. It also provides an analogy comparing software testing to driving tests.
resume graham (2006) book FUNDAMENTALS OF TESTING
resume of Graham et al Foundationf of Software Testing (2006)
created by Fadhilla Elita information system class
The document provides an overview of software testing, including:
- The testing life cycle and types of testing such as unit, integration, system, and regression testing.
- Key terms like errors, bugs, faults, and failures.
- The roles of testers, test leads, and test managers.
- When testing occurs in the software development life cycle.
- Test planning, test cases, and test tools like JIRA, Confluence, and TestRail.
- Certifications available in testing and common job opportunities in the software industry.
The document provides an overview of software testing and quality assurance. It discusses that testing checks for mistakes and defects, which are important to identify as some can be expensive or dangerous. Both static and dynamic testing methods are used to test software throughout its development lifecycle. The objectives of testing are to determine if software meets requirements, demonstrate it is fit for purpose, and detect defects. Root cause analysis seeks to understand why defects occur. Testing aims to find the right amount of testing based on risk rather than being completely exhaustive.
Software testing is a process that evaluates the functionality and quality of software. It involves examining software through various testing types and processes to verify it meets requirements and is error-free. The main types of software testing include static vs dynamic, black box vs white box, automated vs manual, and regression testing. The goal of testing is to identify bugs and ensure the software works as intended.
The document discusses different types of software testing. It states that software testing is a process that verifies that a system meets requirements and finds errors. There are two main types of testing: whitebox testing, where internal code structure is known, and blackbox testing, where it is unknown. Whitebox testing is used for verification while blackbox testing is used for validation from an end user perspective. The document also outlines various stages of testing like unit testing, integration testing, and functional testing.
An introduction to Software Testing and Test ManagementAnuraj S.L
The document provides an introduction to software testing and test management. It discusses key concepts like quality, software testing definitions, why testing is important, who does testing, what needs to be tested, when testing is done, and testing standards. It also covers testing methodologies like black box and white box testing and different levels of testing like unit testing, integration testing, and system testing. The document is intended to give a basic overview of software testing and related topics.
Testing is needed to identify defects, provide confidence, and prevent defects. The objectives of testing include finding defects, providing information, and achieving confidence. Exhaustive testing is impossible, so risk-based testing is used instead of testing all combinations of inputs. Testing activities should start early in the software development life cycle and focus on defined objectives. Defect clusters are used to plan risk-based tests and test cases are regularly revised to overcome the pesticide paradox. The fundamental test process includes test planning, analysis and design, implementation and execution, evaluation and reporting, and closure activities. Independence is important for testing to provide an objective perspective.
The document discusses fundamentals of software testing, including common objectives, purposes, and principles. It defines testing as a process used to find defects, provide confidence in quality, and prevent defects. It provides an analogy between driving tests and software testing to illustrate key concepts. It discusses how testing aims to meet objectives like finding defects and gaining confidence, and how focusing on defects can help plan tests and identify areas needing more attention over time. Debugging is introduced as the process of fixing defects found during testing. The document emphasizes that testing cannot prove a system defect-free, and that customers ultimately care about a system meeting their needs.
Fundamentals of testing what is testing (reference graham et.al (2006))Alfarizi ,S.Kom
The document discusses software testing, its objectives, and its importance. It uses an analogy to a driving test to explain software testing. Some key points made:
1) Testing helps find defects, provide confidence in quality, and prevent defects, similar to how a driving test evaluates a driver's skills.
2) Both static and dynamic testing provide information to improve the system and development/testing processes.
3) Over time, as processes improve, dynamic testing finds fewer defects while static testing finds more early on.
This document provides information about Java applets and their lifecycle methods. It discusses the init(), start(), stop(), destroy(), and paint() methods. It also describes how applets can request repainting, pass parameters, use graphics, fonts, colors, and more. The last sections cover Swing applets, JFrames, and differences between AWT and Swing components.
The document provides an overview of programming concepts in Java, covering topics such as object-oriented programming principles, classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, exceptions, threads, input/output streams, applets, and utilities. It also discusses control structures, arrays, strings, file input/output, and networking in Java. The document is presented as a course outline with multiple units that progressively introduce more advanced Java concepts.
This document provides an overview of the fundamentals of the Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses the basic architecture of IoT systems including sensing, network, data processing, and application layers. It also covers main design principles such as security, data management, and human factors. Additional topics include IoT standards considerations, devices and gateways, networking approaches, business processes, Everything as a Service models, reference architectures, and technical constraints around interoperability, privacy and security.
This document discusses ethical hacking and provides definitions and overviews of key concepts. It defines ethical hacking as an authorized practice to detect vulnerabilities in a system by bypassing security. It discusses the importance of security and impact of ethical hacking on society. Various hacker types like white hat, black hat and grey hat are defined. The document also covers essential terminology related to threats, attacks, vulnerabilities and phases of an attack. It provides examples of reconnaissance and port scanning techniques used in the footprinting phase of a hack.
The document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying scientific principles and methods to the development of software. The document then discusses the need for software engineering due to factors like managing large or scalable software, cost management, and dynamic nature of software. It also covers key concepts in software engineering like product vs process, software evolution, software development life cycle (SDLC), different SDLC models like waterfall, incremental, iterative and evolutionary.
The document discusses HTML programming and introduces various HTML concepts. It describes HTML editors and their features like syntax highlighting, auto-completion, and error detection. Popular HTML editors like Notepad, Word, Dreamweaver, Atom, and Visual Studio code are listed. The basics of CSS like syntax, types of style sheets, selectors, and positioning elements are explained. HTML elements like headings, paragraphs, and images can be styled, grouped, and nested. Properties like visibility and display control element visibility. Transitions in CSS allow animated changes to elements.
The document provides an introduction to the basic structure of C programs. It discusses that a C program typically contains sections for documentation, header files (link), definitions, global declarations, the main function, and subprograms (functions). It then goes on to describe each of these main sections in more detail. For example, it states that the documentation section usually provides details about the program name, author, etc., while the main function contains declaration and execution parts within curly braces.
The document discusses the basic structure of a C program, which includes documentation, link, definition, global declarations, main functions, and subprograms sections. It also summarizes the key components of a C program like data types, variables, expressions, statements, operators, library functions, input/output functions, and control flow statements like if/else, loops. The main function contains the declaration and execution parts, while user-defined functions are defined in the subprogram section. Common input functions like scanf and output functions like printf are also summarized.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as software that acts as an interface between computer hardware and the user. It lists the main roles of an operating system as memory management, processor management, device management, file management, security, system performance control, job accounting, error detection, and coordination between software and users. It also describes different types of operating systems such as batch, time-sharing, distributed, embedded, and real-time operating systems. Finally, it discusses the major components and operations of operating systems including process management, memory management, device management, and file management.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as software that acts as an interface between computer hardware and users. It then describes the key roles and components of an operating system, including memory management, processor management, device management, file management, security, and more. It also discusses different types of operating systems like batch, time-sharing, distributed, embedded, and real-time operating systems. Finally, it outlines some major operating system operations like process management, memory management, device management, and file management.
This document discusses Java applets and Swing components. It covers the basics of applets including lifecycle methods like init(), start(), stop() and destroy(). It also discusses passing parameters to applets, using graphics, fonts and colors in applets. Later it introduces Swing components like JApplet, JFrame, differences between AWT and Swing components, containers, icons, and Swing widgets like JLabel, JButton, JCheckBox, JRadioButton and JComboBox.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
1. SOFTWARE TESTING
Prepared By
Dr P PRABAKARAN
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Applications – PG
School of Computing Sciences
Vels Institute of Science Technologies and Advanced Studies
Chennai
2. Software Testing - Introduction
Defn:
Software testing is a method to check whether the
actual software product matches expected
requirements and to ensure that software product
is Defect free.
3. Software Testing - Introduction
SOFTWARE TESTING BACKGROUND
1. Infamous Software Error Case Studies
2. What Is a Bug?
3. Why Do Bugs Occur?
4. The Cost of Bugs
5. What Exactly Does a Software Tester Do?
6. What Makes a Good Software Tester?
4. Software Testing - Introduction
SOFTWARE TESTING BACKGROUND
Infamous Software Error Case Studies
Software is everywhere. But ultimately, it's written
by people so it's not perfect.
Example
Intel Pentium Floating-Point Division Bug, 1994
Patriot Missile Defense System, 1991
The Y2K (Year 2000) Bug, Circa 1974
5. Software Testing - Introduction
SOFTWARE TESTING BACKGROUND
What Is a Bug?
The Bug is the informal name of defects, which means
that software or application is not working as per the
requirement.
In software testing, a software bug can also be issue,
error, fault, or failure. The bug occurred when
developers made any mistake or error while
developing the product.
6. Software Testing - Introduction
SOFTWARE TESTING BACKGROUND
Why Do Bugs Occur?
1. The software does something that the product
specification says it shouldn't do.
2. The software does something that the product
specification doesn't mention.
3. The software doesn't do something that the
product specification doesn't mention but should.
4. The software is difficult to understand, hard to
use, slow, or in the software tester's eyes will be
viewed by the end user as just plain not right.
7. Software Testing - Introduction
SOFTWARE TESTING BACKGROUND
The Cost of Bugs
Software doesn't designed automatically, there is a
procedure that is followed which may cover
inception to planing, programming, and testing.
That means the cost of bug is logarithmic. The cost
of bug is logarithmic. The cost of bug is
logarithmic.
8. Software Testing - Introduction
SOFTWARE TESTING BACKGROUND
What Exactly Does a Software Tester Do?
The goal of a software tester is to find bugs. But if
the software is tested to check that it will work is
wrong approach, because if we use this kind of
approach then we are missing the bugs.
9. Software Testing - Introduction
SOFTWARE TESTING BACKGROUND
What Makes a Good Software Tester?
Now a days most of the companies consider
software testing as a technical engineering
profession. They know to build the better quality
software there is need of well qualified and
trained software testers.
10. Software Testing - Introduction
SOFTWARE BUGS
Bug in software testing is flaw or default in a
component or system or software that can cause
the components or system to fail to perform its
required functions, in other words, we can say that
if the bug or defect encountered during the
execution of the test, it may cause the failure of
the components.
11. Software Testing - Introduction
SOFTWARE BUGS
Life Cycle of Bug in Software Testing
The Bug Life cycle is also known as a Defect Life
cycle. It is a phase of a defect that occupies the
different states during its lifetime.
12. Software Testing - Introduction
SOFTWARE BUGS
Life Cycle of Bug in Software Testing
13. Software Testing - Introduction
SOFTWARE BUGS
How to Identify a Software Bug
Sighting
Symptom
Reproducer
Description
Failure
Cause-Effect Chain
Defect
14. Software Testing - Introduction
COST OF BUGS
The cost of defects can be measured by the impact
of the defects and when we find them. Earlier the
defect is found lesser is the cost of defect.
The presence of bugs in a system is inevitable, and
knowing the cost of a software bug and
performing tests thoroughly is a must as well.
15. Software Testing - Introduction
SOFTWARE TESTING REALITIES
Testers testing the software should have in-depth
knowledge about its various facets. It is a
complicated process. If the testers do any mistake,
the overall performance of the software will go
down.
17. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AXIOMS
Axiom 1
It is impossible to test a program completely.
How many test cases do you need to exhaustively
test.
The only way to be absolutely sure software works
is to run it against all possible inputs and observe
all of its outputs.
The number of possible inputs is very large.
18. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AXIOMS
Axiom 2
Software testing is a risk-based exercise.
If you do not test the software for all inputs (a
wise choice) you take a risk.
Hopefully you will skip a lot of inputs that work
correctly.
What if you skip inputs that cause a fault?
19. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AXIOMS
Axiom 3
Testing cannot show the absence of bugs.
1. “Program testing can be used to show the
presence of bugs, but never to show their absence”
2. Dijkstra received the 1972 ACM Turing Award
for fundamental contributions in the area of
programming language.
20. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AXIOMS
Axiom 4
The more bugs you find, the more bugs there are
Bugs appear in groups, where you see one you will
likely find more … Why?
Boris Beizer coined the term pesticide paradox to
describe the phenomenon that the more you test
software the more immune it becomes to your test
cases.
21. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AXIOMS
Axiom 5
Not all bugs found will be fixed
Why wouldn’t you fix a bug you knew about?
There’s not enough time
It’s not really a bug
It’s too risky to fix
22. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AXIOMS
Axiom 6
It is difficult to say when a bug is indeed a bug.
If there is a problem in the software but no one
ever discovers it … is it a bug?
What is your opinion? Does a bug have to be
observable in order for it to me a bug?
Bugs that are undiscovered are called latent bugs.
23. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AXIOMS
Axiom 7
Specifications are never final
Building a product based on a “moving target”
specification is fairly unique to software
development.
Not true in other engineering domains.
24. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AXIOMS
Axiom 8
Software testers are not the most popular
members of a project
1. Goal of a software tester
2. Tips to avoid becoming unpopular
25. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AXIOMS
Axiom 9
Software testing is a disciplined and technical
profession.
When software was simpler and more manageable
software testers were often untrained and testing
was not done methodically.
It is now too costly to build buggy software. As a
result testing has matured as a discipline.
26. Software Testing - Introduction
PRECISION AND ACCURACY
Definition of Precision
Precision is defined as ‘the quality of being exact’
and refers to how close two or more
measurements are to each other, regardless of
whether those measurements are accurate or not.
It is possible for precision measurements to not be
accurate.
27. Software Testing - Introduction
PRECISION AND ACCURACY
Definition of Accuracy
Accuracy is defined as ‘the degree to which the
result of a measurement conforms to the correct
value or a standard’ and essentially refers to how
close a measurement is to its agreed value.
28. Software Testing - Introduction
VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION
Verification
Verification is the process, to ensure that whether
we are building the product right i.e., to verify the
requirements which we have and to verify
whether we ae developing the product accordingly
or not.
30. Software Testing - Introduction
VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION
Validation
Validation is the process, whether we are building the
right product i.e., to validate the product which we
have developed is right or not.
In software testing, verification and validation are the
processes to check whether a software system meets
the specifications and that it fulfills its intended
purpose or not.
31. Software Testing - Introduction
VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION
Validation
Validation is the process, whether we are building the
right product i.e., to validate the product which we
have developed is right or not.
In software testing, verification and validation are the
processes to check whether a software system meets
the specifications and that it fulfills its intended
purpose or not.
33. Software Testing - Introduction
QUALITY AND RELIABILITY
Quality
Quality is a much broader aspect than Reliability.
Quality covers almost everything from
organisation, managements, service, procedures,
people, product, product-life etc. In simple words,
Reliability is only a subset of quality.
34. Software Testing - Introduction
QUALITY AND RELIABILITY
Reliability Testing
Reliability Testing is a software testing process that
checks whether the software can perform a
failure-free operation for a specified time period in
a particular environment.
36. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
Software quality assurance helps to check the
fulfilment of all business scenarios and user
requirements, as well as identify all possible
problems and bugs in IT products.
37. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
Quality assurance (QA) is the process of validating
whether a product fulfills a company or industry’s
quality requirements or not. It’s an essential part
of ensuring the quality of production and includes
processes such as planning, fulfilling, and
monitoring.
38. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
Quality Assurance Process
Quality assurance breaks down to a defined cycle known as
the Deming cycle. Many professionals call it the PDCA cycle
because of the phases used in this cycle, which are:
Plan
DoCheck
Act
40. Software Testing - Introduction
TESTING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
Manual software testing
Мanual software testing is a type of software testing
when a QA engineer manually runs tests without any
automation.
Automated software testing
Automated software testing is performed using
frameworks such as Selenium, PHPUnit, Mockery. It
aims to reduce the cost and risks related to the human
factor.
41. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
FUNCTIONAL TESTING
Functional testing is the process through which QAs determine if a piece of
software is acting in accordance with pre-determined requirements.
It uses black-box testing techniques, in which the tester has no knowledge of
the internal system logic.
43. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
FUNCTIONAL TESTING
Types of Functional Testing
Unit Testing
This is performed by developers who write scripts that test if individual
components/units of an application match the requirements.
Smoke Testing:
This is done after the release of each build to ensure that software stability
is intact and not facing any anomalies.
44. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
FUNCTIONAL TESTING
Types of Functional Testing
Sanity Testing
Usually done after smoke testing, this is run to verify that every major
functionality of an application is working perfectly, both by itself and in
combination with other elements.
Regression Testing
This test ensures that changes to the code base (new code, debugging
strategies, etc.) do not disrupt the already existing functions or trigger
some instability.
45. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
FUNCTIONAL TESTING
Process Workflow for Functional Testing
Identify functions that the application is intended to
perform
Create the input based on the function’s specifications
Establish the output based on the function’s specifications
Execute the written test cases
Compare the final actual and expected outputs
47. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
FUNCTIONAL TESTING
Advantages of Functional Testing:
It ensures to deliver a bug-free product.
It ensures to deliver a high-quality product.
No assumptions about the structure of the system.
This testing is focused on the specifications as per the
customer usage.
48. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
STRUCTURAL TESTING
The process is a combination of white-box testing and glass
box testing mostly performed by developers.
Structural Testing Techniques
Statement coverage
Branch coverage
Condition Coverage
51. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
STRUCTURAL TESTING
Types of Structural Testing
Control flow testing
This method requires detailed knowledge of all aspects of the software and
the logic of the software. It tests out the whole code thoroughly.
Data flow testing:
The data is kept safe and unaltered throughout the execution of the
program. Any alteration of the data can result in adverse consequences.
52. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
STRUCTURAL TESTING
Slice based testing:
The basic idea is to divide the whole program into small slices and
then checking on to each slice carefully.
Mutation testing:
The developers make small alterations to the already available
software tests and create a mutant of the old software test.
53. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
STRUCTURAL TESTING
Advantages of Structural Testing
Enables thorough checkups
Smooth execution from an early stage
Dead codes are removed easily
Automated processes
Easy coding and implementation
54. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
STATIC AND DYNAMIC TESTING
Static testing
Static testing is cost-effective testing where defects are
identified without actual execution of the code.
Static Testing Techniques
Review
Static Analysis
55. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
STATIC AND DYNAMIC TESTING
Dynamic testing
Dynamic Testing is executing codes with different variables
for physical examination of the system.
Dynamic Testing Techniques
White Box Testing
Black Box Testing
56. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
STATIC AND DYNAMIC TESTING
White Box Testing
The white box testing is done keeping transparency between the tester and
the system. This means the tester is aware of all the internal working and
the codes.
Black Box Testing
This is performed by the testers or the testing team who are unaware of
the built and codes of the system. The goal is to only verify the functionality
of the system against any input.
57. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
LOW LEVEL SPECIFICATION TEST TECHNIQUES
A Low Level Test Case is a test case with solid values
for input data and expected output.
The logical operators from high-level test cases are
interchanged with the real values that go along
with the targets of the logical operators.
58. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
EQUIVALENCE PARTITIONING
Equivalence partitioning (EP) is a specification-based or black-box
technique. It can be applied at any level of testing and is often a good
technique to use first.
59. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
DATA TESTING
Defn:
Database Testing is checks the schema, tables, triggers, etc. of the Database
under test. It also checks data integrity and consistency.
61. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
STATE TESTING
State Transition Testing is a black box testing technique in which changes made
in input conditions cause state changes or output changes in the Application
under Test (AUT).
State transition testing helps to analyze behaviour of an application for
different input conditions.
63. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
FORMAL REVIEWS
Formal reviews follow a formal process. It is well structured and regulated.
Process of formal review
Planning
Kick-off
Preparation
Review meeting
Rework
Follow-up
65. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
CODING STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
Software developers globally adhere to certain coding standards to maintain a
quality development environment.
Coding standards best practices are best defined as an assortment of essential
rules, best practices, and guidelines to help programmers write good and
cleaner code.
67. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
CODE REVIEW CHECKLIST
A code review aims to improve the quality of the code that you want
to add to your codebase.
A code review refers to a systematic approach to reviewing other
programmers' code for mistakes and many other quality metrics
69. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
DATA COVERAGE
Data coverage means at least one test case for each data item /
variable / field in the program.
Collecting all inputs to each function to figure out missing test data.
70. SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGY
CODE COVERAGE
Code Coverage testing is determining how much code is being tested. It can be
calculated using the formula:
Types of code coverage Analysis:
Statement coverage and Block coverage
Function coverage
Function call coverage
Branch coverage
Modified condition/decision coverage
71. CONFIGURATION TESTING
Definition of Configuration testing
Configuration Testing is a software testing technique in which
the software application is tested with multiple combinations
of software and hardware in order to evaluate the functional
requirements.
73. BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION AND TOOLS
Automation testing uses an automation tool to execute the
test case instead of a human manually executing the suite by
following step-by-step instructions.
74. BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION AND TOOLS
Benefits of Automation and Tools
Enhanced Results
Swifter Feedback system
Brand Enhancement
Cost-effective
Efficiency Testing
Increase in Coverage Area
75. VIEWERS AND MONITORS
“Testing the Software with X- Ray Glasses,” you learned how
code coverage analyzers provide a means for you to see what
lines of code are executed, what functions are run, and what
code paths are followed when you run your tests.
77. VIEWERS AND MONITORS
Drivers are tools used to control and operate the software
being tested. One of the simplest examples of a driver is a
batch file, a simple list of programs or commands that are
executed sequentially.
78. STUBS
Stubs are essentially the opposite of drivers in that they don’t
control or operate the software being tested; they instead
receive or respond to data that the software sends.
79. STRESS AND LOAD TOOLS
Stress and load tools induce stresses and loads to the
software being tested. A word processor running as the only
application on the system, with all available memory and disk
space, probably works just fine.
80. ANALYSIS TOOLS
Most software testers use the following common tools to
make their everyday jobs easier. They’re not necessarily as
fancy as the tools discussed so far.
81. SOFTWARE TEST AUTOMATION
Software test automation is just another class of software
testing tools, it’s one that deserves special consideration.
Macro Recording and Playback
Programmed Macros
82. RANDOM TESTING
Using tools and automation for this purpose will help you find
bugs; while the tools are busy doing regression testing, you’ll
have time to plan new tests and design new and interesting
cases to try.
83. BETA TESTING
Beta testing is the term used to describe the external testing
process in which the software is sent out to a select group of
potential customers who use it in a real- world environment.
84. BETA TESTING
Beta testing is the term used to describe the external testing
process in which the software is sent out to a select group of
potential customers who use it in a real- world environment.
85. GOAL OF TEST PLANNING
The test plan is a project-level document which means that it is
focused on a specific software product rather than on procedures
and standards adopted across the entire company.
86. GOAL OF TEST PLANNING
1. To evaluate the work products such as requirements, design,
user stories, and code
2. To verify the fulfillment of all specified requirements
3. To validate if the test object is complete and works as per the
expectation of the users and the stakeholders
87. GOAL OF TEST PLANNING
4. To build confidence in the quality level of the test object
5. To prevent defects in the software product
6. To find defects in the software product
88. GOAL OF TEST PLANNING
7. To provide sufficient information to stakeholders to allow
them to make informed decisions, especially regarding the level of
quality of the test object
8. To reduce the level of risk of insufficient software quality
9. To comply with contractual, legal, or regulatory requirements
or standards, and to verify the test object’s compliance with such
requirements or standards
89. TEST PHASES
To plan the test phases, the test team will look at the
proposed development model and decide whether
unique phases, or stages, of testing should be
performed over the course of the project.
90. TEST PHASES
The test planning process should identify each proposed test phase
and make each phase known to the project team. This process often
helps the entire team form and understand the overall development
model.
91. TEST STRATEGY
The test strategy describes the approach that the test team will use
to test the software both overall and in each phase.
92. TEST STRATEGY
Deciding on the strategy is a complex task — one that needs to be
made by very experienced testers because it can determine the
success or failure of the test effort.
It’s vitally important for everyone on the project team to understand
and be in agreement with the proposed plan.
93. RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS
Planning the resource requirements is the process of deciding what’s
necessary to accomplish the testing strategy. Everything that could
possibly be used for testing over the course of the project needs to
be considered.
95. TEST SCHEDULE
The test schedule takes all the information presented so far and
maps it into the overall project schedule.
This stage is often critical in the test planning effort because a few
highly desired features that were thought to be easy to design and
code may turn out to be very time consuming to test.
96. WRITING AND TRACKING TEST CASES
Writing and tracking test cases, is one that more directly influences
your typical tasks as a software tester.
Initially you may be involved only in running test cases that someone
else has written, but you’ll very soon be writing them for yourself
and for other testers to use.
97. WRITING AND TRACKING TEST CASES
Why writing and tracking test cases is important
What a test design specification is
What a test case specification is
How test procedures should be written
How test cases should be organized
98. WRITING AND TRACKING TEST CASES
Why writing and tracking test cases is important
What a test design specification is
What a test case specification is
How test procedures should be written
How test cases should be organized