The document discusses programmable matter, defined as materials that can change their physical properties through actuation and sensing controlled by software. It outlines the aims, principles, and various applications, including claytronics, synthetic biology, quantum dots, flexible electronics, and electropermanent magnets, highlighting the potential of programmable materials in creating intelligent and responsive systems. Future ideas suggest innovative uses in healthcare and robots, integrating these materials for monitoring and interaction with human movements.

1. PROGRAMMABLE MATTER
PRESENTED BY:
Arooba Rasheed
NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

2.  Introduction of Programmable Matter
 Aims and Goals
 Principle
 Applications
outline
2

3. Introduction
3

4. What is programmable matter?
A programmable material with actuation and sensing that can
change its physical properties (shape, density, moduli,
conductivity, optical properties, under software control and in
reaction to external stimuli
4

5. Aims of Programmable Matter
• Programmable matter aims to bring machines and materials
closer together.
• Create objects whose physical properties, for example shape,
stiffness, optical characteristics, acoustic characteristics, and
viscosity can be programmed.
5

6. Aims of Programmable Matter (Cont.)
Programmable matters goals is towards creating materials with
• Embedded Sensing
• Actuation
• Communication
• Computation
• Connection
6

7. Principle Of Programmable Matter
• An ensemble of fine-grained computing elements arranged in space.
• A computing substrate that is composed of fine-grained compute nodes
distributed throughout space which communicate using only nearest
neighbor interactions
7

8. APPLICATIONS: Claytronics
• Claytronics is an abstract future concept that combines
nanoscale robotics and computer science to create individual
nanometer-scale computers called claytronic atoms, or
catoms, which can interact with each other to form tangible
3D objects that a user can interact with.
8

9. CLAYTRONICS ASPECTS
• Computation:. some modern microprocessor cores are now
under a square millimeter, they believe that areas on able
amount of computational capacity should fit on the several
square millimeters of surface area potentially available in a
2mm-diameter catom.
• Motion:
• , catoms will will enable them to form connections much
more rapidly than traditional micro robots, and it will make
them easier to manufacture in high volume. Catoms will bind
to one another and move via electromagnetic or electrostatic
forces, depending on catom size 9

10. CLAYTRONICS (Cont.)
• Power:
• Catoms must be able to draw power without having to rely on a
bulky battery or a wired connection. Under a novel resistor-
network design there searchers have developed, only a few
catoms must be connected in order for the entire ensemble to
draw power.When connected catoms are energized, this triggers
active routing algorithms which distribute power throughout the
ensemble.
• Communication:
Communications is perhaps the biggest challenge in designing
catoms. An ensemble could contain millions or billions of catoms,
and because of the way in which they pack.
10

11. APPLICATION: Synthetic biology
• Synthetic biology is a field that aims to engineer cells with
"novel biological functions." Such cells are usually used to
create larger systems (e.g., biofilms) which can be
"programmed" utilizing synthetic gene networks
• Such bioinspired approaches to materials production has
been demonstrated, such as
• Substrate Adhesion
• Protein Immobilization.
• Control Cells
• Signal Propagation Across Cells
11
A sensor protein was computationally
designed and linked to gene components to
enable a plant, Nicotiana tabacum, to
display a loss of chlorophyll.

12. APPLICATION: Quantum Dots
• By the manipulation of quantum dots-artificial atoms, materials that
have some properties of real elements.
• Change the electron population in the quantum dot, can change the
materials.
• Imagine materials with unheard of durability, hardness, conductivity
and insulation properties and ability to transition from one mode to
another.

13. APPLICATION: Flexible electronics
PbS FET on Kapton
A thiocyanate based ligand exchange process
that is compatible with flexible substrates.
Kapton films are used as flexible substrates
for FETs
13

14. APPLICATON: Electropermanent Magnet
• Electropermanent magnets are an innovation in
"programmable matter."
• Electropermanent magnets are instrumental for modular
robots of this size, allowing Robot Pebbles to
(programmatically) self-adhere in a scalable fashion (as
devices are miniaturized) with relatively low power
consumption.
14

15. FUTURE IDEA ("materials that compute")
• This responsive, hybrid material, powered by its own
chemical reactions, could one day be integrated into clothing
and used to monitor the human body, or developed as a skin
for "squishy" robots.
• Published under the title "Pattern recognition for materials
that compute"
15

16. • Patients recovering from a hand injury could wear a glove that
monitors movement and informs doctors whether the hand is
healing properly or if the patient has improved mobility.
• Another use would be to monitor individuals at risk for early onset
Alzheimer's, by wearing footwear that would analyze gait and
compare results against normal movements, or a garment that
monitors cardiovascular activity for people at risk of heart disease
or stroke.
• Since the devices convert chemical reactions to electrical energy,
there would be no need for external electrical power.This would
also be ideal for a robot or other device that could utilize the
material as a sensory skin.
FUTURE IDEAS Cont.
16

17. REFERENCES
https://www.isa.org/uploadedFiles/Conte
nt/Membership/Participate_in_a_Technica
l_Division/TP12IIS019.pdf
http://www.lrsm.upenn.edu/highlight/nan
ostructured-programmable-matter-for-
functional-architectures-and-devices/
17